TiO2在农用塑料薄膜中的应用

本文简要介绍了二氧化钛(TiO2)的光催化氧化及超亲水性机理,从杀菌、表面自清洁塑料薄膜、保鲜塑料薄膜、防雾滴塑料薄膜、光催化降解塑料薄膜、耐久性塑料薄膜等几个方面论述了其在农用塑料薄膜中的应用情况.     

二氧化钛亲水性技术现状

二氧化钛在紫外光照下具有亲水亲油性能 ,本文介绍了二氧化钛表面光照下双亲原理 ,亲水性二氧化钛膜的制备和研究 ,以及二氧化钛膜的超斥水性和光照亲水性的应用现状及前景 ,指出将二氧化钛的光催化氧化 ,超斥水性及双亲性结合起来的技术将会对我国的环境保护产生积极作用 ,对今后的研究提出了一些建议     

二氧化钛亲水性技术现状

二氧化钛在紫外光照下具有亲水亲油性能，本文介绍了二氧化钛表面光照下双亲原理，亲水性二氧化钛膜的制备和研究，以及二氧化钛膜的超斥水性和光照亲水性的应用现状及前景，指出将二氧化钛的光催化氧化，超斥水性及双亲性结合起来的技术将合对我国的环境保护产生积极作用，对今后的研究提出了一些建议。     

高分子有机膜亲水改性及光催化改性的研究进展

随着高分子有机膜材料在水处理领域中应用的不断加深,膜法水处理技术以其优越的性能,成为中国水质高效处理的主导技术。但膜污染却成为阻碍膜法水处理技术发展的关键性问题,如何有效抑制膜污染的发生关系着膜法水处理技术未来发展的前景,目前已成为众多学者开展研究的核心方向。膜改性技术能够赋予现有膜材料新的功能特性,满足膜材料适用于处理各种复杂水质的同时能够抑制膜污染的发生,成为推动膜法水处理发展的前沿方向。膜亲水改性通过将疏水性的膜材料转变为亲水性,提高其抗污染性能。膜光催化改性通过将光催化剂与膜材料相结合,实现膜分离与污染物光催化降解相耦合,可有效抑制膜污染的发生。文章阐述了目前高分子有机膜材料主要的亲水改性技术,并介绍了膜改性新方向-光催化改性的常用方法。     

弹性填料表面亲水性对厌氧生化过程的影响研究

通过在普通塑料中添加水溶性高分子物进行亲水性改进，制得表面亲水的弹性塑料填料，并通过实验验证了新型填料的亲水性。填料表面的亲水性改进了微生物在其表面的吸附能力，新型填料与普通填料实验室的应用对比研究结果表明：亲水性改进的弹性填料在污水的厌氧处理中可提高污水的厌氧处理效率15％～30％，且亲水性改进大大提高了弹性填料的抗冲击负荷能力，此填料的工业应用结果也表明亲水性提高了填料的应用性能。     

Ag_3PO_4/TiO_2-PVDF膜制备及抗污染性研究

膜污染引起膜通量下降,导致膜使用寿命的降低以及运行成本的升高,制约着膜技术的发展。为缓解膜污染,合成具有紫外-可见光响应的Ag_3PO_4/TiO_2纳米材料,并应用于聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜改性,制备了新型膜材料。通过原子力显微镜、接触角测定、光催化降解能力测试、循环过滤实验等研究其性能。实验表明,与PVDF膜相比,Ag_3PO_4/TiO_2-PVDF膜表面更平滑,平均粗糙度由64.9 nm下降至30.8 nm;亲水性得到改善,接触角初始值为58.8°,下降速率为1.12°/min;具有自然光下催化氧化降解罗丹明B的自清洁能力,将其含量由86.1%降至65.5%;在循环过滤中难被污染、易于清洗,保持较大的通量恢复率。     

采用Washburn动态法研究水处理滤料的亲油亲水性

用Washbum动态法研究了核桃壳、磁铁矿和陶粒砂滤料的亲油亲水性，并对其表面结构进行了表征．结果表明，用Washburn动态法研究水处理滤料润湿性的实验重复性较好，实验方法可行．实验测得核桃壳、磁铁矿和陶粒砂的亲油亲水比（LHR）依次为76．41、1．057和0.8769，说明核桃壳滤料的亲油性很好，而磁铁矿和陶粒砂滤料表现了更好的亲水性．与SEM、EDS、FTIR分析结果一致，核桃壳、磁铁矿和陶粒砂滤料表面亲油亲水性的差别主要归因于其表面物理化学结构的不同．     

城市污水二级出水超滤膜污染与膜特性的研究

以城市污水二级出水为过滤介质,考察了PVA、PVP、PMMA等与PVDF的二元及三元共混超滤膜的过滤污染行为.结果表明,共混优化了PVDF超滤膜的结构参数,添加剂PVP、PVA可有效改善膜的亲水化程度,提高膜渗透通量.超滤膜的亲水性和结构特性对膜抗污染性能影响较大;堵孔阻力是二级出水过滤膜污染不可逆的主要原因.亲水性较强的超滤膜,二级出水过滤初期易因浓差极化而导致滤饼层污染,造成一定的通量衰减,但易清洗恢复,不可逆污染指数(rir)为0,抗污染性能好.致密的超滤膜表面有利于防止二级出水中的中低分子量污染物进入膜内部,而断面通透大孔和疏松海绵层结构的超滤膜,能减少二级出水中的污染物在膜中沉积形成堵孔阻力.膜表面多孔,内部大孔发育不充分,易形成堵孔污染,通量衰减大且不易清洗恢复,膜污染不可逆.     

三氯乙烯在薄膜催化剂上的光催化降解动力学

研究了不同初始浓度三氯乙烯(TCE)在TiO₂薄膜催化剂上的光催化降解.结果表明,TCE在主波长为254nm的低压汞灯照射下易于发生光降解反应,而TiO₂薄膜催化剂能显著提高TCE的降解.光催化降解反应的伪一级速率常数随初始浓度的增加先升后降.在Langmuir-Hinshelwood方程基础上建立的光催化降解动力学模型包含了发生在薄膜催化剂表面的光催化氧化过程和发生的溶液体相的光降解过程,该动力学模型适用于表达低浓度有机物在薄膜催化剂上的光催化降解动力学.     

移动床生物膜反应器载体亲水改性的试验研究

采用聚合物共混法研究载体亲水性改善的可行性,在此基础上研究电晕处理对亲水性能强化的效果和持续性.结果表明,共混方式能够改善载体亲水性能,接触角从108°降至88°,载体表面已经呈亲水性;电晕处理能够强化亲水性能,接触角可进一步降低至72°,但强化效果持续时间短.从检测指标和检测方法2方面建立载体生物学性能评价体系,研究亲水性能改善对载体生物学性能的影响.对比电晕处理前后载体,经20 d生物学性能试验检测表明,亲水性能经电晕处理强化的载体启动快,启动第2 d COD和NH⁺₄-N去除率就分别高达80%和97%,同期未电晕处理载体仅为61%和63%;后期两者处理效果基本持平,说明电晕改性初期效果明显,而持续时间有限;也表明所建立的生物学性能评价体系快速可靠.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.