二氧化硫被动采样器的研制和应用

本文叙述了一个灵敏、轻便的被动式二氧化硫采样装置,将此装置与主动采样方法对比用于大气中SO_2含量的测定,被动方法测得的SO_2浓度对主动方法测得的SO_2浓度的相关系数为0.9904;用五个相同的被动采样器在相同时间、相同地点测得的SO_2浓度的相对标准偏差为2.8％;采样周期可长达一个月或一个月以上。     

Hydrodynamic and towing characteristics of a modified model of the Clarke Jet Net

In a series of studies to develop an effective high speed plankton sampler, hydrodynamic research was carried out on a modified model of the Clarke Jet Net. A theoretical analysis of the motion of the sampler was made using an IBM 7040 computer, and test tows were made in an experimental ship tank and at sea. To maintain the roll angle of the sampler at approximately zero, a v-shape bridle was applied. A pair of towing holes should be selected for the particular range of towing velocity. The calculated longitudinal stability seemed good in all the cases examined. Towing tests in the ship tank at 2 to 3 m/sec revealed sufficient stability. The motion of the sampler at speeds higher than 3 m/sec can be assumed from hydrodynamic coefficients derived from the ship tank experiment. Towing-cable characteristics, assumed by computation, indicated that about 500 m at 6 kt and 1,000 m at 12 kt should be paid out to lower the sampler down to 100 m. The effect of the sampler on the cable is found only adjacent to it and is almost negligible beyond 50 m from it in depth. Results of sea tests at 6 and 9 kt confirmed the stability of the sampler. Examination of the catch suggested that the present model can be used, with some modifications, for the quantitative and qualitative sampling of large zooplankton.Contribution No. 231 from the Seikai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Nagasaki.     

折叠式滤筒过滤单元气固分离设备的开发与研制

采用高科技膜材料研究制成折叠式滤筒过滤单元,并组合形成一种新型的气固分离设备。其清灰系统选用富士ＮＢ系列ＰＬＣ控制,能够实现压差、连续或定时自动反吹控制。故该设备具有净化效率高、膜材料透气性好、压降小、表面光滑清灰效果好、滤筒使用寿命长、操作自动化水平高等特点。     

Trace element concentration in fine particulate matter (PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript>) and their bioavailability in different microenvironments in Agra,India: a case study

Exposure to airborne particulate matter results in the deposition of millions of particle in the lung; consequently, there is need for monitoring them particularly in indoor environments. Case study was conducted in three different microenvironments, i.e., urban, rural and roadside to examine the elemental bioavailability in fine particulate matter and its potential health risk. The samples were collected on polytetrafluoroethylene filter paper with the help of fine particulate sampler during August–September, 2012. The average mass concentration of PM_2.5 was 71.23 µg m^?3 (rural), 45.33 µg m^?3 (urban) and 36.71 µg m^?3 (roadside). Elements in PM_2.5 were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Percentage bioavailability was determined to know the amount of soluble fraction that is actually taken across the cell membrane through inhalation pathway. Cadmium and lead were found to have cancer risk in a risk evaluation using an Integrated Risk Information system.     

PIXE characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 particulates sizes collected in Ikoyi Lagos,Nigeria

Ambient concentrations of PM₁₀ (x?≤?10?µm) and PM_2.5 (x?≤?2.5?µm) particulate fractions collected from Ikoyi Lagos, Nigeria, as well as their elemental compositions are presented in this study. Both size-segregated fractions were collected using a double staged ‘Gent’ stack filter unit sampler. Elemental characterizations of dust laden filters were carried out using proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique. Twenty-two elements (Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ag, Cd, and Ta) were detected as well as their concentrations and correlations were determined for both particulate size fractions. Their correlation matrix result indicates that some of the trace elements detected could have common source origins or similar chemical properties. The results were similar to the levels observed in moderately polluted urban areas and there is need for source identification and apportionment using receptor models in future studies.     

Development of odorous gas sampler and investigation of its practicality

The existing gas sampler is deficient in regard to its efficiency, handling and ability. In order to solve these problems, a new gas sampler was developed and its function was investigated. The sampler is a vessel made of aluminium and contains a polyester bag inside the vessel. The vacuum method is employed for taking the gas. The maximum capacity of the gas volume that can be taken is about 15 liters and sampling time can be from 15 sec to 10 min per sample. In addition, many odor surveys were carried out and the practicality of the new sampler was investigated. It was concluded that the new sampler was easy to handle and was more efficient than the existing gas sampler.     

