Degradation of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) in digested sewage sludge under strict anaerobic conditions

The biodegradation of one popular nitramine energetics, ammonium dinitramide (ADN) by mixture of denitrifying bacterial species was investigated. ADN was observed to be effectively mineralized in the anaerobic mixed culture. The initial ADN concentration of 250 mg/L was reduced to non‐detectable levels (> 99% removal efficiency) in 5 days of incubation under anaerobic conditions. Final products generated from anaerobic degradation of nitramine energetics by anaerobic metabolism were NH₄ ⁺, CH₄, and CO₂ that were released to the environment with the denitrifiers’ growth. In addition, it was found that the activity of denitrifiers was inhibited by high concentration of ammonia generated through the degradation reactions of energetic nitrites.     

A biological approach in the treatment of TNT wastewater

A mixed microbial population in digested sewage culture under strict anaerobic conditions degraded TNT (2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene) effectively. An initial concentration of 110 mg/L of TNT was reduced to a non‐detectable amount (> 99% removal) in 6 days of incubation. Red color due to the electron charge of NO₂ groups becomes colorless after 6 days of incubation, while the autoclave control remained red in color. Further stepwise deamination and subsequent mineralization by ring cleavage occurred by mixed nitroreductase which is available from many of the denitrifying bacteria predominantly in sewage culture.     

嫌气条件下土壤中有机还原性物质的动态变化

利用示差脉冲伏安法研究了不同有机物料在嫌气培养条件下产生的有机还原性物质的动态变化．结果表明：在培养起始阶段，强还原性有机物质的数量迅速增加，以后逐渐下降．不同有机物料所产生的有机还原性物质的强度和数量各不相同。培养初期，有机还原性物质种类较多，长时间培养后，部分还原能力较弱的有机物质消失。长时间培养后。嫌气培养液中强还原性有机物质可能与金属离子作用，使其活性降低。     

Treatment of azo dye Orange II in a sequential anaerobic and aerobic-sequencing batch ractor system

We studied the biodegradation of Orange II in a sequential anaerobic and aerobic-sequencing batch reactor system. Granular activated carbon was used either packed into a column or added directly into the anaerobic reactor to investigate the treatment performance between the two operation conditions. We found that the circulation of mixed liquor between the anaerobic reactor and the carbon-packed column enhanced the chemical oxygen demand from 28 to 52% and Orange II removal efficiencies from 88 to 96%, under simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation process. The morphology of microbes was observed under an electron-scanning microscope.     

Anaerobic decolorization of an azo dye by a mixed culture

Wool dyeing wastewater contains xenobiotic compounds that can be removed by biotechnological processes. Studies on various dyes showed that anaerobic processes are suitable to alter azo dyes as a first step of the biodegradation process. These compounds are reduced by anaerobic consortia to aromatic amines and its ultimate degradation can be achieved by a further aerobic treatment.

Studies on degradation rate of an wool acid dye were performed in batch systems inoculated with anaerobic biomass. A commercial diazo dye, Acid Red 73, was added to the synthetic medium in which glucose was used as sole carbon source.

Results indicated that the Acid Red 73 was partially degraded by a mixed culture of anaerobic bacteria and a decolorization of 90% was obtained. Kinetics studies on removal of the colour showed that the decolorization rate was several times faster than the degradation rate of glucose for a range of dye concentrations between 60 mg/L and 400 mg/L. A first order kinetic model was used for dye concentrations up to 200 mg/L. For higher concentrations a model similar to the Michaelis‐Menten equation was better fitted to the experimental data.     

Anaerobic degradation kinetics of reactive dye with different carbon sources

This study aims to investigate the anaerobic degradation kinetics of reactive dye, C.I. Reactive Red 141 (Evercion Red H-E7B) by partially granulated anaerobic mixed culture using three carbon sources, namely modified starch (MS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and acrylic size (AS) during batch incubation. There is a first-order kinetics reaction in the decolorization processes using MS and PVA as carbon sources, while a zero-order kinetics relationship describes the decolorization process for the AS carbon source. The k values and color removal rate of decolorization with MS carbon source was higher than those of PVA and AS carbon sources. This is because the MS carbon source was well degraded in comparison to AS and PVA, respectively This study also found dye reduction could be enhanced through the addition of MS as a carbon source. The decolorization rates increased with decrease in dye concentrations of RR 141. In contrast, the decolorization rates increased with increase in COD concentration.     

