紫茎泽兰茎秆厌氧发酵产甲烷

研究了3种不同原料处理下,紫茎泽兰的茎通过池外厌氧堆沤后传代试验发酵情况。传代试验结果表明:干燥与厌氧堆沤能降低原料中毒素对沼气发酵的影响,传代产气总量最高为6 015 mL,产甲烷率最高为64.22%。以上述两组为研究对象,通过测定TS、VS值发酵前后变化,探究了温度对沼气发酵的影响。试验结果表明:温度的升高有利于提高对发酵系统的原料利用程度,40~45℃是微生物发酵的不利温度。从原料有效利用与实际操作角度考虑,中温条件最适合沼气发酵,粉状原料30℃时产气与产甲烷为最佳,TS与VS产气率与产甲烷效率分别为152.8 L/kg、74.3 L/kg。     

添加污泥饼补充氮源的农作物秸秆高固体厌氧消化启动研究

采用高固体厌氧消化工艺处理农作物秸秆,并利用污水处理厂污泥饼进行氮源补充,既可以减轻对秸秆和污泥处置带来的环境污染,更能产生大量的沼气能源和有机肥,缓解农村的能源供给压力和过度使用化肥造成的土壤贫瘠.对2个高固体厌氧消化反应器启动阶段的变化规律进行了研究,结果表明,秸秆经过NaOH化学预处理并投加5％左右的污泥调节C/N后,厌氧消化效果良好.启动期共计930 h,启动阶段完成了厌氧污泥活性的恢复和菌种的驯化.启动期结束时,进料含固率约为12%～16%,产气速率为0.15～0.18 L/h.启动阶段pH的变化和产气情况的变化呈现出较为明显的相关性.1号反应器的TS和VS降解率分别为54%和65%,2号反应器则为67%和75%.启动阶段COD浓度较低,为1 000～6 000 mg/L,氨氮浓度为200～600 mg/L.     

造纸污泥与味精废液联合厌氧消化产甲烷性能研究

采用造纸污泥与味精废液间歇式联合厌氧消化产沼气,通过设计总固体(TS)含量、碳氮比(C/N)和接种量等不同的工艺参数,研究了不同工艺条件下各反应器的产甲烷性能.试验结果表明:在中温(37±2)℃条件下,TS含量对系统累积产气量的影响较大,各反应器的累积产气量随TS含量的增加而增加;各反应器的单位质量挥发性固体(VS)累积产气率和TS、VS的去除率随TS含量增加而降低;在TS含量为10%的3组反应器中,造纸污泥:味精废液(w/w)=10∶1的反应器产气效果优于造纸污泥∶味精废液(w/w)=25∶1和70∶1两组处理,这与前者在消化过程中pH值下降最多、酸化能力最强有关;联合厌氧消化累积甲烷产量最大值为5482mL(TS含量为10%,造纸污泥∶味精废液(w/w)=10∶1),单位质量VS甲烷产率最大值为362mL.g-1(TS含量为3%,造纸污泥∶味精废液(w/w)=11∶1),可见这两种工业废物联合厌氧消化具有巨大的产甲烷潜力.     

添加猪粪对凤眼莲中温厌氧消化过程的影响

通过中温批式厌氧消化实验研究了添加猪粪对凤眼莲(Erichhorniacrassipes Solm.) 厌氧消化过程的影响,考察了发酵过程中pH 值、VFAs、产气情况、TS、VS、TOC、固形物成分的变化情况.结果表明,添加猪粪对凤眼莲发酵产气有促进作用,凤眼莲+猪粪的处理中VS 产气量达351.14mL/g,较凤眼莲、猪粪单一处理分别提高33.80%和420.05%.各处理间pH 值、VFAs 和TOC 分解率差异不大;TS 和VS 的数据表明,添加猪粪可以促进凤眼莲中物质的分解,固形物的元素分析和红外光谱进一步证实添加猪粪有利于凤眼莲固形物中碳水化合物的分解.     

堆肥预处理对麦秸与奶牛废水混合物厌氧产沼气的影响

为深入探讨堆肥预处理对秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气的影响,分别以堆肥0d(T1)、3d(T2)、6d(T3)和9d(T4)的麦秸与奶牛废水混合物(质量比1:2)为原料进行厌氧消化实验.结果表明,堆肥造成麦秸干物质(TS)大量损失,堆肥3,6,9d麦秸TS损失率分别为2.63％、11.46％和20.00％,各处理间差异显著,堆肥后麦秸纤维素结晶程度增强;厌氧发酵后,T1、T2、T3和T4的TS产气量分别为377.50,388.85,354.71353.65mL/g,考虑到堆肥过程中麦秸TS的损失,T2、T3和T4的TS产气量仅为T1的100.30％、83.19％和77.59％;各处理麦秸产气中甲烷含量差异不显著(P=0.3681);堆肥后麦秸产气速率和气峰值均增加,T2、T3累积产气量达到总产气量80％的时间较对照提前了8d和2d,T2产气峰值较对照增加了2.65mL/d,但堆肥9d麦秸产气速率和产气峰值反而降低;厌氧发酵后麦秸TS和挥发性固体损失率均随着堆肥时间的延长而降低.从提高麦秸产沼气量的角度看,堆肥预处理并不合适,但对加快反应器启动,提高麦秸产气速率有一定促进作用,以堆肥3d的效果最好.     

