1996—2006年武汉市土地利用/覆被变化研究

以武汉市为研究区,利用1996和2006年Landsat5的TM影像解译结果,基于GIS空间分析与数理统计方法定量研究了1996—2006年11年间的武汉市土地利用/覆被变化。研究结果表明：（1）1996—2006年期间,武汉市土地利用覆被总体特征表现出耕地、草地和未利用地减少,林地、水域和建设用地面积增加的态势;（2）这11年间耕地转化为林地、建设用地和水域这3种变化类型分布最为广泛,转换率最大;（3）11年来武汉市土地利用综合动态度变化幅度较大,并呈缓慢上升趋势。土地利用年变化速度达到1.25%;（4）1996—2006年武汉市土地利用程度逐年提高,土地利用程度变化量和变化率均大于0,说明武汉市处于土地利用发展时期,土地利用集约度会进一步提高。     

盐池北部风沙区土地利用变化的社会经济效应

以盐池北部风沙区为研究区域,利用1996—2007年土地利用变更调查与社会经济统计数据,借助典型相关分析,提取沙区农村土地利用变化对社会经济发展影响的主要方面。结果表明：（1）研究区土地利用变化对农村经济总体水平、经济结构、社会发展具有显著影响;（2）种植业、林业、牧业产值与粮食总产量是衡量研究区农村经济总体水平的重要指标,耕地、林地、居民点、沙地组成对其影响显著;（3）人口产业结构与居民收入结构反映了研究区农村社会发展、劳动力就业情况,受林地和沙地组成影响较大;（4）林地和沙地组成对地区农业结构,尤其是林业产值比重影响较大。沙区土地利用变化的社会经济效应分析,为土地利用结构调整方向提供依据,目的是促进沙区种植业结构调整、林牧业发展、农村劳动力合理分配。     

森林土地利用变化及其对碳循环的影响

由于人口剧增，人类活动的影响不断加大，在过去100年全球土地利用／土地覆被发生了巨大的变化。最常见的土地利用变化是由森林转变为农业用地。森林砍伐使森林生态系统地上部生物量大大减少，砍伐后作农业用地，降低了植被生产力，减少了土壤有机质的输入，增强了腐殖质的矿化作用，有机质分解速率增加，有机碳贮量随之降低，从而影响到森林生态系统的碳循环，使大量碳元素释放到大气中，引起温室效应，导致全球变暖。另一个常见的土地利用变化是植树造林和森林恢复，这一过程可以增加森林生态系统的碳储量，从而减缓大气CO2体积分数的上升。     

兰州市土地利用变化及生态服务价值

以典型河谷型大城市兰州市为例,在RS和GIS技术支持下,剖析了1997-2009年该市各县区土地利用及其变化情况。在此基础上,参考Costanza等生态系统服务价值计算方法和中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值表,分析r近12年来研究区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响及其变化情况。结果表明：1997-2009年兰州市林地增长面积最大,主要来源于耕地的转出及两山绿化,其次为建设用地,主要是对耕地、草地和未利用地的占用;土地利用类型面积减少最大的是耕地,主要转变为林地、草地和建设用地。土地利用变化引起生态系统服务价值及GDP变化,其分别从1997年的59．99亿元,210．27亿元上升到2009年的61．52亿元,920亿元。总体呈增长趋势,表明该区域生态环境整体向良性方向发展。     

红河哈尼梯田世界文化景观遗产的遥感监测与土地覆盖变化

红河哈尼梯田是中国重要的世界文化景观遗产,以森林、梯田、村寨、水系四度同构的人与自然高度协调的生态系统而著称。随着经济与旅游的发展,哈尼梯田自申报世界遗产以来,其文化景观不可避免地遭受干扰。遗产监测有助于及时了解遗产本体的保存现状和风险影响因素,确定遗产突出普遍价值以及制定规避风险的有效措施。文章基于红河哈尼梯田独特的文化景观特征,利用高分辨率卫星遥感影像对申遗前后的文化景观遗产要素进行遥感监测,分析其土地覆盖现状与变化趋势,探究遥感手段在遗产要素变化监测中的可行性与可靠性,对遥感在文化遗产监测中的应用具有一定的指导意义。结果表明,(1)红河哈尼梯田申遗后,景观格局基本没有发生改变,仍然以森林和梯田为主,其遗产要素的变化均在可控范围内。主要申遗范围坝达片区各遗产要素面积变化共为93.78 hm²,水田变化约占总变化面积的80%,其次是林地约占18%,其他遗产要素面积变化不大。(2)各遗产要素之间的面积变化以水田转变为林地和灌木林地为主,占总变化面积的57%,部分房屋建筑物拆迁变为灌木林地,说明申遗后相关的退耕还林政策与生态环境保护规划起到了明显成效。(3)随着旅游业的发展,以及村民生活条件改善的需求,部分梯田转变为道路和房屋建筑,但这些规划的合理性还需进一步核实与确认。(4)依据哈尼梯田的文化景观特征,监测文化景观遗产要素时的精细化程度比土地利用变化要求高,因此首选高分辨率遥感影像,建议空间分辨率达到1 m以上。     

