Studies On the Effect of Hexachlorocyclohexane On the Growth and Silk Qualities of Silkworm, Bombyx Mori L

Toxicity of an organochloride insecticide, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) on the alterations in the growth and silk qualities of silkworm, Bombyx mori L were investigated. HCH yielded higher growth constants (K), indicating impairment of growth of silkworms and silk gland. the decrement in fibroin content is significant. HCH treatment also resulted in considerable reduction in the cocoon, pupal and shell weights, survival and emergence of pupae and number of eggs laid and deterioration in quality and quantity of silk thread.     

环境激素邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯对家蚕生长发育的影响(Effects of Environmental Hormone Butyl Benzyl Phthalate on the Development of Silkworm)

为了探讨环境激素邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯(Butyl Benzyl Phthalate,BBP)对家蚕(Bombyx mori)等鳞翅目昆虫的生物影响,分别用不同浓度的BBP喷洒桑叶后饲养家蚕,调查了BBP对家蚕生长发育、生存及茧质等的影响.结果表明:BBP可显著抑制家蚕的体重、存活率及茧质,随着BBP浓度的增加抑制作用逐渐加大,并且越是发育后期这种抑制作用表现越加明显;BBP对不同时期家蚕的影响程度表现为:3龄起蚕>4龄起蚕>5龄起蚕,引起50%个体死亡的BBP浓度(LC50)分别约为0.16mmol·L-1、1.6mmol·L-1及16mmol·L-1.以上结果表明:BBP对家蚕具有明显的毒害作用,在家蚕体内具有累积效应,家蚕接触BBP时间越早,在蚕体内积累越多,产生的毒性就越大.     

3种典型微生物农药对家蚕的毒性研究

苏云金芽孢杆菌、球孢白僵菌以及棉铃虫核型多角体病毒是细菌类、真菌类和病毒类微生物农药的典型代表。为了明确微生物农药对家蚕的毒性影响,选取以上3种典型微生物农药,分别探究其对家蚕的毒性。结果显示:苏云金杆菌原药对家蚕LC50值为1.33×105CFU·m L-1;球孢白僵菌原药对家蚕LC50值为1.14×106CFU·m L-1;棉铃虫核型多角体病毒母药对家蚕LC50值大于1.00×108PIB·m L-1。与此同时,通过进一步试验,明确了以上3种微生物农药对家蚕结茧率、死笼率、全茧量、茧层量等关键指标的影响。结果显示:除了棉铃虫核型多角体病毒母药,高浓度苏云金杆菌原药、球孢白僵菌原药对家蚕的结茧率和死笼率均具有显著影响;3种微生物农药对家蚕产茧能力指标全茧量、茧层量以及蛹重均无显著性影响。     

Effects of UV-light on biochemical composition of silk gland of silkworm,Bombyx mori L. fed an artificial diet

The effects of UV-light on biochemical parameters of posterior silk gland of mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. were investigated in two popular bivoltine hybrids, Jufang (Chinese) × Chenxin (Japanese) and Chenxin × Jufang fed an artificial diet. Larvae of the first day of fifth instar were used for the present investigation. The larvae were irradiated with 20 W of UV-light at the intensity of 40 cm above the larvae for one of three exposure times (30, 60 or 120 min) just before feeding. UV treatment produced no significant effects at 30 min. However, at 60 or 120 min there was a significant decrease in silk gland weight and the levels of total protein, free amino acids, RNA and carbohydrates. UV-light thus affects the biosynthetic activities of silk glands.     

Effect of nitrogen deprivation on amino acid uptake by the chlorophyte Platymonas subcordiformis

Platymonas subcordiformis (UTEX 171) was cultured axenically for 4 d in constant light in a nitrate-containing medium and harvested in the log-phase of cell division. Cells were resuspended in artificial sea water without nutrients and either kept in constant light or placed in constant darkness. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure the free amino acid pools of the cells and to determine rates of net entry of each of a mixture of 18 amino acids at daily intervals for 5 d. Free amino acid pools decreased both in light and darkness in the absence of a nutrient sypply. The influx of amino acids in cells maintained in the light increased selectively. Comparison of the rate of entry of ¹⁴C-labeled glycine and net disappearance of glycine from the medium indicated extrusion of non-volatile labeled carbon that did not interact with reagents specific for amine groups. Light was required for synthesis of additional transporter protein which was apparently responsible for increased influx in cells maintained in the light. This response was blocked in the presence of cycloheximide. Cells maintained in the dark for prolonged periods retained the capacity to respond to light by synthesis of new transporter protein. Analysis of incorporation of amino acids into macromolecules indicated that both the overall rate and the pattern of amino acid incorporation were modified in the light. Analysis of the kinetics of glycine entry at a series of temperatures indicated that the concentration of glycine at which entry is half the maximum rate is approximately 2.7 M at the cell surface.     

