事故调查的哲学原理

进行事故调查的一个根本目的,就是预防事故以致最终消灭事故。为实现这一目的,事故调查必须遵循基本的哲学原理。事故调查的各个环节表现为相互联系相互依存的紧密关系事故调查的主要任务是,查找事故原因,总结事故教训,制定和落实预防事故、改进工作的措施。这是事故调查的精髓所在,是事故预防的根本途径。事故原因是按照事故致因理论,采用取证、实验、推理以及其他科学方法,     

浅谈事故管理技术——第三讲 事故调查

事故调查是人们对事故的发生、发展过程及其内在规律性的正确认识和总结。事故通常是发生在比较短暂或瞬间的事件。事故调查是要揭示事故过程和寻找事故原因,它是预防事故所必须的,是事故管理工作中的一个极其重要的环节,是事故管理工作的基础。     

2014年我国煤矿事故统计与规律分析

为了更深入地研究我国煤矿事故的一般性规律,基于2014年我国煤矿事故数据,采用数理统计的方法对煤矿百万t死亡率、事故区域、类型、月份、时间段、诱因6个维度进行了研究.结果表明:湖南省、重庆市煤矿事故发生频率较高,贵州省瓦斯事故发生频率较高;瓦斯事故、顶板事故是导致人员伤亡的主要事故类型,瓦斯爆炸是煤矿瓦斯事故的主要类型;8月煤矿事故情况较为严重;10:00-11:59是煤矿事故频发时间;违章作业是导致煤矿事故发生的主要诱因.同时,针对煤矿事故发生规律提出了相应的对策措施.     

QZT80塔机顶升过程倒塌事故分析

塔机事故是施工现场事故中最严重的事故之一,顶升过程是塔机的重要安装步骤,也是在安装中危险性较大的工作,在安装过程中出现事故比例较高。本文在调查分析的基础上建立了塔机顶升过程倒塌事故树,采用排除法逐一分析事故原因,最终确定事故的直接原因和间接原因,为分析同类事故提供了可资借鉴的方法。同时提出了预防事故发生的安全与管理措施,避免类似事故发生。     

1992-2017年近25年硫化氢中毒事故统计分析研究

为系统掌握硫化氢中毒事故特征及规律,预防事故与灾害发生,本文统计分析了1992年1月至2017年12月间275起硫化氢中毒事故发生时间、区域、行业类别、企业经济类型及事故原因等。结果表明:1992—2015年我国硫化氢中毒事故总起数和死亡人数呈明显增长趋势,2005—2017年事故总起数和死亡人数呈下降趋势;硫化氢中毒事故中一般事故占45.82%,较大事故占53.45%;5、6、7、8月份是事故的高发月份;浙江、山东、上海、江苏、新疆等省份是事故多发区;事故发生主要集中在制造业行业,占事故总数的59%;主要事故经济类型是有限责任公司,占事故总数的50%;29.8%的事故因违反操作规程或劳动纪律导致,15.6%的事故因教育培训不够、缺乏安全操作知识导致。     

我国近年来桥梁事故发生的原因与教训

回顾1998—2006年我国桥梁事故发生的典型案例,从设计、施工、营运管理、水文地质和自然灾害等方面分析事故发生的原因;归纳和总结了事故带来的教训:认识的错位是引发桥梁事故的思想根源,法制的缺陷是造成桥梁事故的重要因素,科学规范的违背是酿成桥梁事故的主要根源、历史的欠账是发生桥梁事故的先天隐患、腐败的黑洞是导致桥梁事故的罪魁祸首。从培训教育、严格科技规范、健全法规制度、保障资金投入、加强维护等方面提出预防桥梁事故发生的对策,得出一切桥梁事故都是可以预防的结论。     

我国污水处理厂事故统计分析与对策研究

该文统计了我国污水处理厂发生的47起典型事故案例,从事故发生时间、伤亡人数、事故等级、以及事故发生的位置、类型等方面,分析了污水处理厂的事故特点,研究了事故发生规律,得出了污水处理厂事故的结论:事故的发生具有季节性规律;最主要的事故类型是中毒窒息;最主要的事故原因是个人防护用品;最主要的事故位置是检查井、污水池、管网。并提出了减少污水处理厂事故、保障污水处理厂安全运行的对策措施:加强安全教育;加强个人防护装备的检查、学习安全器材的使用;合理安装通风装置,按规定使用气体监测仪等。     

事故的突变论

事故是系统运动发生的突变。事故潜势是系统在运动过程中所存在的发生事故的可能性。在参量空间 ,用系统参量演化相对于分岔点 (集 )的度量 ,建立事故潜势的数学表达式。事故潜势反映了事故发生的本质特征和机理 ,为预防事故提供了理论依据。     

2006～2007年危险化学品运输事故分析研究

统计分析了2006～2007年我国发生的170起危险化学品公路、铁路、船舶运输事故.从运输工具、事故涉及的危险化学品、事故发生的省份、月份、在一天中所处时刻、事故导致的后果6个方面,研究分析了事故发生的特点和规律.经统计分析,道路运输事故是危化品运输事故的主要形式,船舶运输事故对水系污染严重;危化品运输事故中涉及易燃液体的事故最多,毒害品引发的事故危害最大;江苏、浙江、广东为事故发生率最高的省份;每年7～10月及春节前后是事故高发的月份;凌晨零时到六时是一天中事故发生率最高的时段.笔者针对这些特点和规律提出了相应的预防措施,对防范事故发生具有较好的指导意义.     

