城市污水厂污泥的处理处置与综合利用

随着城镇化进程的加快,城镇污水的排放量也在不断增加,城市污水厂污泥的处理处置问题迫在眉睫。针对城市污水处理厂污泥的特点,结合污泥处理处置的减量化、稳定化、无害化、资源化原则,文章对近几年国内外污泥处理处置及综合利用的方法进行了概述,包括污泥处理的工艺流程、污泥的卫生填埋、焚烧处理、土地利用、堆肥处理、碱性稳定化、湿式氧化、能源利用和作建筑材料及其它综合利用方法,提出了污泥处理处置技术的发展趋势。     

加拿大污泥资源化利用和工程实践对中国的借鉴

以埃德蒙顿市为例,介绍了加拿大污泥资源化利用的主要模式及工程实践;并在此基础上着重介绍其污泥堆肥技术和从污泥液体中提取营养元素制取绿色缓释肥料Crystal Green的新工艺,旨在为国内城市污水处理厂污泥的回收利用提供借鉴。中国是一个以农业为主的发展中大国,污泥处理应当以堆肥、土地利用和资源化为主。管理上,需要规范中国的污泥处置工作,逐步提高资源化利用率;技术上,应重视城市污水污泥厌氧处理新工艺的开发,综合利用引进、消化吸收加拿大等发达国家的污泥堆肥一体化技术。     

城市污水厂污泥处理技术分析

随着工厂数量的不断增多,生活污水等成为现代城市污水厂污水的重要来源,强化对污水的治理是净化环境、提高水资源利用率的有效途径,以满足城市的现代化建设。现阶段,我国的城市污水厂污泥处理技术还不够纯熟,污泥处理效率不高,对污水处理工作构成严重的威胁,是当前城市污水厂处理的关键所在。本文就当前我国城市污水厂污泥处理技术进行分析与探究,并结合国外的先进技术对其进行了优化与完善。     

中国城市污水厂污泥处置现状研究

针对中国城市污水厂污泥处置现状问题,概述了国内外常规污泥处置目标和常规污泥处置方式,主要包括填埋处理的方式、污泥焚烧的方法、污泥土地利用的措施,并对目前在中国的适用情况进行了探讨.目前常用的几种常规污泥处置方法各有利弊,也在不断的发展,对于中国各城市来说不可能仅局限于一种处置方法,应结合每个城市的具体情况且还需与城市整体发展趋势相适应.只有这样才能处理好中国城市污水厂污泥处置.保证人民生活在蓝天碧水的环境之中.     

城市固体废弃物堆肥工艺条件试验研究

利用城市污水厂污泥、生活垃圾及粉煤灰进行堆肥试验研究 ,通过对 4组配比试验结果分析 ,合适的污泥、垃圾和粉煤灰堆肥配合比为 4∶5∶1,并对试验结果进行了讨论     

中国城市污水厂污泥处理现状及其进展

分析中国城市污水厂污泥的理化性质及特点 ,综述了中国城市污水厂污泥处理处置的目的及处理现状 ,中国城市污水厂污泥处理的常规方法和我国污水厂污泥处理特点。并对目前中国在城市污水厂污泥的处理方面的研究现状及进展做了概述。     

采用生物沥浸法和化学法调理深度脱水污泥的堆肥效果:生产性试验

利用生物沥浸法和以添加石灰与三氯化铁为代表的化学法对污泥进行调理,继而采用隔膜厢式压滤机深度脱水是目前在我国应用较为广泛的工艺,但系统比较两种工艺所产生的污泥的堆肥效果的研究还很鲜见.为此,本试验分别对相同来源的污泥用两种方法进行调理后再用机械脱水,将获得的污泥饼进行工程化高温好氧堆肥,并以相同来源的常规脱水污泥(CS,指含水率80%左右的污泥)作为对照,探究其堆肥过程及产品性质的差异.结果表明,采用条垛式堆肥(条垛底宽2.8 m、高1.2 m、长10 m),生物沥浸污泥(BS)和石灰调理污泥(LS)堆肥所需辅料仅为CS的9.1%.尽管BS堆体中的NH+4-N含量始终最高,但其氨气挥发量仅为LS堆体的9.7%和CS堆体的31.4%.42 d时各堆体的CO2释放速率和水溶性C/N相比堆肥前均明显下降,说明堆体均已腐熟.LS堆肥产品的种子发芽指数(GI)仅为57.3%,而BS堆肥产品和CS堆肥产品的GI均为90%左右,显然后两者对种子的毒害已完全消除.此外,BS堆肥产品中的养分含量(N+P2O5+K2O)明显高于LS堆肥产品和CS堆肥产品,总养分分别高出28.5%和73.0%;其速效养分指标WSN亦分别高出40.6%和102%.综上所述,较之LS堆肥或CS堆肥,采用BS高温堆肥不仅可以显著减少辅料的添加量,且其堆肥过程中的氨气损失少,堆肥产品腐熟度好,养分含量高,因此,污泥生物沥浸处理-高温发酵技术是对推动堆肥后土地利用极有帮助的深度脱水工艺和资源化方法.     

城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置工艺探讨

随着城市污水处理工程的快速发展,污泥产量也急剧增加。而我国城市污水处理厂污泥的处理处置水平明显滞后,给生态环境带来了极不安全的隐患。本文针对包头市城市污水处理厂污泥的处理处置现状及污泥泥质进行了分析,并且结合包头市的实际情况确定污泥处理处置方法 --好氧堆肥工艺,同时对污泥处理过程中的管理提出了要求。     

城市污泥堆肥用于林业土壤基质的可行性研究

随着城市污水处理率的不断提高,污泥产生量日益增大.污泥中大量的矿物养分,为林木及作物的生长提供了充足的养分.但是污泥中的病原体、重金属及其它有毒有害物质会残留在植物体以及土壤中,并会对水体造成污染.经稳定化处理后的污泥产品是一种优良的有机肥.较农田而言,林地植物远离人群,且能避开人类食物链.因此,只要控制污泥施用量并按照相关操作规程,将堆肥污泥施用于林地将成为城市污泥又一可持续处置的出路.     

上海城市污水厂污泥处置现状研究

近年来,大量的污水处理厂不断建成投入运行,随之而来的城市污泥产量越来越大,对污泥的处理问题显得非常紧迫.城市污水厂污泥处置的技术路线和发展方向,要以无害化、减量化、资源化为处理目标.常规污泥处置目标和常规污泥处置方式,主要包括填埋处理的方式、污泥焚烧的方法、污泥土地利用的措施.同时对上海城市污水厂污泥处置现状及存在的问题进行了研究,指出污泥干化后进行与生活垃圾协同焚烧处理是污泥最终处置较好的出路.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.