河南三杨庄剖面光释光年代学研究

河南省安阳市内黄县三杨庄遗址是由于黄河下游洪水快速掩埋而保存的汉代文化遗址,是研究黄河流域历史气候变化与古河道变迁的理想载体。近年来,石英的光释光（OSL）测年技术广泛应用于水成沉积物的定年。本文选取三杨庄文化遗址区的一个深度为10.40 m 的剖面,使用细颗粒石英单片再生剂量（SAR）法OSL 技术测量了该剖面的8个样品的年龄,建立了剖面年代标尺,并与前人测得的加速器质谱（AMS）¹⁴C年龄进行了对比,结果显示：（1）三杨庄剖面年龄分布在约12.43 — 1.21 ka,沉积于整个全新世时期,剖面沉积速率波动幅度较大,在约3.91 — 3.15 ka（深度9.60 — 5.00 m）沉积速率很快,而3.91 ka 之前的早 — 中全新世时沉积速率较慢;（2）剖面深度8.60 — 5.00 m,¹⁴C年代相对OSL 年代出现严重高估,高估值随深度增加而增大,由约2 ka 变化到约7 ka,推断三杨庄剖面¹⁴C年代的高估可能是由于碳库效应的影响;（3）三杨庄剖面细颗粒石英OSL 测年结果指示细颗粒石英在河流-洪积相沉积物测定中的潜力。     

中亚则克台黄土剖面记录的末次冰期以来的环境演变

选取位于中亚伊犁盆地中东部的则克台（ZKT）黄土剖面作为研究对象,基于13 个光释 光年代构建了ZKT 剖面的年代框架,利用黄土沉积速率、粒度以及总有机碳含量重建了伊犁地区 末次冰期以来的环境演变记录。结果表明：（1）伊犁地区末次冰期以来的气候演化阶段可划分为 寒冷期（74.5~60 ka）、温湿期（60~30 ka）、寒冷期（30~11.5 ka）以及11.5 ka 以来的暖湿期, 该气候演化特征与深海氧同位素不同阶段气候特征较为一致;（2）MIS4 至MIS1 阶段则克台剖 面沉积速率呈递减趋势,分别为49 cm·ka^-1、32 cm·ka^-1、13 cm·ka^-1 和8 cm·ka^-1;（3）ZKT 剖面 代表的伊利地区环境演变特征可与格陵兰冰芯进行良好对比,北大西洋地区的快速气候波动信号 在伊犁地区气候记录相对清晰,在时间上呈同步变化。     

泾河中游将军村全新世剖面中钾素的地球化学特征及古气候意义

通过对泾河中游将军村全新世黄土地层中钾素、低频质量磁化率、频率磁化率、Rb/Sr与年代学综合分析,着重探讨了黄土中钾素的地球化学特征及其所揭示的古气候变化。研究表明：（1）速效钾、缓效钾具有很明显的古气候指示意义,可作为衡量东亚夏季风强弱的一种敏感参数或代用指标,并且对微弱的古气侯波动反映更灵敏。（2）近万年来将军村剖面所经历的古气候变化特征：早全新世（11.20—8.05 ka BP）气候逐渐趋于相对暖湿,但气候冷干/暖湿波动频繁交替;中全新世（8.05—3.10 ka BP）气候适宜;晚全新世前期（3.10—2.00 ka BP）气候偏凉干;晚全新世后期（2.00 ka BP—至今）气候再度转为偏暖湿。（3）将军村剖面全新世气候适宜期是渐变形成的,但大暖期却在约3.10 ka BP时以气候突变形式终结。     

末次冰期以来青州黄土光释光测年及其对古气候的指示

黄河下游湿润-半湿润地区的鲁中黄土-古土壤沉积,是记录东亚季风气候变化的良好载体。山东青州邵庄黄土剖面粗颗粒石英（63—90 µm）光释光年代和磁化率、粒度、色度以及主量元素测试结果表明：（1）邵庄黄土末次冰期以来（(51.3±2.5)— (8.1±1.1) ka）沉积连续;（2）与粒度、磁化率和色度指标相比,化学蚀变指数能够更灵敏地反映冰期-间冰期沉积旋回;（3）粒度结果表明“古土壤”层中值粒径（16.9—24.6 μm）明显高于下伏黄土层中值粒径（11.8—22.7 μm）,主要是因为近源沉积在总的沉积通量中所占比例在冰期-间冰期尺度上的变化;（4）灰黑色“古土壤”层底界年龄为(19.1±1.6) ka,明显老于黄土高原全新世古土壤层底界年代（约10—11 ka）,其既包含全新世沉积的加积型土壤,也包含下伏末次冰期黄土层基础上受风化、淋溶形成的非加积型土壤。虽然研究区的“古土壤”包含非加积型土壤,记录了间冰期风化成壤过程,但依然能够反映冰期-间冰期气候旋回,是东亚乃至全球气候变化的产物。     