Decolorization of methyl orange in wastewater with in situ electrogenerated oh free radicals

A treatability study was conducted to determine the potential of white rot fungi to remediate soil from a Superfund site that had been contaminated with DDT. A tiered approach was utilized, starting with simple laboratory studies to screen the potential of white rot fungal strains to degrade DDT and culminating with a soil pan study that simulated land farming. Results from early tiers of the study indicated that Phanerochaete sordida had the best potential for remediating the soil. In the soil pan study, the fungus ultimately grew very well after second inoculation. However, the good growth did not translate to higher DDT removal compared to removal in pans that were not inoculated. ¹⁴[DDT] fate studies indicated the small amount of removal that did occur for both fungal inoculated and non‐inoculated conditions could be partially attributed to incorporation into humic material. Addition of a surfactant to the soil enhanced the removal of DDT in both inoculated and non‐inoculated soil. Consequently, under simulated land fanning conditions, this strain of fungus was not successful in remediating this soil.     

Kinetic analysis of anaerobic phosphorus release during biological phosphorus removal process

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is a commonly used and sustainable method for phosphorus removal from wastewater. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyphosphate, and glycogen are three kinds of intracellular storage polymers in phosphorus accumulation organisms. The variation of these polymers under different conditions has an apparent influence on anaerobic phosphorus release, which is very important for controlling the performance of EBPR. To obtain the mechanism and kinetic character of anaerobic phosphorus release, a series of batch experiments were performed using the excessively aerated sludge from the aerobic unit of the biological phosphorus removal system in this study. The results showed that the volatile suspended solid (VSS) had an increasing trend, while the mixed liquid suspended sludge (MLSS) and ashes were reduced during the anaerobic phosphorus release process. The interruption of anaerobic HAc-uptake and phosphorus-release occurs when the glycogen in the phosphorus-accumulating-organisms is exhausted. Under the condition of lower initial HAc-COD, HAc became the limiting factor after some time for anaerobic HAc uptake. Under the condition of higher initial HAc-COD, HAc uptake was stopped because of the depletion of glycogen in the microorganisms. The mean ratio of Δρ _P/Δρ _PHB, Δρ _GLY/Δρ _PHB, Δρ _P/ΔCOD, was 0.48, 0.50, 0.44, and 0.92, respectively, which was nearly the same as the theoretical value. The calibrated kinetic parameters of the HAc-uptake and phosphorus-release model were evaluated as follows: Q _HAc,max was 164 mg/(g · h), Q _P,max was 69.9 mg/(g · h), K _gly was 0.005, and KCOD was 3 mg/L. An apparently linear correlation was observed between the ratio of Δρ _P/ΔCOD and pH of the solution, and the equation between them was obtained in this study.     

活性炭负载TiO2催化臭氧氧化去除水中酚的研究

本文采用活性炭负载TiO2作催化剂对臭氧氧化去除含酚废水进行了研究．研究了不同的酚初始浓度、pH值及臭氧浓度对苯酚去除率的影响，获得了反应动力学常数．实验结果表明：苯酚初始浓度越小，去除率越高．在本实验条件下，向150mL苯酚溶液中通入浓度为3．48mg/L、流量为0．05m^3／h的臭氧化空气反应30min去除率即可达到99％以上。     

不同酸碱条件下光合细菌的生长产氢特性

为了解光合细菌的产氢机理,对沼泽红假单胞光合产氢菌CQK-01在光生物平板反应器中进行序批次培养,以470 nm LED灯提供连续光照,葡萄糖为碳源底物,研究不同初始酸碱条件下产氢光合细菌的生长特性、产氢特性以及能量转化效率.结果表明,在弱碱性条件下最适宜产氢光合细菌的生长;在反应液为酸性条件下,光合细菌具有较高的产氢量、产氢速率和能量转化效率,然而产氢纯度随着初始pH值的增大而升高;在温度30℃、光照强度1 000lx、底物浓度75 mmol/L的实验条件下,光合细菌的最佳产氢pH值为7.0,实验中最大累积产氢量为8.0 mmol,最大产氢速率为3.39 mmol g-1(cell dry weight)h-1,产氢纯度高达70%,底物能量转化效率最大为1.98%,光能转化效率最大为7.7%.     