基于线性溶解能关系预测污染物在被动采样材料与环境介质之间的分配系数

半透膜采样装置(SPMD)作为一种重要的被动采样器,被用于监测有机污染物的环境水平.SPMD的采样材料是置于低密度聚乙烯"口袋"中的三油酸甘油酯.根据有机污染物在被动采样材料与环境介质之间的平衡分配系数(包括被动采样材料/空气分配系数K(sA).和被动采样材料/水分配系数K(sw))值,可估算SPMD的采样速率,也可计...     

Quantitative investigations of sand-bottom macrofauna along the Mediterranean north-west coast

Consideration of the range of quantitative data collected in a 4 year survey of macrobenthic fauna in sublittoral fine-sand on the north-west Mediterranean coast allows some farreaching comments. As a diver-operated suction sampler was employed, density and biomass values obtained must be considered as the most accurate ones for such hard ground. The wide range of values observed from bay to bay and from year to year suggests different controlling factors. Among environmental factors, influence of exposure is clearly shown, and trophic conditions offered to filter and suspension feeders by the water column in controlling high biomass values is emphasized. Among biological factors, high growth and generation replacement rates for main species together with a high predation-rate explain changes and instability in fauna-assemblage structures of Mediterranean fine-sand macrofauna. Comparison of these biological data with those from northwest European shallow-sand associations reveals some important differences which suggest some restrictions to the parallel level-bottom community concept.     

A sampler for the aseptic collection of water samples in the sea

A sampler is described which can be used for the collection of microbiological, phytoplanktological, and chemical sea-water samples. The sampler consist of a polyvinylchloride (PVC) frame on which a sterile silicone-rubber container (500 ml) is assembled. The sampler is fitted with a couple of reversing thermometers. All materials used, including the hydrographic cable and the messenger, have been tested for toxicity. The container, actuated by the messenger, fills and then is closed by a stop-cock to prevent any contamination with upper-level sea water during hauling aboard. The reversing thermometers reverse only when the sample has been taken properly. Thus, the thermometers guarantee good functioning of the sampler and supply also information on the exact depth at which the sample was collected. The device can operate at any depth and several devices can be operated in one cast. During normal operation, contamination due to microorganisms attached to the frame and container is negligible.This work was performed under the association contract Euratom-CNEN.     

Atmospheric particulate matter in Nigerian megacities

The paucity of data on air pollution indices in Nigeria prompted us to commence a national screening exercise regarding particulate matter loads. Six potential megacities (Aba, Abuja, Lagos, Kano, Maiduguri, and Port-Harcourt) representing the six geographical zones in Nigeria were chosen for the study. Sampling was achieved using a ‘Gent’ stacked filter unit sampler capable of collecting fractions of particulate matter with sizes of <10-μm and <2.5-μm simultaneously. The mean values for PM₁₀ are 550, 35, 87, 340, 246 and 130 μg m^?3 while for PM_2.5 the mean values are 100, 14, 25, 67, 20 and 30 μg m^?3 respectively for Aba, Abuja, Lagos, Kano, Maiduguri, and Port-Harcourt. Except for Abuja, the daily PM₁₀ mass loads exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines daily limit where as the PM_2.5 values were within the WHO guideline limit. Their correlation matrix result indicates that some PM_2.5 fractions mass fractions were strongly correlated than the PM₁₀ fractions probably due to their long range transport potentials. Further work is in progress to determine the elemental profiles of both particulate fractions collected.     

重庆市主城区春夏季不同粒径颗粒物污染特征分析

采用多通道采样器,采集重庆市主城区PM1.0、PM2.5和PM103种粒径的颗粒物样品,结果显示采样期间PM1.0、PM2.5和PM10日浓度均值分别为0.057 mg/m3、0.075 mg/m3和0.120 mg/m3,主城区颗粒物污染较为严重。对3种粒径颗粒物样品中的碳组分、水溶性组分以及无机污染元素组分进行分析...     