事故致因理论的研究与应用简评

阐明事故致因理论的重要性和应用情况对于促进其发展、应用及提高事故预防效果十分重要。通过分析国内外的重要观点得知,安全科学是事故预防的科学,事故致因理论是发现事故原因、有效预防事故的工具,当然具有特别的重要性;但事故致因理论研究在我国开展较晚,所以目前的研究与应用并不充分。综合以往文献,给出了事故致因理论的实质性科学含义是事故的原因定义、原因间、原因与事故间的逻辑关系,它们可形象地综合表达为事故致因模型,其获取过程中不可或缺的方法是对以往事故案例的原因分析;通过观察安全管理实务认识到,社会组织要有效管理其安全健康和环保业务,选择一种事故致因模型作为总体思路且连续运转,十分必要。     

Differences in the lethality of occupational accidents in OECD countries

International comparisons of the frequency of occupational accidents are rare because figures reported by each country are influenced by factors other than differences in the occurrence of actual accidents. In this study, we performed an international comparison of occupational accidents which distinguishes between fatal cases and all reported accidents, in order to control for the effects of other factors in accident reporting. Annual data on the numbers of fatal and non-fatal occupational accidents in member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) between 1993 and 1998 were obtained from the Labour Statistics Database, which is operated by the International Labour Organization (ILO). The average incidence of all accidents across OECD countries ranged from 17 to 4608 per 100,000 persons in the labor force, whereas the incidence of fatal accidents across OECD countries ranged from 1 to 12 per 100,000 persons in the labor force. Lethality rates per 10,000 total accident cases ranged from 9 (Germany) to 3252 (Turkey). When comparing countries using the same statistical definition of accidents, three or more absence days, the difference in lethality of reported accidents within the same industrial sector is reduced to a sixfold difference (49 for the United Kingdom versus 333 for Ireland). Furthermore, the difference in lethality decreased to about twofold (18 for Spain versus 35 for Czech Republic) in the group using definitions with a criteria of one absent day. The results suggest that reported differences in lethality can reflect artificial administrative factors rather than the harmful factors that cause actual occupational accidents. To make more valid comparison of occupational accident between countries, harmonization of accident statistics is required.     

Occupational deaths and injuries by the types of street cleaning process

This study aims to obtain an overall picture of occupational injuries by the types of street cleaning process. Three hundred and fifty-four injured persons were analyzed in terms of the company size and details of the injured persons and accidents. Results show that ‘roadway cleaning’ was the most common type of cleaning process for injuries, followed by ‘sidewalk cleaning,’ ‘going/returning to work by bike’ and ‘lifting/carrying.’ The findings also show that most accidents which occur when ‘going/returning to work by bike’ are in the form of traffic accidents, while in other processes they happen most often in the form of slips. Most of the accidents related to ‘lifting/carrying’ affected workers in their 50s or younger while other processes had a large portion of injured persons in their 50s or older. The findings of this study can be used as baseline data for preventative policies.     

Fatal accidents in Swedish farming and forestry, 1988–1997

It has long been acknowledged that farm work is associated with accident risks. In this investigation it has been determined how these risks have changed over the past 10-year period, and how different factors have affected the risk pattern. All the registered accidents forming the basis for this study (ISA, The Occupational Safety and Health Administration) were supplemented with information obtained from the Labor Inspectorate, police, Occupational Health Services, and in many cases, persons from the district having information about the accident. The number of fatal accidents occurring at work is decreasing in Sweden and in many other countries. This, however, is not true for Swedish farm and forestry operations. The frequency of fatal accidents is 11.6 per year per 100,000 persons among those with farming as a main occupation, and 13.6 among those with forestry as a main occupation, and the trend appears to be on the increase. In addition, a number of farmers, persons with other occupations, or senior citizens (mostly retired farmers) also meet with fatal accidents, primarily in forestry. Access or membership in occupational health schemes was lower than expected among the victims. Even among the employed forestry workers, only a minority had access. More than half of the accidents were due to either the victim or a fellow worker not following generally known rules or recommendations.     