Chromate reduction by Serratia marcescens immobilized on activated carbon

Serratia marcescens, isolated from tannery effluents, was resistant to chromate (0.5 mM) under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A stable biofilm was developed, using activated carbon as a support. Extracellular precipitate suggests that insoluble chromium hydroxide was formed. The strain showed an enhanced cell growth in an aerobic culture medium, although under anaerobic conditions chromate reduction was carried out more efficiently. About 95% of chromate was reduced in 4 days.     

Modelling N mineralization from green manure and farmyard manure from a laboratory incubation study

Predicting N mineralization from organic manures like farmyard manure (FYM) is more difficult than from fresh organic materials like crop residues, as the manures vary greatly in composition. A laboratory incubation experiment was carried out for 98 days at 30 °C under aerobic conditions to study the effects on N dynamics of Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium, Jacquin) and FYM application to soil at 5 and 10 g kg⁻¹. Application of Gliricidia induced N mineralization from the start of incubation period, with the amount of N mineralized increasing with rate of application. In contrast, application of FYM resulted in immobilization of mineral N in soil, irrespective of the rate of application. The initial net immobilization from FYM was limited by availability of N in the soil for the higher rate of application.We used the APSIM SoilN module to simulate these contrasting patterns of mineralization of N from Gliricidia and from FYM. The prediction of N mineralized from Gliricidia was better than FYM. The default model parameters specify that the fresh organic matter pools (FPOOL1, FPOOL2 and FPOOL3) have the same C:N ratio and this assumption was ineffective in predicting N mineralized from FYM. The predictive ability of the model improved when this default assumption was modified based on the size of the individual pools (FPOOL1, FPOOL2 and FPOOL3), and the pool's C:N ratios. The modelling efficiency, a measure of goodness of fit between the simulated and observed data, improved markedly for the modified model. The discrepancy between the modelled and observed data was a tendency for the model to underestimate the rate of re-mineralization at the lower rate of application of FYM in the later part of incubation. Unfortunately the appropriate modification to the size and C:N ratios of the FPOOLs could not be determined on the basis of chemical analysis alone. Thus, a true predictive application of the model to a new FYM material is not yet possible.     

Influence of some parameters on adsorption rate and toxicity of cadmium in activated sludge

The influence of pH, competitor ions (NaNO₃) and aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge on the cadmium uptake by activated sludge solids was investigated. Above 0.08 mg L^‐1 cadmium in solution, biosorption was found to follow the Freundlich isotherm. Active cellular uptake of soluble cadmium does not appear to be a significant mechanism of the biosorption. In addition, the cadmium uptake is not completely reversible. The adsorption of cadmium by activated sludge seems to involve a physico‐chemical mechanism with especially weak electrostatic interactions with ion‐exchange reaction. The optimum adsorption pH was 7.5. Adsorption is influenced by sodium ion concentrations up to an equivalent conductivity of 10 000 μS cm^‐1. Aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge increase systematically the initial adsorption capacities. Respirometric measurements were done to evaluate the inhibitive effects of cadmium on activated sludge. Monod's equation and the equation of non‐competitive inhibition were used to describe the toxicity related to cadmium uptake. These two equations appear to be complementary.     