Characterization of chemical species in universal sampler (PM2.5 and PM2.5–10) aerosols in suburban area of central Taiwan

Aerosol samples of particulate and chemical species for PM₁₀ (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 μm) collected by Universal sampler were studied from June to August 1998 in the suburban area of central Taiwan. The ratios of PM_2.5/PM_2.5–10 displayed that the fine particles (particle size < 2.5 μm) are prevailing in the suburban site. Ion Chromatography was used to analyze for the water‐soluble ions: sulphate and nitrate in the Universal samples. Also, the collected samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the elemental analysis of Ca, Fe, Pb, Cu and Cr. The results indicated that the crustal elements (Ca and Fe) and resuspended matters were dominated in the coarse particulate mode while the anthropogenic elements (Cr, Pb, Cu) and sulphate components are mainly in the fine particle fraction. The results also showed that the sulphate and nitrate make the largest portion of the chemical species collected by Universal sampler (PMio). The concentrations of heavy metals in THU are generally high, owing to the higher motor vehicle and industrial density nearby. The degree of pollution from this source differs from day to day, depending on the motor vehicle density.     

大气臭氧扩散采样方法的初步研究

用扩散采样法,吸收空气中的Ｏ３,该方法测得的Ｏ３浓度对臭氧发生系统产生的Ｏ３浓度的相关系数为０．９８９５。该方法测得的空气中Ｏ３浓度与自动连续监测结果符合很好。     

滤速对慢滤池深度处理生活污水的影响

为进一步提高再生水水质,将慢滤池用于污水二级处理出水的进一步处理。选取浊度、COD、色度和细菌总数4个指标,利用实验室小试装置,研究了0.1、0.3、0.5m/h这3种滤速下慢滤池的性能。结果表明,滤速由0.1m/h升高至0.3m/h时,慢滤池出水水质略有下降。而滤速由0.3m/h升高至0.5m/h时,慢滤池出水水质下降显著。滤速小于等于0.3m/h时,慢滤出水浊度、COD、色度和细菌总数平均为0.4NTU、25.9mg/L、14.9°、5×10^3CFU/mL。慢滤对这4个指标的平均去除率分别为78.6%、36.0%、34.0%、62.3%。为获得优良的水质,建议慢滤池用于污水深度处理时,滤速宜小于0.3m/h。但实际工程中,用户对再生水水质要求不高时,则可适当增大慢滤池滤速。     

Scent-rubbing and status signalling by male mammals

Summary There is no consensus about the function of scent-rubbing, a widespread behaviour in which mammals rub their bodies vigorously in substances, many strong-smelling and some artificial, such as rotting meat, intestinal contents and engine oil. Here we suggest that scent-rubbing is involved in status advertisement and that, as in assessment using scent marks, the mechanism used by competitors to assess potential opponents may be scent-matching. In scent-matching a resource holder is assessed (identified) by comparing its odour with odours on or near the defended resource. In scent marking the odour originates from the resource holder (glandular secretion, urine and faeces); in scent-rubbing the odour originates in the environment.A prerequisite of unambiguous scent-matching is that the odour of scent-marks should be uniquely characteristic of one individual. This may be why marking substances are very complex chemically. Scent-rubbing often occurs with scent-marking and, rather than acting independently of scent-marking, the odours acquired may either (i) add to the complexity of the signal, thus reducing signal ambiguity, or (ii) increase the range of the signal by adding a strong smelling component.Subordinates could potentially cheat by rubbing in the same odours as the resource holder. Resource holders could prevent cheating (i) by checking other status cues and by testing competitors whose scent matches, then escalating contests when the competitor's fighting ability (more formally, Resource Holding Power) proves to be lower than that of a resource holder and (ii) by mixing the substances used for scent-rubbing with the unique substances used in scent-marking.     

