纳米氧化锌致大型溞的毒性效应特征

采用半静态暴露的方法,以大型溞的死亡率、显微结构损伤、蜕皮率、游泳行为等作为毒性测试终点,研究不同浓度纳米氧化锌(ZnONP)对大型溞(Daphnia magna)的毒性效应.结果显示,ZnONP水溶液稳定性差,在溶液中沉降率随着浓度增大而增大,Zeta电位降低.ZnONP对大型溞处理48 h的半数致死浓度LC_(50)为3 mg·L~(-1),ZnONP致大型溞的死亡率呈现一定的时间-效应关系;ZnONP暴露会使大型溞肠道和体表损伤.经显微结构观察发现,ZnONP可粘附在大型溞体表面,并引起大型溞游泳的垂直高度升高,大型溞蜕皮时间延迟,成功蜕皮率降低.结果表明ZnONP对大型溞个体和行为产生一定的毒性效应,其毒性效应的机理与其颗粒物对大型溞肠道和体表粘附有直接的关系,研究结果对合理地评价纳米材料对水生生物的影响有一定的理论参考价值.     

壬基酚对浮游生物的毒性效应及其食物链传递

以蛋白核小球藻及5种枝角类（微型裸腹溞、多刺裸腹溞、盔型溞、蚤状溞、大型溞）浮游动物为研究对象,开展壬基酚（NP）对浮游生物的毒性效应,及NP在“水-蛋白核小球藻-大型溞”食物链的生物富集和生物传递能效研究.结果表明：NP对微藻的半抑制效应浓度为3.33mg/L;对5种枝角类浮游动物的48h半致死效应浓度范围介于8.67~131.79μg/L,裸腹溞属耐受性显著高于溞属.1和5μg/LNP连续暴露下,大型溞存活率显著降低,且首次繁殖时间延迟,前者仅在第8d有子代产出,而后者未观察到子代个体.微藻对培养液中0.1mg/LNP的生物富集系数（BCF）在3h时达到最大值7393.投喂NP暴露后的微藻,大型溞摄食率呈显著降低的趋势,且第3d天出现死亡现象.大型溞体内NP含量最大值为0.07mg/g,NP经蛋白核小球藻传递到大型溞的生物富集系数仅为0.097.NP的低食物链传递可能与大型溞对NP的转化、大型溞生长过程中的蜕壳以及摄食后的消化和排泄过程有关.     

壬基酚对浮游生物的毒性效应及其食物链传递研究

以蛋白核小球藻及5种枝角类(微型裸腹溞、多刺裸腹溞、盔型溞、蚤状溞、大型溞)浮游动物为研究对象,开展壬基酚(NP)对浮游生物的毒性效应,及NP在"水-蛋白核小球藻-大型溞"食物链的生物富集和生物传递能效研究.结果表明:NP对微藻的半抑制效应浓度为3.33mg/L;对5种枝角类浮游动物的48h半致死效应浓度范围介于8.67~131.79μg/L,裸腹溞属耐受性显著高于溞属.1和5μg/LNP连续暴露下,大型溞存活率显著降低,且首次繁殖时间延迟,前者仅在第8d有子代产出,而后者未观察到子代个体.微藻对培养液中0.1mg/LNP的生物富集系数(BCF)在3h时达到最大值7393.投喂NP暴露后的微藻,大型溞摄食率呈显著降低的趋势,且第3d天出现死亡现象.大型溞体内NP含量最大值为0.07mg/g,NP经蛋白核小球藻传递到大型溞的生物富集系数仅为0.097.NP的低食物链传递可能与大型溞对NP的转化、大型溞生长过程中的蜕壳以及摄食后的消化和排泄过程有关.     

双酚AF对大型溞生殖、生长等生态行为的影响

为了明确双酚AF（BPAF）对水生生物行为的影响,考察了BPAF对大型溞的急性毒性和慢性毒性（生殖、生长、发育、生理等）影响.结果显示,BPAF对大型溞的24h和48h半致死浓度（LC₅₀）分别为9.70mg/L和5.02mg/L.根据化学品分类和标签规范,BPAF属于毒性Ⅱ级.BPAF对大型溞生殖、生长、发育和生理的毒性影响结果表明,高浓度BPAF（100 μg/L）导致大型溞性成熟时间明显延迟,并显著降低了大型溞产卵频次、产卵总数等生殖行为,且对大型溞的生长、发育产生显著抑制现象,同时造成种群繁衍能力显著受损.本文旨在为BPAF对水生生物的生态行为影响提供理论依据.     

应用BLM研究辽河与太湖水体中镉对大型溞急性毒性

应用生物配体模型(BLM)所得累积半致死浓度(LA50)预测我国辽河与太湖4个点位Cd对大型溞的急性毒性,同时与实际水样Cd的加标实验结果对比。生物急性毒性试验的48 h-LC50(183.74~267.31μg/L)与BLM预测的48 h-LC50(134.91~376.35μg/L)结果具有较好的一致性,表明以大型溞急性毒性数据所调整LA50为基础的预测结果较为可靠。其中太湖点位水样Cd的毒性高于辽河点位,可能是辽河点位较高溶解性有机碳(DOC)和碱度浓度对Cd的毒性具有一定的影响。     

