Hydrodynamic and towing characteristics of a modified model of the Clarke Jet Net

In a series of studies to develop an effective high speed plankton sampler, hydrodynamic research was carried out on a modified model of the Clarke Jet Net. A theoretical analysis of the motion of the sampler was made using an IBM 7040 computer, and test tows were made in an experimental ship tank and at sea. To maintain the roll angle of the sampler at approximately zero, a v-shape bridle was applied. A pair of towing holes should be selected for the particular range of towing velocity. The calculated longitudinal stability seemed good in all the cases examined. Towing tests in the ship tank at 2 to 3 m/sec revealed sufficient stability. The motion of the sampler at speeds higher than 3 m/sec can be assumed from hydrodynamic coefficients derived from the ship tank experiment. Towing-cable characteristics, assumed by computation, indicated that about 500 m at 6 kt and 1,000 m at 12 kt should be paid out to lower the sampler down to 100 m. The effect of the sampler on the cable is found only adjacent to it and is almost negligible beyond 50 m from it in depth. Results of sea tests at 6 and 9 kt confirmed the stability of the sampler. Examination of the catch suggested that the present model can be used, with some modifications, for the quantitative and qualitative sampling of large zooplankton.Contribution No. 231 from the Seikai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Nagasaki.     

Design of a rapid-sampling vertical-tow net

Design and operation of a new sampler for zooplankton are described. The sampler facilitates reliable duplicate samples; it can be closed at a defined depth during vertical towing, and can be rapidly reloaded for repeated tows.     

防止大气采样器倒吸装置

在大气采样器上加装防止倒吸装置,可防止吸收液倒吸进入流量计,收集到液的体直观可见,只需将采样管出气口拔掉,倒吸液就会自动流出。     

A submerged membrane filter apparatus for microbiological sampling

The sampler is operated by hydrostatic pressure and consists of a stainless steel cylinder to which is attached a membrane filter holder. A glass inlet tube is broken by a messenger and a predetermined volume of water is filtered. Valves protect the membrane from flow-back and release the pressure as the sampler returns to the surface. The sampler works satisfactorily at 15 m and is strong enough to be used down to 6000 m. The filling rate is controlled by a jet behind the filter holder.     

泥炭生物脱臭技术研究

本文介绍生物脱臭的应用及其原理；并以自采的泥炭为载体，以硫化氢氧为试验气体，进行原始泥炭以及经过各种处理后泥炭臭性能的对比试验，由试验证明泥 一种比较理想的脱臭生物载体。     

A sampler for the aseptic collection of water samples in the sea

A sampler is described which can be used for the collection of microbiological, phytoplanktological, and chemical sea-water samples. The sampler consist of a polyvinylchloride (PVC) frame on which a sterile silicone-rubber container (500 ml) is assembled. The sampler is fitted with a couple of reversing thermometers. All materials used, including the hydrographic cable and the messenger, have been tested for toxicity. The container, actuated by the messenger, fills and then is closed by a stop-cock to prevent any contamination with upper-level sea water during hauling aboard. The reversing thermometers reverse only when the sample has been taken properly. Thus, the thermometers guarantee good functioning of the sampler and supply also information on the exact depth at which the sample was collected. The device can operate at any depth and several devices can be operated in one cast. During normal operation, contamination due to microorganisms attached to the frame and container is negligible.This work was performed under the association contract Euratom-CNEN.     

二氧化硫被动采样器的研制和应用

本文叙述了一个灵敏、轻便的被动式二氧化硫采样装置,将此装置与主动采样方法对比用于大气中SO_2含量的测定,被动方法测得的SO_2浓度对主动方法测得的SO_2浓度的相关系数为0.9904;用五个相同的被动采样器在相同时间、相同地点测得的SO_2浓度的相对标准偏差为2.8％;采样周期可长达一个月或一个月以上。     

Improvement of sampling and analytical methods for polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans in environmental samples and its quantitative evaluation

Sampling of PCDDs/Fs in flue gas from a MSW incinerator was conducted using a modified apparatus of the 5 train method, which has been widely used for the sampling of PCDDs/Fs emission. In the atmosphere a high volume air sampler with special packings was used. Collection efficiencies of PCDDs/Fs were more than 98% for both samplers, using ¹³C₁₂—PCDD reference standard isomers. It was suggested that these sampling methods were adaptable for the measurements of PCDDs/Fs at sources and in the environment. To validate the applicability of existing methodologies on the PCDD/F determination, interlaboratory comparisons were undertaken. From high resolution GC/MS analysis, 2,3,7,8‐TCDD concentrations in reference ash samples were 0.052±0.013 ng/g as comparable results between the laboratories. In addition, the daily intakes of PCDDs/Fs for exposed persons in the MSW incineration facilities in Japan were estimated ranging of 0.053 to 0.28 pg/kg/day by the international toxic equivalent calculations.     