Long-term geochemical evolution of acidic mine wastes under anaerobic conditions

A nearly 5-year anaerobic incubation experiment was conducted to observe the geochemical evolution of an acidic mine waste. Long-term storage of the mine waste under strict anaerobic conditions caused marked increase in aqueous sulfur, while aqueous iron showed no remarkable change. Co-existing oxidation and reduction of elemental sulfur appeared to play a central role in controlling the evolutionary trends of aqueous sulfur and iron. Addition of organic matter increased the aqueous Fe concentration, possibly due to enhanced iron mobilization by microbial iron reduction and increased iron solubility by forming organically complexed Fe species. Further addition of CaCO₃ resulted in immobilization of aqueous iron and sulfur due to elevated pH and gypsum formation. The chemical behaviors of environmentally significant metals were markedly affected by the added organic matter; Al, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn tended to be immobilized probably due to elevated pH and complexation with insoluble organic molecules, while As and Pb tended to be mobilized. Jarosite exhibited high stability after nearly 5 years of anaerobic incubation and even under circumneutral pH conditions. Long-term weathering of aluminosilicate through acid attack raised pH, while continuous reaction between the added CaCO₃ and mine waste-borne stored acid decreased pH.     

Microbiological degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Anthracene,benzo(K)fluoranthene,dibenzothiophene, benzo(H) quinoline and 2‐nitronaphthalene

Biodegradation experiments of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were studied with mixed bacteria culture under aerobic conditions. An easy‐to‐handle clean‐up procedure was developed for PAH and their metabolites simultaneously as well as a gc‐ms‐method to identify and quantify these compounds.

Anthracene and dibenzothiophene are completely degradable in an aqeous system, whereas biodegradation of benzo(k)fluoranthene and benzo(h)quinoline is possible only in an oil‐in‐water‐system with dodecane as cosubstrate. No degradation of nitronaphthalene was observed in aqueous systems. New metabolites are 2,3‐dihydroxybenzothiophene, hydroxybenzothiophenecarbonic acid and benzothiophenequinone for dibenzothiophene and hydroxyfluoranthenic acid for benzo(k)flouranthene. Whereas the former metabolites are degradable under the experimental conditions, the latter accumulates during the degradation experiment.

The results are important for microbiological wastewater treatment, since knowledge of biodegradation processes is indespensable for the successful treatment of PAH‐containing wastewater.     

Degradation of chlorinated phenols by nanoscale zero-valent iron

Chlorophenols (CPs), as important contaminants in groundwater, are toxic and difficult to biodegrade. Recently nanoscale zero-valent iron received a great deal of attention because of its excellent performance in treating recalcitrant compounds. In this study, nanoscale zero-valent iron particles were prepared using chemical reduction, and the reductive transformations of three kinds of chlorinated phenols (2-CP, 3-CP, and 4-CP) by nanoscale zero-valent iron under different conditions were investigated. The transformation process of the CPs was shown to be dechlorination first, then cleavage of the benzene ring. The removal efficiency of the CPs varied as follows: 2-CP > 3-CP > 4-CP. The reactivity of CPs was associated with their energy of lowest unoccupied molecular orbit (E _LUMO). With the increase in initial concentrations of CPs, removal efficiency decreased a little. But the quantities of CPs reduced increased evidently. Temperature had influence on not only the removal efficiency, but also the transformation pathway. At higher temperatures, dechlorination occurred prior to benzene ring cleavage. At lower temperatures, however, the oxidation product was formed more easily.     

Scrap Iron Filings assisted nitrate and phosphate removal in low C/N waters using mixed microbial culture

• Microbes enhance denitrification under varying DO concentrations and SIF dosages. • Abiotic nitrate reduction rates are proportional to SIF age and dosage. • Over 80% of the simultaneously loaded NO₃⁻-N and PO₄³⁻ is removed biologically. This study focuses on identifying the factors under which mixed microbial seeds assist bio-chemical denitrification when Scrap Iron Filings (SIF) are used as electron donors and adsorbents in low C/N ratio waters. Batch studies were conducted in abiotic and biotic reactors containing fresh and aged SIF under different dissolved oxygen concentrations with NO₃⁻-N and/or PO₄^3- influent(s) and their nitrate/phosphate removal and by-product formations were studied. Batch reactors were seeded with a homogenized mixed microbial inoculum procured from natural sludges which were enriched over 6 months under denitrifying conditions in the presence of SIF. Results indicated that when influent containing 40 mg/L of NO₃⁻-N was treated with 5 g SIF, 79.9% nitrate reduction was observed in 8 days abiotically and 100% removal was accomplished in 20 days when the reactor was seeded. Both abiotic and seeded reactors removed more than 92% PO₄³⁻ under high DO conditions in 12 days. Abiotic and biochemical removal of NO₃⁻-N and abiotic removal of PO₄³⁻ were higher under independent NO₃⁻-N/PO₄³⁻ loading, while 99% PO₄^3- was removed biochemically under combined NO₃⁻-N and PO₄³⁻ loading. This study furthers the understandings of nitrate and phosphate removal in Zero Valent Iron (ZVI) assisted mixed microbial systems to encourage the application of SIF-supported bio-chemical processes in the simultaneous removals of these pollutants.     