137 Cs在我国滨海核电周边海洋生物的富集及生态风险研究

铯-137(~(137)Cs)是滨海核电站液态流出物中主要人工放射性核素和重要监控指标之一,易被水生生物累积,有关核电周边海域内海洋生物的核素富集状况备受关注。通过分析海洋生物富集放射性~(137)Cs的方式、生物富集系数的种群特征、人工放射性核素在生物体内的辐射剂量率状况,结果显示:1)滨海核电周边海域内~(137)Cs的放射性水平较低; 2)海洋生物对于~(137)Cs的富集未呈现显著的种群规律; 3)目前对放射性铯的富集能力较高的生物主要是底栖生物; 4)核电厂周边海域内海洋生物通常未达到可导致电离辐射损伤的辐射剂量率水平。随着滨海核电在我国的大力发展,对能够快速反映环境放射性状况的指示生物的筛选、生物放射性质量安全及其生态健康风险需进一步关注。     

全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)替代品对家蚕大造的生态毒性

以中国本地家蚕品种大造作为受试生物,实现实验室规模化饲料饲养和初步实验动物化;建立家蚕大造环境危害评价急性毒性测试方法;对4种PFOS替代品包括:50%的全氟丁基有机铵盐阳离子表面活性剂、用调聚法合成的织物三防整理剂(含固率23.7%)、用电解氟化法合成的C4和C6织物三防整理剂,进行了急性接触毒性、急性饲喂毒性及慢性饲喂毒性的安全风险评价。实验使用的4种PFOS替代品试验急性饲喂浓度均达到或超过2000mg·L-1,家蚕未出现明显死亡;在接触实验浓度达到10g·L-1时,家蚕未出现明显死亡,以上结果证明,4种PFOS替代品对大造蚕种的急性饲喂毒性和接触毒性均为低毒。较低浓度的表面活性剂会严重影响到大造蚕种的结茧率,当表面活性剂浓度为0.4g·kg-1时,蚕种不能结茧,其余3种化学品在浓度大于0.004g·kg-1,对大造蚕种的结茧率产生一定的影响作用,但抑制作用相对较为平缓。替代品均会降低家蚕茧层率,表面活性剂在浓度为0.04g·kg-1时,茧层率剧烈下降,其他3种替代品抑制作用相对平缓。织物三防整理剂、C4和C6织物三防整理剂几乎不会影响蚕卵孵化,但表面活性剂会造成家蚕孵化率降低,在0.04g·kg-1后孵化率为0。     

Biomarkers as tools to assess the chronic toxicity of ammonia in the juvenile Mugil cephalus

With juvenile fish as the subject, the effects of low concentration ammonia on antioxidant system were studied using Mugil cephalus. Samples of gill and liver tissue were obtained from 0.35, 0.70, 1.5 and 3?mg/L ammonia groups at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of exposure, at which times the biomarkers were measured. Results showed that gill malondialdehyde (MDA) content exhibited an initial significant increase (p?≤?0.05) at unionised ammonia concentrations of 0.70, 1.5 and 3.0?mg/L on day 5, followed by subsequent declines, while liver MDA levels exhibited significant increases (p?≤?0.05) at unionised ammonia concentrations of 1.5?mg/L starting on day 10 and at 3.0?mg/L starting on day 5. With exposure to ammonia at different concentrations, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity in liver and gill decreased over time. The Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity was negatively related to ammonia concentration from 0.70 to 3.0?mg/L. Overall, our results show that MDA and Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, evaluated here as potential biomarkers of ammonia exposure, exhibited responses to sublethal concentrations of ammonia that were concentration dependent.     