Measurement of Odor-Plume Structure in a Wind Tunnel Using a Photoionization Detector and a Tracer Gas

The patterns of stimulus available to moths flying along pheromone plumes in a 3-m-long wind tunnel were characterized using a high frequency photoionization detector in conjunction with an inert tracer gas. Four contrasting flow regimes and source conditions were produced: odor released in pulses from a vertical and horizontal array of four sources, odor released continuously from a point source, and odor released continuously from a point source into an oscillatory wake. Although the four flow regimes produced plumes of intermittent and fluctuating concentration, there were considerable differences in the structure of the signal presented to the sensor. Pulses of tracer gas released at 10 Hz retained most of their longitudinal and lateral separation. The plume growing in the disturbed flow (`oscillatory'), was broader in its lateral extent than the plume growing in an undisturbed flow (`continuous'), and the concentrations in the former were lower at each downstream position. The signal recorded in the disturbed flow had higher intermittency, but the ratio between the peak concentration and the signal mean was lower than in the continuous plume. Time scales were typically longer in the tunnel than in a field setting, but length scales and the main features of intermittency and fluctuation were similar. Moths flying along plumes of pheromone in this and similar wind tunnels typically slow their velocity and narrow the lateral excursions of their flight track as they approach a pheromone source. Which features of the plumes measured in this study account for these behavioral reactions remains to be determined.     

Ein neuer „Meiofaunastecher” zur quantitativen Probennahme in Weichböden

During 1972 and 1973, quantitative meiofauna samples were taken by subsampling out of a bottom sampler from some parts of the Kiel Bight. A new method has been developed to operate in very soft and muddy sediments with high organic and water contents. The construction of the new instrument is described. It consists of a bottomless plexiglass box, the cover and front of which may easily be removed. It does not cause compression of the sampled sediment, and hardly disturbs it. The semi-liquid surface of the sediment is kept in place by the use of a “sledge” and a strip of cellophane tape inside the sampler. Some preliminary results from one station show a meiofauna maximum (mainly nematodes) in the subsurface layer of the sediment, but this varied from one month to the next. The water content of the sediment at another station was as high as 300%.     

共凝聚气浮反应器的设计及应用

根据气泡与絮体的粘附理论和紊流气浮理论,设计了共凝聚气浮反应器的试验装置,并通过对洗衣废水进行试验,确定运行参数,考察设备性能,对设备进行改进．混凝剂与原水在输水管线中混合,混凝过程在气浮反应池中进行．溶气水释放的微气泡在微絮体的空隙内释放长大,与微絮体形成共聚复合体,在上浮过程中起到了“核”的作用,提高了絮体的上浮速度,使气浮达到了最优的去除效果．该设备采用了气液混合泵溶气,取代了传统气浮装置中的空压机、溶气罐和释放器,减小了占地面积,节省了投资费用．     

A new generation of coastal monitoring platforms

The need for new instruments and systems for environment monitoring encouraged the development of a network of coastal platforms combining a high versatility with ease of use and affordability. Almost every instrument can be fitted on the platforms, thanks to the large amount of available power provided by both solar panels and wind generators. All the platforms host a pumping system that pumps water from five depths into a measurement chamber where a multiparametric probe is fitted and from where other devices (e.g. samplers or analysers) can draw samples. In situ temperature measurements are provided at the same pumping depths. A colorimetric nutrient analyser and a meteorological station complete the basic equipment. On one of the platforms, a remotely controlled water sampler and an ADCP are also fitted. The data-acquisition and transmission system enables the platform to be controlled remotely using a special macro-commands set. Several examples of use are presented.     

