类芬顿处理技术研究进展综述

随着工业的迅速发展,产生诸多难降解废水,废水进入环境水体,而存在于环境水体的污水具有难降解、危害大等特点,均会对人类的健康产生危害,因此治理难降解工业废水引起了学者们的广泛重视。类芬顿技术是近年来研究较多的一种高级氧化水处理技术,因其反应效率高、反应彻底、无二次污染的特点成为了研究热点。综述了常用的类芬顿方法研究进展。介绍了光－Fenton法、电－Fenton法、超声－Fenton法、微波－Fenton法、零价铁－Fenton法的反应机理,分析了类芬顿技术的优缺点,总结了在工业废水处理上的应用状况。当前应深入研究类芬顿技术对有机物的降解机理,开发出低成本、高效能的水处理技术。     

芬顿工艺的影响因素及其在难降解工业废水处理中的应用

芬顿试剂能够在短时间内将工业废水中的难降解有机物氧化分解,具有氧化率高、无选择性以及无二次污染的特点。本文重点分析了影响芬顿工艺处理效率的主要因素,综述了芬顿工艺难降解工业废水处理中的应用。本文对芬顿工艺应用于难降解工业废水的处理与实践具有一定的借鉴意义。     

芬顿氧化技术在废水处理中的分析与研究

芬顿氧化法,作为一种高级的氧化技术,它有较高的去掉难降解的有机污染物的作用。本篇文章介绍了芬顿氧化方法降解废水污染物的原理,讲述了芬顿氧化法在难降解工业废水中的应用研究进展,为此技术在废水处理中的分析和研究奠定了理论基础。     

芬顿氧化技术在废水处理中的进展研究

随着中国水环境形势的日益严峻以及造纸、印染、制药等行业废水排放标准的提高,传统的废水深度处理工艺已经很难满足污染物去除的要求。在查阅大量国内外最新相关技术文献的基础上,介绍了芬顿氧化技术降解废水中污染物的机理,对比了芬顿氧化试剂的浓度、投加量以及反映时间等因素对COD、色度、总磷等水质指标去除率的影响因素,综述了芬顿氧化法在处理焦化废水、印染废水、农药废水、制药废水、造纸废水等难降解工业废水中的应用研究进展。     

电芬顿反应原理研究进展

电芬顿法作为一种新型电化学氧化技术,因其强氧化能力以及环境友好的特性引起了国内外的广泛关注.电芬顿反应通过电极产生H2O2和（或）Fe2＋,进行一系列反应生成具有强氧化能力的羟基自由基·OH.为了提高电子传递速度,产生更多芬顿试剂,国内外学者研发出不同类型的电芬顿反应器.通过分析电芬顿反应中·OH浓度与有机物浓度间的关系,大多数学者在准一级反应动力学基础上确定了反应常数,然而,目前其应用仍只停留在实验室阶段,电芬顿技术的效率及机理仍需要进一步研究改进.     

芬顿污泥制备磁性生物炭回用于对硝基苯酚的去除及机制

芬顿/絮凝组合工艺在处理难降解有机物废水时会产生大量的芬顿污泥,会提高废水处理成本,同时也会对环境构成威胁,迫切需要开发一种绿色可持续的方法实现芬顿污泥资源化利用.该研究通过将处理PNP(对硝基苯酚)废水产生的芬顿污泥和污水厂生化污泥共热解,原位制备具有高催化活性的MBC(磁性生物炭),并作为多相芬顿催化剂用于去除PNP,实现“以废治废”.结果表明：当芬顿污泥和生化污泥质量比为1∶1、热解温度为800℃时,制备得到的MBC-800-3催化性能最佳;合适的混合比例可有效避免颗粒聚集,高温形成缺陷结构和多种铁相,为MBC-800-3提供了丰富的反应活性位点;当废水初始pH为3、H₂O₂浓度为60 mmol/L、MBC-800-3投加量为0.4 g/L时,PNP和TOC(总有机碳)的去除率均最高,在催化反应100 min时分别达到98%和62%;酸性条件下,MBC活化H₂O₂产生·OH和·O₂-催化降解废水的有机物,其中,·OH作为主要活性物种,其来源包括均相芬顿反应和非均芬顿相反应...     

电芬顿水处理技术最新研究进展

摘要：在各种高级氧化技术中,芬顿法倍受人们的青昧。而电芬顿作为一种新型电化学氧化技术,由于它在阴极和阳极都能产生羟基自由基（·OH）氧化降解水体中污染物,引起了学者们广泛地关注。本文主要介绍了近年来电芬顿水处理技术的国内外最新研究进展,并展望该技术的应用前景。     

铁基类芬顿催化剂的改性及其应用研究进展

铁基化合物活性高、价格低廉、制备简单且稳定性好，芬顿氧化法可降解多种有毒有害的有机物、适用范围广、设备简单，两者联合组成的铁基类芬顿体系因pH适用范围更广泛、反应后溶铁量低、重复使用性能更好而成为热点话题和研究重点之一。该文综述了近年来铁基类芬顿催化剂的改性方法及其机理探究，探讨了其对印染废水、焦化废水、含酚废水、含抗生素废水、垃圾渗滤液等废水中难降解有机污染物的去除效能、降解机制以及降解过程中的影响因素(如p H值、催化剂投加量、过氧化氢投加量等)，以期为其在废水处理的实际应用提供一定的理论基础。     

生物合成施氏矿物作为类芬顿反应催化剂降解甲基橙的研究

应用生物合成施氏矿物作为光助类芬顿反应催化剂促进甲基橙的降解.施氏矿物通过A.f-LX5细胞悬浮液在初始p H值2.5和28℃时氧化Fe SO43d生成,并进行X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜表征.本研究分析了不同初始p H、H2O2浓度及催化剂装载量对在光助类芬顿反应中甲基橙氧化降解效率的影响.结果表明,生物合成施氏矿物具有较高的催化活性,并且通过羟基自由基机制使甲基橙降解.在近中性、较高Cl-、SO2-4及NO-3浓度条件下,施氏矿物仍然能保持较高催化甲基橙降解的效率.本研究验证了以生物合成施氏矿物作为催化剂的异相光助类芬顿反应是一种处理含甲基橙废水有应用前景的高级氧化技术.     

邻苯二甲酸二乙酯芬顿降解中的碳同位素分析

该文利用单体同位素分析技术研究了邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)在芬顿法高级氧化过程中的稳定碳同位素分馏行为。实验条件下,DEP的芬顿降解过程可采用一级动力学模型描述,速率常数为0.112 min~(-1)。降解过程中,~(13)C的富集与目标物分子的降解程度成正相关。降解后期,底物分子中~(13)C产生了明显富集(?~(13)C=(3.87±0.36)‰,f=0.12),确证了降解反应的发生。基于瑞利方程计算得到的反应活性位点的同位素富集因子(ε_(reactive position)=(-9.98±1.3))与表观动力学效应常数(AKIE=1.01)表明,DEP芬顿法氧化过程中第一步的主要反应为C–O断裂。基于试验结果,提出了DEP芬顿法降解的机理。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.