基于单位根检验的沿海地区经济增长与海洋环境污染面板数据EKC分析

中国沿海地区经济增长速度较快,与之对应的海洋环境污染状况也日益严重。本文以沿海地区的经济增长和海洋环境污染为研究对象,以面板数据模型为理论基础,以三次EKC曲线为技术支撑,在对数据单位根检验的基础上,构造了沿海地区经济增长与海洋环境污染分析模型,最后对模型拟合结果进行差异分析和总体分析。通过分析得到:沿海地区经济与环境相互影响的变化趋势一致,总体趋势的EKC曲线呈"N"型,海洋环境污染不会随沿海地区经济总量的增长而自发解决,先污染后治理的模式不适用于沿海地区。     

发展生态农业,保护海洋环境

广西沿海地区在行政上分属北海市、钦州市、防城港市,总面积20 361平方公里,总人口576.62万人(2005年末).广西沿海地区共有耕地面积312 000多公顷,其中水田面积203 000公顷.根据广西北海海洋环境监测中心站常规监测资料以及"南中国海陆源污染调查研究"成果,广西海洋入海污染负荷中70%以上来自入海河流,而河流中90%以上的污染负荷又来自农业面源.2005年广西海洋各类入海污染负荷情况详见表1.     

秦皇岛港石油污染初探

海洋环境的石油污染,源多、量大、扩散范围广,在当前各种类型海洋污染中占第一位。海洋石油污染一般又以河口海区、海港、沿岸区城为重。随着我国沿海地区经济建设、海洋石油、海洋运输、海洋渔业等事业的发展,我国的海港也受到不同程度的石油污染。如何保护海港水域环境,防止石油污染危害,已是我们面临的重大课题之一。本文准备就这个问题提供一点秦皇岛港的情况,做些初步探讨。     

海洋污染对海洋生物及水产资源的影响

目前我国沿海水域,尤其是河口和海湾已受到不同程度的污染,随着海洋开发,沿海地区工农业的飞速发展,若不进一步采取有效措施加强海洋环境的管理和保护,污染还有可能日趋严重,如何在开发海洋的同时,     

基于NSBM-Malmquist模型的中国海洋绿色经济效率时空格局演变分析

在海洋强国和生态文明建设双重背景下,海洋经济绿色发展问题受到广泛关注。为明晰中国沿海地区海洋绿色经济效率的时空格局,文章应用NSBM-Malmquist模型评估海洋经济在绿色经济效率的效率值,然后运用空间计量分布图等方法,分别从一维和二维视角分析中国沿海地区海洋绿色经济效率的时空演变趋势。研究发现,我国海洋绿色经济效率的提高主要得益于海洋环境治理效率的提高;海洋经济绿色效率增长幅度受限,海洋经济技术进步指数都出现了不同程度的技术倒退现象;海洋绿色经济效率呈现出以"高中低效率增长更迭变化、中高增长区域占主导、由北向南逐步升高"为特征的时空分布格局。     

加强环境监管 推动沿海经济绿色发展

沿海重化工产业的发展给我国近岸海域环境带来巨大挑战。为了保证海洋健康、保护海洋环境,推动沿海经济向绿色增长之路发展将是我国的必然选择。大量重化工产业在沿海地区聚集,沿海省市均已将石化产业作为本地区的支柱产业。随着我国沿海区域经济发展规划陆续批准实施,沿海地区已经进入新一轮海洋开发和区域经济发展阶段,掀起了海洋开发、蓝色经济大发展的高潮。从各项规划看,大量重化工产业在沿海地区聚集,沿海省市均已将石化产业作为本地区的支柱产业。一方面可能导致重复建设、无序竞争,大规模的重复建设将带来产能过剩,加重     

江苏沿海地区水污染现状及防治对策

80年代以来，沿海地区社会经济高速发展、海洋石油开发及海运业日益繁盛，入海河流普遍受到有机污染，近岸海域主要受无机氮、活性磷酸盐及石油类污染，海洋生态保护已越来越受到了人们的重视，根据大量调查和监测资料，对江苏省沿海地区水环境现状进行全面评价，在指出主要环境问题的基础上，提出有针对性的污染防治对策。     

沿海地区海洋生态环境承载力定量化研究——以青岛市为例

以青岛市为例,通过因子分析法从10个指标中选取影响沿海地区海洋生态环境承载力动态变化的3个主因子,将其归为二方面的因素,第一主因子为人口和经济因素,第二主因子和第三主因子为海洋环境污染因素.依据这3个主因子的因子得分,用熵值法进行赋权,计算了1998～2005年青岛市海洋生态环境承载力的综合得分,进而得出,虽然青岛市海洋生态环境承载力的两大主要压力(人口和经济)逐年增长,但其仍朝良好的方向发展,并对引起这一结果的主要原因进行了解释,从而为海洋生态环境承载力的定量化计算提供了理论依据,对沿海地区的海洋生态环境管理有重要意义.     

沿海地区陆源污染风险管理的典型案例及启示

陆源污染源是危胁海洋环境的主要污染源之一。我国沿海涉化学品企业布局具有总体分散性和局部密集性特点,在周边沿岸海域,分布着石油勘探开采、炼制、储运和销售等项目,一旦沿海地区发生陆源污染突发环境事件,将对海洋环境构成巨大的威胁。本文结合近年来发生的两起关于陆源污染突发环境事件的典型案例,总结了应急处理的成功经验,并对当前陆源污染风险管理面临的问题做了分析,提出强化沿海地区陆源污染风险管理的对策建议。     

我国海洋经济增长与海洋环境压力的脱钩关系研究

本文选取沿海地区工业废水直排入海量、工业废水中化学需氧量入海量、工业废水中氨氮入海量以及赤潮发生面积作为海洋环境压力指标,基于Tapio脱钩模型,引入脱钩指数构建脱钩状态评价指标,从时间和空间两个层面探讨我国海洋经济增长和海洋环境压力的脱钩状态演变趋势。结果表明:2002~2010年,各项海洋环境压力指标与我国海洋经济增长之间均呈现出扩张负脱钩、弱脱钩和强脱钩三种状态,但演变趋势各有不同;空间上,环渤海经济区海洋环境压力脱钩状态总体表现最优,各项污染指标基本稳定在弱脱钩和强脱钩状态;长三角经济区和珠三角经济区的脱钩状态总体波动较大,各项污染指标在多个不同时期出现恶化情形。基于以上研究结果,本文提出了相应的对策建议,以期实现海洋经济和海洋环境压力的完全脱钩。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.