煤矿生产事故的行为致因路径及其防控对策

论述煤矿生产事故的直接致因要素及其管理者和员工责任,分析煤矿生产事故的行为致因路径,提出相应的防控对策。分析指出,员工应该对煤矿生产过程中机和环的不安全状态负主要责任,其不安全行为是造成煤矿生产事故的直接行为因素;管理者应该对员工的不安全行为负主要责任,其不良管理行为是造成煤矿生产事故的根本行为因素;存在从不良管理者行为、到不安全员工行为、再到煤矿生产事故的行为致因链条。只有优化管理者行为、减少员工不安全行为并监控机或环状态,才能从根本上切断煤矿生产事故的行为致因链条,逐渐减少煤矿生产事故的发生。     

加强起重机械皮带运输系统安全管理

起重机械事故在冶金企业工伤事故中占很大的比例。从人和物的原因着手分析了若干起起重机械事故，并提出了对策措施。     

A 6-year survey of road traffic accidents in Southwest China: Emphasis on traumatic brain injury

Background: The objective of this study is to provide an up-to-date overview of the patterns of injuries, especially traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by RTAs and to discuss some of the public health consequences. Methods: A scientific team was established to collect road traffic accidents occurring between 2013 and 2018 in Chongqing, Southwest China. For each accident, the environment-, vehicle-, and person- variables were analyzed and determined. The overall injury distribution and TBI patterns of four types of road users (driver, passenger, motorcyclist and pedestrian) were compared. The environmental and time distribution of accidents with TBI were shown by bar and pie chart. The risks of severe brain injury whether motorcyclist wearing helmets or not were compared and the risk factors of severe TBI in pedestrian were determined by odds ratio analysis. Results: This study enrolled 2131 accidents with 2741 persons of all kind of traffic participants, 1149 of them suffered AIS1+ head injury and 1598(58%) died in 7 days. The most common cause of deaths is due to head injury with 714(85%) and 1266(79%) persons died within 2 hours. Among 423 persons suffered both skull fracture and intracranial injury, 102 (24.1%) have an intracranial injury but no skull fractures, while none of the skull fractures without intracranial injury was found. Besides, motorcyclists without a helmet were at higher risks for all the brain injury categories. The risk of pedestrian suffering severe TBI at an impact speed of more than 70 km/h is 100 times higher than that with an impact speed of less than 40 km/h. Conclusion: It is urgently needed to develop a more reliable brain injury evaluation criterion for better protection of the road users. We believe that strengthening the emergency care to head injury at the scene is the most effective way to reduce traffic fatality.     

基于车辆事故等级分类的紧急呼救系统研究

基于交通事故紧急救援的现状,阐述建立车辆事故紧急呼救系统的新需求,提出了开发基于车辆事故严重等级分类的紧急呼救系统需要实现的功能;应用车辆碰撞安全性理论和研究成果、导航定位技术及通信技术,设计了基于事故严重等级分类的车辆事故紧急呼救决策流程;探讨车辆事故自动检测和等级分类及紧急救援的实施方案,以实现车辆事故紧急自动呼救,使车辆和伤员得到及时高效的紧急救助。     

交通事故信息管理与时空分布分析

交通事故发生点具有明确的空间位置属性 ,其在空间和时间上的分布具有不均匀性 ,利用GIS技术能实现交通事故信息管理及其时空分布规律的研究。笔者在分析道路交通事故信息的基础上 ,采用全新的管理模式 ,利用空间数据库技术实现交通事故的空间、时间信息以及造成交通事故的人、车、路和环境等因素的一体化管理 ;通过GIS技术进行道路交通事故的时空分布分析 ,发现其在空间和时间上的分布规律 ;最后提出了交通事故管理与分析中需要进一步解决的几个问题。     

基于24Model-AHP的建筑施工高处坠落事故原因研究

为预防建筑施工高处坠落事故,本文采用事故致因“2-4”模型,研究2012-2018年50起高处坠落事故案例,对导致事故的根源原因、根本原因、间接原因和直接原因进行定性分析,并使用SPSS软件分析原因之间的相关性,同时根据事故原因构建递阶层次模型,计算出其权重值并进行排序,从而得到影响事故发生的关键因素。结果表明:安全管理制度和操作规程不健全、员工的安全意识不高和违章操作以及安全防护措施不到位是导致事故发生的主要因素,也是事故预防重点。研究成果对确保施工过程安全,制定相应防范措施有重要意义。     

职业中毒场所盲目施救行为的心理因素分析与对策研究

探讨职业中毒场所因盲目施救引发伤亡事故扩大的原因及控制对策,为企业和相关部门实施有效的安全管理提供依据。采用分析归纳方法,界定盲目施救行为。依据突发事件引发的紧急情况的特点,分析得出有限作业空间发生的中毒窒息事故属于常规突发事件。盲目施救导致伤亡扩大事故发生的主要行业和作业特性显示,安全监管的疏漏是事故发生的原因。根据社会心理学理论,对中毒人员的施救属于利他行为,盲目施救是人在应激状态下失控的冲动行为,这一行为与人对不安全行为的预期后果相关,应急知识和能力的缺乏是导致盲目施救行为发生的主要原因。根据上述研究结论,提出避免常规突发事件引发盲目施救行为的对策。