1980—2015年青藏高原植被变化研究

青藏高原地形复杂,气候类型独特,是北半球气候变化的调节器。全球气候变化直接影响植被变化,探讨植被变化对了解青藏高原的环境状况及环境保护与恢复具有重要意义。选取青藏高原作为研究区域,基于1980年和2015年的1 km土地利用数据利用转移矩阵研究植被的转换变化,利用1981—2015年的GIMMS-NDVI数据借助趋势分析法分析土地利用未变化区域的植被覆被变化,并通过相关分析法研究植被变化与气候因子的关系。研究表明:1980—2015年,青藏高原植被的转换变化表现为转入面积大于转出面积,植被面积整体增加。植被类型变化的主要表现形式为农作物和草地面积增加,乔木林地和灌木林面积减少;草地的面积变化最大,农作物、乔木林地和灌木林面积变化很小。从不同植被类型和生态分区来看,植被覆被变化表现为农作物面积较小,分布于半干旱地区,NDVI呈上升趋势;乔木林地位于东南部湿润半湿润地区,生长状况呈现退化趋势;灌木林位于东部边缘和东南部的湿润半湿润和半干旱地区,呈退化趋势;草地分布范围最大,生长情况趋于改善。近35年来,青藏高原的植被覆盖整体趋于好转,低覆盖度、干旱半干旱地区趋于改善,高覆盖度、湿润半湿润地区出现退化。研究时段内,青藏高原趋于暖湿化,NDVI变化与年平均气温、年降水量变化呈正相关,对降水变化更为敏感。不同植被类型对气候变化响应不同,农作物相关系数最高。乔木林地与气温和降水变化呈负相关,农作物和草地则呈正相关,灌木林与降水变化呈正相关,与气温变化呈负相关。     

The influence of land use and climate change on forest biomass and composition in Massachusetts, USA

Land use and climate change have complex and interacting effects on naturally dynamic forest landscapes. To anticipate and adapt to these changes, it is necessary to understand their individual and aggregate impacts on forest growth and composition. We conducted a simulation experiment to evaluate regional forest change in Massachusetts, USA over the next 50 years (2010-2060). Our objective was to estimate, assuming a linear continuation of recent trends, the relative and interactive influence of continued growth and succession, climate change, forest conversion to developed uses, and timber harvest on live aboveground biomass (AGB) and tree species composition. We examined 20 years of land use records in relation to social and biophysical explanatory variables and used regression trees to create "probability-of-conversion" and "probability-of-harvest" zones. We incorporated this information into a spatially interactive forest landscape simulator to examine forest dynamics as they were affected by land use and climate change. We conducted simulations in a full-factorial design and found that continued forest growth and succession had the largest effect on AGB, increasing stores from 181.83 Tg to 309.56 Tg over 50 years. The increase varied from 49% to 112% depending on the ecoregion within the state. Compared to simulations with no climate or land use, forest conversion reduced gains in AGB by 23.18 Tg (or 18%) over 50 years. Timber harvests reduced gains in AGB by 5.23 Tg (4%). Climate change (temperature and precipitation) increased gains in AGB by 17.3 Tg (13.5%). Pinus strobus and Acer rubrum were ranked first and second, respectively, in terms of total AGB throughout all simulations. Climate change reinforced the dominance of those two species. Timber harvest reduced Quercus rubra from 10.8% to 9.4% of total AGB, but otherwise had little effect on composition. Forest conversion was generally indiscriminate in terms of species removal. Under the naive assumption that future land use patterns will resemble the recent past, we conclude that continued forest growth and recovery will be the dominant mechanism driving forest dynamics over the next 50 years, and that while climate change may enhance growth rates, this will be more than offset by land use, primarily forest conversion to developed uses.     