天山北麓黄土沉积粒度及磁化率的差异性研究

本文分析了天山北麓不同海拔高度的两个黄土剖面粒度、磁化率特征及其古气候意义的差异性。结果表明,位于海拔2074m的鹿角湾剖面与海拔527m处的大佛寺剖面黄土粒度特征比较相近,但鹿角湾剖面黄土整体细于大佛寺黄土,并且其细颗粒分布范围也大于大佛寺剖面,而粗颗粒的则相反。鹿角湾剖面中全新世以来地层磁化率与成壤作用相关,显示成壤增强模式,其下末次冰期地层磁化率及大佛寺剖面磁化率与粗颗粒沉积相关,显示风速论模式。造成两个剖面粒度及磁化率差异的原因主要是地形导致的沉积颗粒分选及降水量不同引发的成壤作用差异。全新世中期以来大佛寺剖面记录的气候整体处于干旱状态,而鹿角湾剖面同时期地层受地形影响则记录了相对湿润的气候。     

中国东北末次冰期松原黄土的释光测年及其古气候意义初探

本文以中国东北松原黄土为研究对象,通过光释光测年建立其末次冰期年代标尺,并探讨磁化率和平均粒径这两个黄土研究中常用的气候替代性指标的可能指示意义。采用成熟的细颗粒石英单片再生(SAR)光释光(OSL)测年技术获得了松原剖面顶部5.5 m年代6个,并获得了2 cm间距的低频磁化率和平均粒径这两个常规参数。石英OSL测年相关检验证实了该技术测量松原黄土的可靠性。测年结果表明,松原剖面顶部5.5 m主要沉积于末次冰期的中晚期,即约5.5—1.8 m((52.18±3.47)—(27.76±1.77)ka)主要堆积于深海氧同位素阶段(MIS)3中晚期,而顶部1.8—0.4 m((27.76±1.77)—(20.61±1.31)ka)堆积于MIS2早期。磁化率自52.18±3.47 ka到27.76±1.77 ka经历了先小幅降低又小幅升高,波动幅度较小,而自27.76±1.77 ka以后,磁化率值呈整体下降并呈现大幅度摆动。平均粒径则自52.18±3.47 ka到46.80±3.13 ka呈明显变小趋势,自46.80±3.13 ka到约20 ka变化不大,自约20 ka以后,平均粒径由约40μm陡然增加至约140μm,并在之后稳定在这一水平。测试结果对比显示,磁化率和粒度的变化不具有明显的相位关系,且同黄土高原渭南剖面末次冰期磁化率和平均粒径的变化也表现出明显的不一致现象。因此,在对松原黄土剖面的研究中,将磁化率和平均粒径分别作为东亚夏季风和冬季风的替代性指标使用时要慎重。     

长江三角洲晚第四纪陆-海交互地层的光释光年代学

长江三角洲地层的年代学研究对探讨晚第四纪以来我国东部沿海地区陆海交互作用历史以及海岸地貌的形成与演化具有重要价值。本研究选择长江三角洲YZ07和EGQD14两支钻孔开展系统光释光（optically stimulated luminescence,OSL）测年研究,总结前期已发表的50个年代数据并收集整理该区域相关钻孔的年代地层资料,探讨在可靠的年代框架约束下晚第四纪长江三角洲沉积地层演变特征,取得了以下几点认识：（1）在长江三角洲地区,常规OSL测年以较细石英颗粒OSL测年效果较为理想;对粗颗粒石英,若存在长石包裹体对石英OSL信号的影响,建议用脉冲释光测年（POSL）技术加以解决。（2）以YZ07孔为例,¹⁴C测年和OSL测年结果对比表明在三角洲海岸地区,¹⁴C测年方法建立的年代地层框架需要谨慎对待,建议在此区域开展年代地层学研究时可以尝试将两种测年方法结合使用,以确保年代地层框架的准确和可靠。（3）针对争议较大的氧同位素3阶段（MIS3）沉积环境问题,EGQD14孔给出了新的年代学证据,认为MIS3阶段（约30?—?50 ka）长江三角洲可能是陆地河流相沉积环境为主导,这也得到了区域相邻的几支钻孔沉积记录的佐证。（4）两支钻孔从年代学角度证实了前人关于末次盛冰期（Last Glacial Maximum,LGM）以来长江三角洲发育下切河谷的沉积学判识和地层学论断。此外,多钻孔的年代地层学特征也验证了全新世时段海平面变化控制下的长江三角洲及海岸演变的时空动态。     