Ökologische Optimierungspotenziale der energetischen Nutzung von Palmöl

Aim and Background The use of palm oil for bioenergy has become increasingly important for Europe in the last years because of its favourable proportion of yield to area under cultivation. Thus, palm oil presents a low-priced alternative to other energy sources, e.?g. rapeseed oil. Currently, however, palm oil gets a bad press due to new studies about the negative environmental consequences of cultivation practices. Due to the high demand for palm oil, land is becoming scarce. This results in the clearing of primary forests and consequently in the loss of biodiversity and in an increase of greenhouse gas emissions. To reduce the latter, not only the process of oil palm cultivation has to be optimised but also the practice of establishing new plantations by clearing natural forests has to be questioned. The aim of this article is to disclose potentials for greenhouse gas reductions in existing as well as in newly-planned oil palm plantations. Results and Discussion For existing oil palm plantations, two main fields for possible optimisation can be identified: one is improving the plantation management, the other is increasing the efficiency of the utilisation of waste products such as fibres and husks or oil mill effluents. For newly-planned oil palm plantations alternative land use scenarios have to be considered. The results show a big potential for optimisation. Thus, the greenhouse gas balance improves slightly if plantations are run more efficiently. If the waste products are used to generate energy, there are significantly positive effects on the greenhouse gas balance, especially through the reduction of methane emissions. By running a plantation in a professional best-practice way, 4.8 t of greenhouse gases can be saved annually per hectare cultivation area, expressed as CO₂ equivalents. If newly-planned oil palm plantations are established on fallow land, greenhouse gas emissions can be further reduced by an additional 4.8 t of CO₂ equivalents per hectare and year. From an economic perspective, this may be more costly than clearing primary forest but it is advantageous for both the greenhouse gas balance and the biodiversity of the concerned areas. All in all, exploiting the whole potential for optimisation could result in the saving of 10.2 t CO₂ equivalents per hectare and year more than it is the case in the existing mode of cultivation. Conclusions and Perspectives Due to the high demand of palm oil by the world market, cultivation areas for oil palms are becoming increasingly scarce. Thus, it is vital to exploit the full potential of oil palm cultivation in an environmentally and economically sustainable way. The management of plantations has to be optimised and a generally valid waste management system must be implemented in existing and future plantations. New plantations should preferably be established on fallow land, not by the clearing of primary forests. It is essential for a sustainable palm oil production to tap the full potential for optimisation. This, however, is currently not happening due to the high start-up investments. It is thus recommended to introduce an internationally valid certification system which may provide an incentive for more sustainable and effective production methods.     

微生物制剂EM控制鸡粪堆制过程恶臭的研究

以上海阿妮优美容保健品有限公司提供的微生物制剂──环境有用微生物群（简称ＥＭ）作为添加剂进行鸡粪堆肥腐熟对比试验，结果差异明显。ＥＭ处理的堆肥中ＮＨ－Ｎ含量比对照下降４１．８６％（１０ｄ）～５６．７１％（２０ｄ），ＮＨ－Ｎ散发量明显减少，且在后期有较强酿酒芳香味逸出，除臭效果显著。ＥＭ处理能加速堆肥腐熟，减少氮的气态损失，并可将无害化处理时间缩短到２０ｄ。这些作用是由ＥＭ引入的外源微生物所引起的。     

沉积物和土壤孔隙水中甲基汞的一种新型平衡被动采样装置的研制

在这项研究中,我们探索了利用疏水性有机化学品（HOCs）开发的策略对甲基汞（MeHg）进行平衡被动采样的概念。被动取样应允许基于平衡分配到取样器中的基础上预测沉积物孔隙水（MeHgCL）中MeHg的化学不稳定部分的浓度,而无需模拟通过取样器材料的扩散速率。我们的目标是确定具有模拟甲基汞在动物和沉积物中分配的潜力的取样器材料,并在适合于原位取样器的时间框架内提供可逆吸附。测试的候选材料包括一系列嵌有合适的甲基汞吸收剂的聚合物。最有潜力的是琼脂糖包埋的活性炭（AC）、琼脂糖包埋的巯基自组装膜（SMS）和半胱氨酸功能化聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）,对MeHgOH和MeHg与溶解有机物（Suwannee河腐殖酸）的络合作用,测井采样器的水分配系数（Kpw）为2.8～5。沉积物中采样器的平衡时间约为1～2周。琼脂糖包埋AC对MeHg积累机制的研究表明,样品受MeHg与AC颗粒相互作用的动力学影响,而不受凝胶扩散的限制。AC显示Hg和MeHg的相对快速解吸,表明该吸附剂能够进行可逆的平衡测量。在沉积物:水的微观结构中,用等温线校准的被动取样器测得的孔隙水浓度与直接测得的浓度在2倍（未经修正的沉积物）或4倍（经修正的AC沉积物）内一致。这项工作为甲基汞的被动采样提供了一种潜在的新途径。     

美国恶臭污染管理及测试方法

介绍了美国目前的恶臭法规和政策问题。在最近几年中,恶臭标准化问题已经取得了令人瞩目的进展。在美国,大气和废物管理协会(A＆WMA)的EE-6恶臭委员会向美国试验与材料协会(ASTM)转交了关于美国试验与材料协会(ASTM)E-679-91方法的建议性替代方案。另外,该方案推荐对嗅觉计使用最小的流量速率3L/min。然而美国大量的恶臭实验室采用了接近20L/min流量速率的欧洲标准。作者提出疑问:美国标准中调整后的嗅觉测量法中采用较低的流量速率和测定值是否与欧洲标准中采用的较高的流量速率和较高的恶臭测定值存在矛盾呢?     