Photosynthesis,photorespiration, and dark respiration in eight species of algae

The rates of photosynthesis and dark respiration for 7 marine algae and 1 fresh-water alga were measured and compared. The dinoflagellates Glenodinium sp. and zooxanthellae have high dark respiration rates relative to photosynthetic rates, which may decrease their net growth rates. Photorespiration in the 8 algal species was studied by examining the effects of the concentration of oxygen on the rates of photosynthesis, on the incorporation of ¹⁴CO₂ into the photorespiratory pathway intermediates glycine and serine, and on the postillumination burst of carbon dioxide production and oxygen consumption. A combination of these results indicates that all the algae tested can photorespire, but that Glenodinium sp., Thalassiosira pseudonana, and zooxanthellae either have a photorespiratory pathway different from that proposed for freshwater algae (Tolbert, 1974), or an additional pathway for glycolate metabolism.     

Mating effort or paternal investment? Incorporation rate and cost of male donations in the wartbiter

Summary Provision of nuptial gifts and incorporation of male-derived substances occurs in several insects. There has been some discussion as to whether these gifts should be regarded as a form of paternal investment or part of mating effort. One assumption of the paternal investment hypothesis is that the donating male is expected to father all, or the majority of, the offspring. The rate of incorporation into developing eggs is therefore assumed to be rapid enough to assure the donating male of paternity of the offspring in which he is investing. Spermatophore production in a paternal investment system is also expected to be costly, since males are providing females with highly nutritious gifts during copulation, thereby increasing female fecundity. Therefore, under conditions of food limitation males are expected to alter either mating frequency or spermatophore size. Experiments on the wartbiter (Decticus verrucivorus), using radioactive isotopes, show that the incorporation rate of male-derived substances is so slow that females become sexually receptive before any material received from the last male have been incorporated into eggs laid by the female. Since sperm mixing occurs in this species and since the label is present in eggs laid up to more than 30 days after mating, males might potentially benefit another male's offspring. The nuptial gift (the spermatophylax) was found, regardless of mating frequency and diet, to have a low protein content. These findings coincide with previous results showing that consumption of the gift had no effect on female fecundity. Instead, wartbiter males keep mating frequency high, are capable of mating every day regardless of food availability, invest the same proportion of the body weight in spermatophore production regardless of size, and produce a spermatophylax that correlates with ampulla size. These results indicate that the nuptial gift mainly functions to increase fertilization success in the wartbiter.     

Stable C and N isotope analysis elucidated the importance of zooplankton in a tropical seagrass bed of Santiago Island,Northwestern Philippines

The role of zooplankton in a tropical seagrass ecosystem was investigated in milkfish farms pollution-impacted and -unimpacted seagrass beds in Santiago Island coral reefs, Northwestern Philippines. The aim was to compare between the two sites: (1) abiotic factors and zooplankton community parameters, and (2) the trophic structure using C and N stable isotopes. Low water (98–119?mV) and sediment (–121 to ?138?mV) Oxidation Reduction Potential values indicated a reducing environment in the impacted site. Zooplankton in the impacted site showed the typical community response to eutrophication (low diversity, but high total abundance due to the dominance of the cyclopoid copepod Oithona oculata), generally few elevated δ¹⁵N values, but a significant shift towards depleted ¹³C due to the organic enrichment of fish-farm feeds. Apart from suggesting a highly complex food web with POM and zooplankton as main food sources in the unimpacted site, the Bayesian mixing model simulation generated reduced complexity in feeding interactions between basal sources, zooplankton, and fish including adults of a key fish species, Siganus fuscescens, in the impacted sites. In this study, C and N stable isotope analysis has clarified the importance of zooplankton as fish prey in a seagrass bed food web.     

Enhancement of radon exposure in smoking areas

Radium-226 is a significant source of radon-222 which enters buildings through soil, construction materials or water supply. When cigarette smoke is present, the radon daughters attach to smoke particles. Thus, the alpha radiation to a smoker’s lungs from the natural radon daughters is increased because of smoking. To investigate whether the cigarette tobacco itself is a potential source of indoor radon, the α potential energy exposure level contents of radon (²²²Rn, 3.82d) and Thoron (²²⁰Rn, 55.60s) were measured in 10 different cigarette tobacco samples using CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs). The results showed that the ^{222, 220}Rn concentrations in these samples ranged from 128 to 266 and 49 to 148 Bqm⁻³, respectively. The radon concentrations emerged from all investigated samples were significantly higher than the background level. Also, the annual equivalent doses from the samples were determined. The mean values of the equivalent dose were 3.51 (0.89) and 1.44 (0.08) mSvy⁻¹, respectively. Measurement of the average indoor radon concentrations in 20 café rooms was, significantly, higher than 20 smoking-free residential houses. The result refers to the dual (chemical and radioactive) effect of smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer.     