Comparing land change from shale gas infrastructure development in neighboring Utica and Marcellus regions, 2006–2015

The emergent patterns of land change resulting from the development of shale oil and gas infrastructure is a result of many small decisions and interactions. This research focuses on the land change associated with the development of shale oil and gas infrastructure in the Marcellus and Utica shale formations in two geographically proximate and physically similar counties, Carroll County, OH, and Washington County, PA. Land-cover data used to measure feature-scale change were digitized from aerial photography and then used to update National Land Cover Dataset data used in the calculation of forest fragmentation for the entire study areas. The amount and pattern of land change was very similar between the two counties even though they are drawing oil and gas from different shale formations. Less than 1% of the total forest for each county was lost but the fragmentation impacts are amplified by the pattern of infrastructure on the landscape.     

Application of analytical hierarchy process and geographic information systems in land-use suitability evaluation: a case study of Dümrek village (Çanakkale,Turkey)

This study used both analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographic information systems (GIS) to make a land-use suitability analysis for the village of Dümrek, NW Turkey. Primarily, alternative land uses for agriculture, meadow–pasture and forest were determined along with criteria for these alternatives and a hierarchical structure was produced and used to determine the weights of the criteria. Spatial data were identified by means of GIS and calculations were made using the suitability values specified and weights obtained from AHP. Suitability maps were then produced for the above land use alternatives. Subsequently, a synthesized suitability map was formed from these maps. According to the weights specified by AHP, the order of land use preferences among the alternatives for rural development of Dümrek was agriculture, forest and meadow. The synthesized suitability map showed that the areas allocated for forest and agriculture were close to the present ratios of use; however, meadow land, which does not exist at present, should be allocated as a land use to constitute 12.5% of the study area. Achieving sustainability in land use is possible by planners and administrators considering results obtained from land suitability mapping studies at the stage of allocating land uses. The method applied in this research is considered useful when taking policy decisions covering the evaluation of rural land use, particularly for subunits of the state administration.     

扎鲁特旗土地利用变化及其驱动力分析

利用 1988年和 1997年的TM影像数据 (覆盖范围主要包括扎鲁特旗行政辖区的中部低山丘陵区和南部倾斜冲积平原区的 2 0个苏木 ) ,通过计算扎鲁特旗 1988年至 1997年间土地利用转移矩阵 ,分析了该区域近 10a来土地利用 /覆盖的时空变化规律 ,并进而探究了导致该变化发生的自然、人文驱动因素。结果表明 :在 1988年至 1997年间 ,该区域林地和草地大面积减少 ,耕地大面积增加 ,土地沙化和盐碱化现象严重。探其原因主要是由社会、经济等人文因素造成 ,而包括气候波动在内的自然条件只是土地利用变化的背景条件     

基于GIS和RS的晋江市土地利用变化与可持续利用研究

采用GIS和遥感技术，在拟订土地分类系统的基础上，对1996和2001年晋汀市土地资源进行遥感解译，得到这两期1：10万土地利用现状图及数据库，分析了晋江市土地利用类型的构成与比例，以及土地利用面积动态变化状况。结果表明，晋汀市自1996年以来，城镇居民点与工矿用地扩展较大，面积增幅达5312．55hm^2，交通面积增加1507．02hm^2，林地而积增加了293．05hm^2，园地面积也增加了4．17hm^2；但耕地面积锐减，减少面积为6419．43hm^2，减幅为14．6％，其去向主要是建设用地、生态退耕、园地和池塘用地。在此基础上，认为土地利用变化存在的主要问题是：耕地面积锐减；土地利用结构小平衡；生态环境恶化等。应采取针对性的土地可持续发展措施，重视土地管理制度创新和土地利用的优化配置。     

Simulating the impacts of land-use changes on non-point source pollution in Lugu Lake watershed

Protection of the water quality of Lugu Lake is important because it is a unique geographic and cultural resource. Not only point source pollution but also non-point source pollution contribute to degradation of water quality. A GIS-NPS model, with long-term hydrologic impact assessment (L-THIA), was used to evaluate long-term implications of land-use change impacts on non-point source (NPS) pollution. The land-use patterns of 1995 and 2005 were analysed to determine the changes in Lugu Lake watershed. A 30-year (1974–2003) precipitation dataset was used to estimate mean annual surface runoff and NPS pollutant loads. The contributions of different land-use categories to average annual runoff and NPS pollutant production were assessed with a unit contribution index (UCI). Results show loss of agricultural land (by 44.9%), while forest, grass/pasture and residential land increased to different degrees from 1995 to 2005. At the same time, annual average NPS pollutants, TN, TP, TSS and BOD loads all decreased, while heavy metal lead increased by 6.87%. The UCI formulated in this research was a more useful method to assess land-use impact on NPS pollutants than simple investigations of the percentage land-use change. Agricultural and residential land changes had more impact on NPS pollutants and were identified as the main source types. Suggestions on regulating land uses and management proposals for protecting lake water quality in Lugu Lake watershed are made.     