不同剂型高效氯氟氰菊酯对大型溞的毒性效应

为明确剂型对农药制剂毒性的影响,参照《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》的方法,测定了高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油、脲醛树脂微胶囊悬浮剂、聚脲微胶囊悬浮剂和水乳剂3种剂型4种制剂对大型溞的急性毒性,并对其体长、摄食等亚急性毒性指标进行了比较.结果表明,加工成不同剂型均会提高药剂的毒性,高效氯氟氰菊酯原药对大型溞的48 h-EC50为2.50×10-3mg·L-1,乳油、脲醛树脂微胶囊悬浮剂、聚脲微胶囊悬浮剂和水乳剂3种剂型的4种制剂的48 h-EC50分别为8.04×10-4、6.25×10-4、1.56×10-3、1.65×10-3mg·L-1,且毒性随暴露时间延长而明显增加.亚急性毒性试验结果显示,当浓度为1.00×10-4mg·L-1时,3种剂型的4种制剂均会对体长、摄食等亚急性指标产生影响,且不同剂型的高效氯氟氰菊酯对大型溞体长的影响强弱顺序为:脲醛树脂微胶囊悬浮剂乳油聚脲微胶囊悬浮剂水乳剂,对摄食的影响为:乳油脲醛树脂微胶囊悬浮剂聚脲微胶囊悬浮剂水乳剂.     

三唑酮对青鳉鱼和大型溞不同测试终点的毒性效应评价

以青鳉鱼和大型溞为代表性水生生物,研究三唑酮对其不同测试终点的慢性毒性效应.结果显示,以生存、生长、繁殖为测试终点,青鳉鱼的NOEC分别为76,60,5μg/L,基于大型溞蜕皮次数、生长和繁殖的NOEC分别为25,100,200μg/L.由此可见,青鳉鱼比大型溞对三唑酮的毒性更敏感.比较不同测试终点,青鳉鱼的繁殖类指标最敏感,其次是生长、生存;相比大型溞的繁殖以及幼溞的生长,其幼溞的蜕皮次数指标更为敏感.因此,低剂量长期暴露下三唑酮会对水生生物的繁殖能力造成一定的损伤,评价其水生态安全应全面考虑不同生物种群的不同测试终点,尤其是鱼类繁殖毒性效应.     

不同粒径聚乙烯微粒对大型溞的生物毒性效应

微塑料污染已经受到了国内外研究者的广泛关注,但研究热点多集中于海洋微塑料及其生物学效应,对淡水生物潜在影响的研究还很有限。本文选择淡水模式动物大型溞（Daphnia magna）作为受试生物,以2 μm、20 μm和50 μm聚乙烯微粒（polyethylene,PE）作为研究对象,探讨不同尺度微塑料对大型溞的急性活动抑制效应。结果表明,3种粒径的微塑料均可被大型溞摄入,并在肠道中积累,造成大型溞的活动抑制,并可能影响其脂类代谢;水中高浓度的PE微粒可粘附在大型溞体表,限制其活动,影响其摄食。在5~80 mg/L浓度范围内,2 μm PE微粒对大型溞的抑制率呈现线性增长趋势（96 h的EC₅₀为50.86 mg/L）;而20 μm和50 μm的PE微粒的抑制率随暴露浓度的增加呈现倒"U"形曲线。暴露48 h后,3种PE微粒的LOEC值分别为60、20和5 mg/L,即随粒径增大,毒性效应增加。粒径大小是影响大型溞摄入和积累微塑料的重要因素之一。本文结果为深入理解微塑料对淡水浮游动物的毒性效应提供了基础数据和理论依据。     

四溴联苯醚对3种典型水生生物的急性毒性

文章采用半静态水质接触急性试验法,研究了2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚对小球藻、大型溞、斑马鱼的急性毒性。结果表明,2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚对小球藻的96 h-EC_(50)为3.97μg/L,对大型溞的48 h-LC_(50)和96 h-LC_(50)分为1.09 mg/L和0.84 mg/L,对斑马鱼的96 hLC_(50)56.2 mg/L。按照毒性评价的分级标准,2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚对小球藻、大型溞、斑马鱼分别为极高毒、高毒、中低毒化学品,其对水生生物的毒性表现为:藻类蚤类鱼类。2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚易导致小球藻急性中毒死亡。但由于2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚在水中的溶解度极低(15μg/L),因此在自然环境中其不会导致大型溞和斑马鱼的急性中毒死亡。     

典型可溶有机质与磺胺二甲嘧啶的络合作用研究

以藻源有机质(AOM)和腐殖酸(HA)作为典型生物大分子可溶有机质(DOM)和腐殖化DOM,采用荧光猝灭滴定和光谱分析考察磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ)与DOM的络合作用.三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析显示AOM荧光组分主要由类酪氨酸和类色氨酸物质组成,而类富里酸和类腐殖酸物质是HA荧光组分的主要构成.4种荧光组分可与SMZ发生不同程度的静态猝灭,且猝灭过程中DOM分子构象改变.同步荧光光谱结合二维相关图谱进一步发现类酪氨酸优先于类色氨酸组分与SMZ发生络合作用.Ryan-Weber非线性模拟拟合表明AOM中各荧光组分与SMZ的络合稳定常数(logK)大小为:类富里酸(3.33)类酪氨酸(3.12)类色氨酸(2.15)类腐殖酸(1.57);而HA中大小为:类富里酸(3.06)类腐殖酸(2.02).总体上生物大分子DOM对SMZ的亲和力高于腐殖化DOM.DOM与SMZ的相互作用可改变水环境中抗生素的形态和归趋,影响其生物有效性和生态毒性.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.