多杀菌素、阿维菌素乳油和高效氯氰菊酯3种农药对环境生物的安全性评价

防治同一类病虫害的农药种类很多,在保证药效的前提下,选择对施药环境中其他生物安全的农药是非常必要的。通过毒性试验,比较了25 g·L^-1多杀菌素悬浮剂、1.8%阿维菌素乳油和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳剂对环境生物蜜蜂、家蚕、赤眼蜂、大型溞和斑马鱼的风险。结果表明,25 g·L^-1多杀菌素悬浮剂对蜜蜂为高毒,对家蚕为剧毒,对赤眼蜂为高风险,对斑马鱼和大型溞为低毒;1.8%阿维菌素乳油对蜜蜂为高毒,对家蚕为剧毒,对赤眼蜂为高风险,对斑马鱼和大型溞为剧毒;4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳剂对蜜蜂为高毒,对家蚕为剧毒,对赤眼蜂为高风险,对斑马鱼和大型溞为剧毒。3种农药对家蚕、蜜蜂、赤眼蜂均为高风险,但与阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯相比多杀菌素对水生生物更安全。     

Alterations in serum electrolyte levels after dimethoate exposure and recovery in the freshwater air-breathing catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)

Dimethoate, a moderately toxic insecticide, has a wide range of agricultural and domestic applications. Like other organophosphates, dimethoate has anticholinesterase activity. Fish are non-target organisms, inadvertently exposed to pesticides and their metabolic products. The present study includes short-term (96 h) and long-term (36 d) effects of dimethoate exposure on some serum electrolytes Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Pi in the freshwater air-breathing catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. The concentration of dimethoate for short-term exposure was 2.24 mg L^?1 (75% of 96 h LC₅₀) and for long-term exposure 0.75 mg L^?1 (25% of 96 h LC₅₀). The study includes the recovery pattern in serum electrolytes after placing the fish in pesticide-free water. Fish show hypocalcemia, hypermagnesemia, and hyperphosphatemia after short-term and long-term exposure to dimethoate. When placed in pesticide-free water, these electrolytes exhibit recovery towards normalization, indicating significant (p < 0.05) recovery.     

Hydrocarbons in the antennal gland secretion of female European beewolves, Philanthus triangulum (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae)

The antennae of female European beewolves (Philanthus triangulum, Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) contain unique gland reservoirs that are inhabited by the symbiotic bacterium ‘Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi’. The reservoir content is secreted into the subterranean brood cells where it serves a dual function: (1) It provides the larvae with spatial information about the orientation of cocoon spinning, and (2) it supplies the larva with the symbiotic bacteria that are needed for the protection of the cocoon against pathogenic microorganisms. We analyzed the hydrocarbon composition of the antennal gland secretion (AGS) by solid phase micro-extraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. We detected 28 substances, the majority of which were saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, with minor amounts of some branched alkanes, two ketones, and three unknown substances. There was a strong dimorphism in the chemical composition of the AGS among beewolf females. The two morphs had either (Z)-9-pentacosene (C₂₅-type) or (Z)-9-heptacosene (C₂₇-type) as the main component, and they differed significantly in the relative amounts of most of the other AGS substances. The hydrocarbon composition of the AGS is very similar to that of the postpharyngeal gland of female beewolves, suggesting that the hydrocarbons are universally used for different purposes and transported into the gland from the hemolymph. The putative function of the hydrocarbons in the AGS is discussed.     