不同TS浓度下污水厂剩余污泥和生活垃圾混合厌氧消化特性研究

以污水厂剩余污泥和生活垃圾混合物料为研究对象,通过试验研究了TS浓度分别为1％、3％、6％和10％的混合物料的厌氧消化特性.结果表明:混合物料的TS浓度对厌氧消化过程中的产气量、气体中甲烷体积百分含量、物料COD去除率、厌氧消化液pH值和VFAs浓度均有一定影响;TS浓度偏高或偏低均不利于厌氧消化产气,过高的TS浓度还会导致厌氧消化液VFAs浓度积累过高和pH值下降;当混合物料TS浓度为3％时,厌氧消化效果最好,最高日产气量达537 mL,厌氧消化反应结束时累计产气量达7 905 mL,产气中甲烷体积百分含量最高值达到69.1％,至反应终期物料的COD去除率达49.68％,厌氧消化液pH值维持在6.8～7.5,没有出现因VFAs积累而产生的酸抑制现象.     

生物炭介导鸡粪厌氧消化性能研究

为探究生物炭介导的鸡粪厌氧消化产甲烷的较优添加比例,在发酵温度[（35±1）℃]、接种率30%的条件下,进行了以鸡粪为底物,生物炭为外源添加剂的厌氧消化试验,研究生物炭不同添加量（20%、15%、10%、5%和不添加）对鸡粪厌氧消化产气特性的影响,确定了生物炭介导的鸡粪厌氧消化的较优添加比例;同时,用扫描电子显微镜对厌氧消化前后生物炭颗粒和附着在生物炭颗粒上的微生物进行了观察.结果表明：生物炭的添加提高了鸡粪单位VS产甲烷量,添加20%、15%、10%和5%生物炭的处理鸡粪VS产甲烷量分别为223mL/g、228mL/g、230mL/g和281mL/g,均高于对照组的202mL/g;添加生物炭提高了产气中的甲烷含量,降低了二氧化碳和硫化氢含量,提高了沼气品质;电镜扫描结果表明,厌氧消化后生物炭表面及内部附着了大量厌氧微生物,主要为杆菌、微粒菌和球菌;本研究中,生物炭介导鸡粪厌氧消化最优的添加比例约为5%.     

淀粉酶前处理应用于猪粪沼气发酵的研究

沼气发酵经历了水解、产氢产乙酸和产甲烷三个阶段,若发酵原料是一些小分子水溶性物质,则产甲烷阶段将是整个过程的限制阶段,若发酵原料为大分子复杂有机物,则第一阶段便成了限制阶段。在实际应用中,沼气发酵的原料通常为复杂的大分子有机物,因此原料的水解反应速度决定了整个沼气发酵过程的速度。为消除水解阶段的限制,提高沼气发酵的效率,本实验尝试采用水解酶前处理技术,在猪粪沼气发酵前,先用淀粉酶预处理。实验结果表明经淀粉酶处理后,猪粪的TS和VS降解率,累积产气量,原料产气潜力,最大容积产气率,与对照组相比有明显的提高,其中经α-淀粉酶和γ-淀粉酶共同处理的TS和VS降解率分别提高了10.84%和11.11%、累积产气量提高了14.71%、原料产气潜力提高了14.7%、最大容积产气率提高了19.79%。     

高含固率对高氮污泥厌氧消化产气的影响

在接种量20%和35℃条件下,采用2.5 L单相厌氧消化反应器对含固率(TS)为7%、10%、13%的三组高氮污泥进行厌氧消化实验,分析污泥在消化过程中各项指标的变化和产气情况。结果表明,15 d时系统顺利启动,污泥没有产生酸抑制现象,三组实验的单位挥发性固体(VS)产气量达到991 ml/g、1 354 ml/g和441 ml/g。TS 10%组运行较其他两组稳定。     

NaOH预处理对稻草秸秆厌氧消化的影响

通过调控稻草秸秆预处理过程中的NaOH比例,以期提高厌氧消化的产气量及产气效率。试验结果表明,经NaOH处理过的稻草秸秆半纤维素、木质素含量有显著降低,产气量较对照组有明显增加,发酵时间有所缩短。其中NaOH质量百分数为6%的处理组产气率最高,为312mL/g(干物质);VS/TS去除率也最高,为53.8%/36.8%;累计产气量最高,发酵过程中甲烷体积分数最高37.7%。故采用质量百分数为6%的NaOH的预处理是最佳方式。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.