产油脂微藻的分离鉴定及培养条件优化

为促进自养高产油微藻的工业化应用,从青海多种生境中分离到34株产油微藻,以筛选获得产油脂最高的青3-2-2株为出发株,18S rRNA分析表明其与栅列藻属(Scenedesmus sp.)同源性达到99%以上,确定该株属于栅列藻属.研究氮源、培养时间、培养温度、初始pH值等培养条件对微藻生物量及油脂含量的影响,优化培养条件为:硝酸钠为氮源,以10%(V/V)接种量接种于普通SE培养基,培养温度为25℃,初始pH 7.0,培养周期为20 d,可以获得较高的油脂产率,比优化前的产率增加了近70%.     

Preparation of magnetic nanocomposite beads and optimizing the conditions for effective removal of U(VI) from aqueous solutions

Magnetic ion-imprinted polymers (IIPs) were prepared by precipitate polymerization and leached with HCl to remove uranium. Their ability to remove hexavalent uranium from wastewater effluents was studied. Batch adsorption studies to determine the optimum conditions of U(VI) removal were conducted at different levels of sample pH, sorbent amount, agitation time, and initial uranium concentration. It was observed that, under optimum conditions (i.e. pH 4, adsorbent amount of 50 mg, 45 min agitation time, and initial U(VI) concentration of 2 mg L^?1), the maximum removal of U(VI) cations was >98% and 80% for the magnetic IIP and the corresponding magnetic non-imprinted polymers (NIP), respectively. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to describe the adsorption of U(VI) onto magnetic IIP and NIP. The adsorption capacity of U(VI) was determined to be 1.06 and 0.85 mg g^?1 for the two isotherms, respectively. The order of selectivity was found to be U(VI) > Fe(III) > Pb(II). For six cycles of regeneration and reuse, the magnetic polymers maintained their stabilities with only a 4% loss in the extraction efficiency. The average extraction efficiencies of the magnetic polymers for the spiked acid mine drainage and sewage wastewater effluents were 71% and 58% for the magnetic IIP and NIP, respectively. From powder X-ray diffraction analysis, application of the Scherrer equation yielded magnetic nanoparticles of an average mean diameter of 11.9 nm. Thermo-gravimetric analysis revealed that the HCl-leached magnetic polymers had a magnetite residual weight of 5%.     

厌氧除磷同步脱氮及影响因素研究

采用鸡粪污泥为种泥,在厌氧混合连续流反应装置内进行厌氧还原磷产生磷化氧功能菌的富集,进行硝酸盐、硫酸盐、不同碳源和氮源条件下厌氧除磷效率的研究,并考察磷化氧的生成与硝酸、总磷、氨氮去除的关系.结果表明,(1)SO_4~(2-)-S适宜的投加量为26 mg·L~(-1),不投加NO_3~--N.水中含有氧化态的无机物在厌氧条件下与磷争夺[H]导致厌氧除磷的效率下降.(2)合适的碳源为葡萄糖1 000 mg·L~(-1),纤维素不适合作为碳源,合适的氮源为蛋白胨500 mg·L~(-1),水中含有的还原糖和有机氮源促进磷化氧的生成.(3)pH值控制在6.5～7.0的范围,最适宜的生长温度在35℃左右.(4)氨氮的去除率随着总磷的去除率而增加,在厌氧条件下可达到同时脱氮除磷的效果.磷的去除由厌氧除磷菌还原磷生成磷化氧完成,氨氮由生成氮气或生成蛋白质来去除.