A biofilter model for simultaneous simulation of toluene removal and bed pressure drop under varied inlet loadings

In this study, a biofiltration model including the effect of biomass accumulation and inert biomass growth is developed to simultaneously predict the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) removal and filter bed pressure drop under varied inlet loadings. A laboratory-scale experimental biofilter for gaseous toluene removal was set up and operated for 100 days with inlet toluene concentration ranging from 250 to 2500 mg?m^-3. According to sensitivity analysis based on the model, the VOCs removal efficiency of the biofilter is more sensitive to Henry’s constant, the specific surface area of the filter bed and the thickness of water layer, while the filter bed pressure drop is more sensitive to biomass yield coefficient and original void fraction. The calculated toluene removal efficiency and bed pressure drop satisfactorily fit the experimental data under varied inlet toluene loadings, which indicates the model in this study can be used to predict VOCs removal and bed pressure drop simultaneously. Based on the model, the effect of mass-transfer parameters on VOCs removal and the stable-run time of a biofilter are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the model can function as a good tool to evaluate the effect of biomass accumulation and optimize the design and operation of biofilters.     

同位素内标-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定畜禽粪便中6种雌激素

为了研究畜禽粪便中雌激素的污染特征及其环境影响,建立了一种同时提取、分离和检测畜禽粪便中雌酮(E1)、17α-雌二醇(17α-E2)、17β-雌二醇(17β-E2)、雌三醇(E3)、17α-炔雌醇(17α-EE2)和己烯雌酚(DES)共6种雌激素的高选择性和高灵敏性方法——同位素内标-固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法。对提取剂、淋洗剂、洗脱剂、色谱分离条件和质谱测定条件等进行了优化。最终的优化方法为:粪便样品加入100 ng同位素内标后,先后用乙腈重复超声提取3次(每次10 mL,每次15 min),离心后合并上清液,旋转蒸发近干再复溶于1 mL甲醇,加7 mL纯水稀释并超声混匀后离心,上清液过0.45μm滤膜后用HLB固相萃取柱净化,经10 mL 15%乙腈水溶液淋洗后,用10 mL的甲醇进行洗脱,氮吹浓缩定容至1 mL,过0.22μm滤膜后测定。用2 mM氟化铵-甲醇为流动相,经TAB色谱柱分离后采用电喷雾离子源和选择反应监测负离子扫描模式进行检测,同位素内标定量。在5、50、200、1000 ng·g^?1加标水平下,6种雌激素的平均回收率为90.2%—103.2%,相对标准偏差为0.09%—9.08%,方法检出限(LOD)和方法定量限(LOQ)分别为0.25—0.95 ng·g^?1和1.00—3.82 ng·g^?1。应用此方法检测了6个猪粪、3个牛粪和3个鸡粪样品中6种雌激素的含量,结果为?1(干质量)。该方法灵敏度高,定量准确且定量范围广,适用于畜禽粪便中6种雌激素的定性定量分析。     

Design of a rapid-sampling vertical-tow net

Design and operation of a new sampler for zooplankton are described. The sampler facilitates reliable duplicate samples; it can be closed at a defined depth during vertical towing, and can be rapidly reloaded for repeated tows.     

Classification of contaminants and treatability evaluation of domestic wastewater

Long-term sampling and analysis were conducted in a domestic wastewater treatment plant for the investigation on the characteristics of the representative contaminants in raw sewage such as SS, COD, BOD₅, TP, and TN. All these constituents were classified into dissolved and suspended groups by using a 0.45-μm membrane filter, and the concentration of each constituent in each group was analyzed. As a result, almost 100% of the SS was found to be suspended matter, as well as about 65% of COD, 60% of BOD₅, 50% of P, and 20% of N. All these could be easily removed by sedimentation or coagulation/sedimentation. A treatability evaluation diagram was proposed for a rational selection of wastewater treatment process in accordance with raw water quality.     

Ein neuer „Meiofaunastecher” zur quantitativen Probennahme in Weichböden

During 1972 and 1973, quantitative meiofauna samples were taken by subsampling out of a bottom sampler from some parts of the Kiel Bight. A new method has been developed to operate in very soft and muddy sediments with high organic and water contents. The construction of the new instrument is described. It consists of a bottomless plexiglass box, the cover and front of which may easily be removed. It does not cause compression of the sampled sediment, and hardly disturbs it. The semi-liquid surface of the sediment is kept in place by the use of a “sledge” and a strip of cellophane tape inside the sampler. Some preliminary results from one station show a meiofauna maximum (mainly nematodes) in the subsurface layer of the sediment, but this varied from one month to the next. The water content of the sediment at another station was as high as 300%.