江苏扬州西部岗地晚第四纪沉积物的细颗粒（4 — 11 μm）石英光释光测年及其气候地层意义

江苏省扬州地区西部的岗地地貌受控于区域内的NW向走滑并正断的无锡-宿迁断裂的长期活动,同时该断层的活动性也是一个关系到长三角地区地壳稳定性的重要地质问题,而研究该问题的一个关键是对该断层两侧晚第四纪地层的划分及绝对年代的确定。本文对17个采自岗地的样品使用光释光（OSL）测年法中的细颗粒（4—11 μm）石英测试技术,采用SMAR法和TT-OSL法进行D _e 值的测试及年龄对比,较系统地对江苏扬州西部岗地晚第四纪沉积物年代和地层层序进行了探讨。结果表明：SMAR法较适用于D _e <300 Gy的样品;TT-OSL法对于较“低”剂量的样品效果差,而对D _e >200 Gy的样品测试更适宜,误差相对SMAR法结果更小,与地层的沉积层序符合的更好。17个样品的OSL年龄结果表明：本区岗地主要为晚更新世沉积物,沉积速率约0.1 mm?a ^?1;在水系及湖岸的附近有少量全新世沉积发育。根据所有样品的宏观岩性和年龄分布,本文初步认为晚更新世沉积物主要形成于MIS5—MIS4阶段、MIS2阶段,沉积物主要为风成,对应区域上的下蜀土,堆积期间本区地壳相对稳定,无锡-宿迁断裂无明显活动。在冰后期—全新世随着气候的变暖,海平面上升,河湖泛滥,水系边缘发育少量湖沼相沉积。总体而言,本区的晚更新世—全新世沉积形成主要受到气候变化影响,构造影响不明显。     

山东淄博佛村黄土沉积多指标记录的气候环境演变过程

对山东省淄博市寨里镇佛村黄土剖面(FC剖面)进行粒度、磁化率及色度等沉积学指标分析,结果表明:(1)FC剖面6个光释光样品年龄结果介于3.02±0.45—100.99±13.58 ka,说明FC剖面是末次间冰期以来的沉积物;(2)根据沉积物粒度频率分布曲线和粒度组成特征,并与伊犁黄土、黄土高原黄土对比,可判知FC剖面为风成沉积物;(3)FC剖面磁化率与色度曲线具有相似的变化趋势,较好指示了黄土沉积时的冷暖干湿变化;(4)根据粒度中值粒径(Md)、低频磁化率(χlf)、土壤颜色(L~*,a~*)、环境敏感组分(56.23—112.20μm)等气候代用指标并结合光释光测年结果,将FC剖面划分为5个部分,分别对应于深海同位素MIS1—MIS5时期。1、3、5部分分别对应MIS1、MIS3早期、MIS5阶段,夏季风强盛,气候较暖湿,发育古土壤;2部分对应MIS2和MIS3中晚期阶段,4部分对应MIS4阶段,冬季风强盛,气候较干冷,堆积黄土。     

青海湖地区不同海拔黄土磁化率环境指示意义

青藏高原黄土蕴含丰富的古气候信息,但青海湖地区黄土中磁化率指示意义尚不明确,鉴于粒度指标意义明晰,对青海湖地区多个黄土剖面进行磁化率?—?粒度相关性研究,探究磁化率的指示意义,结果表明不同海拔磁化率存在差异:(1)低于3300 m时,磁化率和粒度对古环境指示作用较好,即气候暖湿,成壤作用增强,黏粒增加,强磁性矿物增加,磁化率升高,气候冷干时相反;海拔改变导致土壤环境变化,磁化率随海拔上升而增加.(2)高于3400 m时,粒度的古环境指示作用明确但磁化率不敏感,可能因为高海拔地区土壤易处于还原环境,强磁性矿物被溶解导致磁化率异常,磁化率随海拔上升而降低.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.