Economic-based projections of future land use in the conterminous United States under alternative policy scenarios

Land-use change significantly contributes to biodiversity loss, invasive species spread, changes in biogeochemical cycles, and the loss of ecosystem services. Planning for a sustainable future requires a thorough understanding of expected land use at the fine spatial scales relevant for modeling many ecological processes and at dimensions appropriate for regional or national-level policy making. Our goal was to construct and parameterize an econometric model of land-use change to project future land use to the year 2051 at a fine spatial scale across the conterminous United States under several alternative land-use policy scenarios. We parameterized the econometric model of land-use change with the National Resource Inventory (NRI) 1992 and 1997 land-use data for 844 000 sample points. Land-use transitions were estimated for five land-use classes (cropland, pasture, range, forest, and urban). We predicted land-use change under four scenarios: business-as-usual, afforestation, removal of agricultural subsidies, and increased urban rents. Our results for the business-as-usual scenario showed widespread changes in land use, affecting 36% of the land area of the conterminous United States, with large increases in urban land (79%) and forest (7%), and declines in cropland (-16%) and pasture (-13%). Areas with particularly high rates of land-use change included the larger Chicago area, parts of the Pacific Northwest, and the Central Valley of California. However, while land-use change was substantial, differences in results among the four scenarios were relatively minor. The only scenario that was markedly different was the afforestation scenario, which resulted in an increase of forest area that was twice as high as the business-as-usual scenario. Land-use policies can affect trends, but only so much. The basic economic and demographic factors shaping land-use changes in the United States are powerful, and even fairly dramatic policy changes, showed only moderate deviations from the business-as-usual scenario. Given the magnitude of predicted land-use change, any attempts to identify a sustainable future or to predict the effects of climate change will have to take likely land-use changes into account. Econometric models that can simulate land-use change for broad areas with fine resolution are necessary to predict trends in ecosystem service provision and biodiversity persistence.     

Simulation of soil carbon changes due to land use change in urban areas in China

Land use change can have a strong impact on soil carbon dynamics and carbon stocks in urban areas. Due to rapid urbanization, large areas of land have been paved, and other areas have undergone rapid land use change. Evaluation of the impact of urbanization on carbon dynamics and carbon stock (30 cm) has become an issue of urgent concern. The soil carbon dynamics, due to rapid land use change in Tianjin Binhai New Area of China, have been simulated in this paper using the RothC model. Because this area is saline, a modified version of RothC that includes a salt rate modifier provided more accurate simulations than the original model. The conversion to urban green land was not accurately simulated by either of the models because of the undefined changes in soil and plant conditions. According to the model, changes of arable to grassland resulted in a decline in soil carbon stocks, and changes of grassland to forest and grassland to arable resulted in increased soil carbon stocks in this area. Across the whole area simulated, the total carbon stocks in 2010 had decreased due to land use change by 6.5% from the 1979 value. By 2050, a further decrease of 21.9% is expected according to the 2050 plan for land use and the continuing losses from the soils due to previous land use changes.     

Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks as affected by different land use in an Ultisol in Imo Watershed,southern Nigeria

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) concentrations and stocks are essential for improving soil quality and increasing C-reservoir. The study aimed at quantifying the dynamics of soil properties under different land use in Imo watershed where there is no knowledge about the effects of land use on SOC and STN pool. Six land use: arable land (AL), forest land (FL), grassland (GL), shrubland hills (SL), urban built-up green (UL), and freshwater swamp-mangrove wetland (WL) were classified using ArcGIS 10.1 and FAO land use classification system. Soil samples were collected and analyzed from each land use under different soil depths and slope positions with three replications. Topsoil layer (0–30?cm) contributed to more than 90% of the total soil nutrients. Land use significantly affected SOC content, STN content, and bulk density. SOC and STN concentrations were in the order of FL?>?WL?>?GL?>?SL?>?UL?>?AL which revealed the potentials of FL and WL for SOC and STN sequestration. The study provides land users with the information to improve soil quality, conserve C and N stocks for ecological sustainability and climate change mitigation.     