Advanced purification and comprehensive utilization of yellow phosphorous off gas

Yellow phosphorous is an important raw material in the chemical industry. However, during the production of yellow phosphorous, high concentrations of carbon monoxide and other impurities are released. Without appropriate purification and removal, this off gas has potential to cause severe pollution problems once released. Purified yellow phosphorous off gas can be beneficially reused as a raw material in chemical production for synthesis of high value-added chemical reagents. In this paper, the significance of purification and reutilization of yellow phosphorous off gas are explored. The principles, processes, and main characteristics of the technologies for purification and reuse of yellow phosphorus off gas (including technical measurements of impurity reduction, relevant engineering cases, and public acceptance of the technologies) are summarized. In view of the existing problems and scientific development requirements, this paper proposes several recommendations for green production based on the concept of recycle economics. We conclude that advanced purification and comprehensive reutilization can be an effective solution for heavy pollution resulting from yellow phosphorous off gassing.     

Trace analysis of off-flavor/odor compounds in water using liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography—positive chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry

A rapid, inexpensive and laboratory friendly method was developed for analysis of off-flavor/odor compounds in fresh and salt water using gas chromatography with chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Off-flavor/odor compounds included geosmin, 2- methylisoborneol (MIB), 2-isobutyl-3-methyoxypyrazine (IBMP), and 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine (IPMP). Using this method, a single sample can be extracted within minutes using only 1 mL of organic solvent. The ion transitions for IPMP, IBMP, MIB, and geosmin were 153>121, 167>125, 152>95, and 165>109, respectively. The linearity of this method for analyzing MIB ranged from 4 to 200 ng·L^–1, and from 0.8 to 200 ng·L^–1 for the other analytes. Method recoveries ranged from 97% to 111% and percent relative standard deviations ranged from 3% to 9%, indicating that the method is accurate, precise, and reliable.     

Post-mating odor in females of the solitary bee, Andrena nigroaenea (Apoidea, Andrenidae), inhibits male mating behavior

We investigated odor changes and their behavioral significance in the solitary, ground-nesting bee Andrena nigroaenea. We used gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection and performed behavioral tests with males in the field using natural odor samples and synthetic compounds. We found that only cuticle extracts of young females elicited copulation attempts in the males. We demonstrated that among the 17 compounds which triggered electroantennographic responses, all-trans-farnesyl hexanoate and all-trans-farnesol were significantly more abundant in unattractive cuticle extracts of A. nigroaenea females. Dufour’s gland extracts of these females also contained greater amounts of both compounds. In bioassays using synthetic farnesyl hexanoate and farnesol we found that these compounds inhibit copulation behavior in the males. Farnesyl hexanoate is probably synthesized in Dufour’s gland and used by females for lining brood cells. We interpret the semiochemical function of farnesyl hexanoate and its precursor farnesol to have evolved secondarily. As an outcome of sexual selection, it facilitates the discrimination by males of receptive females from nesting and thus already mated individuals. The dual function of these compounds represents an elegant parsimony in the chemical communication system of this insect. Received: 19 January 2000 / Revised: 29 May 2000 / Accepted: 24 June 2000     

SO2——一种神秘的生物小分子：SO2及其衍生物对血管张力的双相-双向性调节作用

为了探索二氧化硫(SO2)作为调节血管张力的细胞气体信号分子的可能性,采用SO2衍生物(亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠混合物,在中性液体中二者的摩尔比约为3:1)温育大鼠离体胸主动脉血管环的方法,观察SO2及其衍生物对血管环张力的影响.结果发现,SO2及其衍生物在低浓度(<1.35mmol·L-1)下可引起大鼠离体胸主动脉血管环收缩而不引起舒张;在高浓度(>1.35mmol·L-1)下先引起血管环收缩、后引起舒张;且这些变化均与血管内皮无关.这表明不同作用浓度相和不同作用时相,该化学物对血管张力的作用完全相反.由此得出结论:1)低浓度SO2及其衍生物是血管收缩因子;2)高浓度SO2及其衍生物对血管张力的影响是双相-双向性的.内源性的SO2及其衍生物的前体SO/SO2在体内的生理浓度比本研究的低浓度还要低1～2个数量级,其对血管张力的生理作用及其他的生物学作用尚需进一步研究.