北京城市发展新区土地利用景观格局分析

以北京南部城市发展新区典型代表———房山、大兴、通州3处作为研究区,运用马尔科夫转移矩阵和景观格局指数的方法,进行土地利用变化和景观格局分析。通过对2001—2006年、2006—2011年两个时段的对比分析,发现2001—2006年研究区存在草地、林地、耕地等非建设用地类型面积下降,建设用地面积上升的趋势,且2006—2011年该趋势更加明显。结果表明研究区自然景观向人文景观变革迅速,并面临着后备土地资源不足等问题,亟需调整土地利用方式并优化景观系统空间格局。     

西庄河流域土地利用方式对土壤肥力影响的研究

采用野外调查、取样和实验分析相结合的方法对云南省保山市西庄河山地流域内4种主要土地利用方式（林地、耕地、茶园、灌丛）的土壤理化性质进行对比研究，讨论了不同土地利用方式对土壤肥力的影响，结果表明，不同的土地利用方式对土壤肥力具有比较明显的影响：土壤有机质和全氮质量分数变化从大到小依次为灌丛＞林地＞茶园＞耕地；磷、钾元素表现为耕地＞茶园＞林地＞灌丛；土壤阳离子交换量表现为耕地＞茶园＞灌丛＞林地；盐基饱和度表现为耕地＞灌丛＞林地＞茶园；农业耕作活动对表层土壤物理性质影响明显。     

Effects of Land‐Use Change on Community Composition of Tropical Amphibians and Reptiles in Sulawesi,Indonesia

Abstract: Little is known about the effects of anthropogenic land‐use change on the amphibians and reptiles of the biodiverse tropical forests of Southeast Asia. We studied a land‐use modification gradient stretching from primary forest, secondary forest, natural‐shade cacao agroforest, planted‐shade cacao agroforest to open areas in central Sulawesi, Indonesia. We determined species richness, abundance, turnover, and community composition in all habitat types and related these to environmental correlates, such as canopy heterogeneity and thickness of leaf litter. Amphibian species richness decreased systematically along the land‐use modification gradient, but reptile richness and abundance peaked in natural‐shade cacao agroforests. Species richness and abundance patterns across the disturbance gradient were best explained by canopy cover and leaf‐litter thickness in amphibians and by canopy heterogeneity and cover in reptiles. Amphibians were more severely affected by forest disturbance in Sulawesi than reptiles. Heterogeneous canopy cover and thick leaf litter should be maintained in cacao plantations to facilitate the conservation value for both groups. For long‐term and sustainable use of plantations, pruned shade trees should be permanently kept to allow rejuvenation of cacao and, thus, to prevent repeated forest encroachment.     

Land cover and land use changes in a Brazilian Cerrado landscape: drivers,processes, and patterns

The Cerrado is one of the most threatened biomes in South America. To create protection actions on any scale, understanding drivers and consequences of land cover and land use (LC and LU) is essential. This study defines the composition and configuration of a Cerrado landscape watershed from 1975 to 2011. Using Landsat images and socioeconomic census data, we determined the forces acting on LC and LU change processes and their consequences. LC classes differ from LU classes for landscape dominance and processes. Economic opportunities drove LU change and its spatial distribution was related to soil, streams, and roads. Deforestation was the main cause of forest loss but forest degradation was also important, with both presenting different patterns. The spatial distribution of bare soil was related to pasture in degradation and streams. Bare soil distribution was related to pasture in degradation and streams. We concluded that broad scale factors drove changes, but local features determined distribution, and that watershed conservation plans should act on different scales, with management being spatially explicit.     

西双版纳民族村寨土地利用的景观影响

采用参与性农村评估法 ,并结合地方农业统计年鉴 ,从村级水平对西双版纳巴卡小寨和大卡老寨 2个民族村寨土地利用的景观影响作了初步调查与分析。结果表明 ,人多地少的巴卡小寨因无大面积的公益林等自然景观而使其人为干扰强度指数为 3.196 5 ,较大卡老寨强烈 ;受干扰景观中的粮食作物地和经济作物园斑块较多 ,景观破碎度分别为 0 .0 6 92和 0 .0 980hm-2 ,均大于大卡老寨。大卡老寨因为具有公益林、风景林和水体 ,其景观多样性为 1.4 5 95 ,以公益林、经济作物园和粮食作物地为优势景观 ;大卡老寨景观均匀度和优势度分别为 0 .6 6 4 2和 0 .7377,均大于巴卡小寨。 2个村寨的粮食作物地和经济作物园面积较大 ,表明粮食生产与经济作物种植是山区发展的出路所在 ,而水田面积的扩大和稳定有利于提高人口承载力。各景观类型的规模因受市场、技术等方面的影响而逐年波动 ,但从长时间来看又趋于稳定。民族文化政策和市场对 2个村寨土地利用和景观格局影响较大。