Rates of ammonium turnover and the role of amino-acid deamination in seagrass (Zostera capricorni) beds of Moreton Bay,Australia

Samples of sediments from Australian seagrass (Zostera capricorni Aschers.) beds were taken in June to August 1983 (for¹⁵N experiments) and November 1982 to January 1983 (¹⁴N experiments). The ammonium pool turned-over every 0.4 to 0.8 d, as determined with a¹⁵N isotope-dilution technique. The ammonium pool in subtidal bare areas turned-over two to three times more slowly than in adjacent seagrass beds. Gross rates ofin situ ammonium regeneration equalled those of utilization, and ranged from 0.04 to 0.35 mol cm^-3 d^-1, or from 50 to 490 mg N m^-2 d^-1 over the upper 10 cm of the sediment. The potential rate of glycine utilization, measured with a large excess of glycine added to anaerobic incubations, ranged from 0.21 to 0.39mol cm^-3 d^-1, butin situ rates were probably much lower. Between 35 and 65% of added¹⁵N-glycine was deaminated over 12 h, and the remainder was most likely assimilated by microbes. Evidence for the seagrasses taking up glycine was equivocal, owing to the rapid deamination of the amino acid and the likelihood that they assimilated the labelled ammonium produced from the glycine.     

Binding of trinitrotoluene (TNT) to water extractable humus

Solid-state ¹⁵N NMR was applied to the aqueous extracts of a ¹³C-enriched plant slurry (Lolium perenne), anaerobically incubated with ¹⁵N₃-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Almost all ¹⁵N₃-TNT transformation products became covalently bound to the plant-derived organic material extractable with water. DCPMAS ¹⁵N ¹³C NMR revealed a three-step reaction scheme. After reduction of TNT, the aryl amines are acetylated. Subsequent alkylation of the resulting amides strengthens the incorporation of TNT-transformation products into humic material. Comparable results have been recently obtained under aerobic conditions, which indicates that this pathway is a common process during biological TNT transformation.     

农户早园竹种植系统生态经济分析

通过对德清县三桥镇早园竹记载户及全镇３年的生产情况记载及调查分析，表明早园竹笋已成为当地继茶叶、蚕桑之后农户增加经济收入的一个重要来源。具有产投比例高，所需技术条件少的特点。种植早园竹充分利用了荒山低丘缓坡资源，提高了土地报酬率。农户早园竹系统提高产量主要靠增加投产面积和增施Ｎ、Ｐ肥。今后应进一步使栽培管理科学化，采用有利于提早出笋的技术，解决大量发展后初加工及保鲜处理技术。     

Reproduction of the estuarine mysid Taphromysis bowmani (Crustacea: Malacostraca) in fresh water

We have monitored the incorporation of ³H-glycine into, and the excretion of, soluble tissue and extrapallial fluid proteins in the hardshell clam Mercenaria mercenaria in an attempt to follow some of the metabolic events that occur antecedent to shell deposition. After incubating at 20°C for 48 h, clams were killed and the distribution of incorporated and unincorporated tritium in seawater, mantle fluid, hemocoelic-tissue fluid, extrapallial fluid and tissue was determined. Most of the incorporated tritium was in the insoluble tissue proteins. Much more incorporated tritium was found in the hemocoelic-tissue fluid fraction than in the extrapallial fluid. We assume that most of the radioactivity we followed was due to free or incorporated radioactive glycine. The ratio of ³H-protein to ³H-glycine was greater in the extrapallial fluid than in the hemocoelic-tissue fluid, suggesting either protein secretion into or glycine removal from the extrapallium. We also observed that both ³H-protein and ³H-glycine concentrations were higher in the mantle fluid than in the external sea water, although the ratios of ³H-glycine to ³H-protein in these two fluids were not different.     

In vitro reproduction of the turbellarian<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Urastoma cyprinae</Emphasis> isolated from<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Mytilus galloprovincialis</Emphasis>

Urastoma cyprinae is a species infecting the gills of several marine bivalves. Although there is some literature on this turbellarian, its life cycle remains unknown. In our work we have demonstrated that reproduction of U. cyprinae can be completed out of its host. More than 50% of turbellarians isolated from mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) secreted and cemented a cocoon to the well bottom during the first 72 h of incubation in seawater (34 salinity) at 14°C. Oviposition started at days 1–18 (average 4.8 days) and occurred in most cases inside the protective cocoon. Each Urastoma laid an average of 2.9 egg capsules (range 1–10) and 3.9 embryos were developed inside each egg capsule (range 1–11). Hatching started at days 20–43 (average 24 days). An average of 12.8 juvenile forms (range 1–64) escaped from the cocoon after hatching. The free-swimming juveniles showed a positive phototactic response and survived about a month after hatching. On the basis of our results, we propose a life cycle for U. cyprinae involving a sexual maturation parasitic period in the bivalve gills and a reproduction period including cocoon secretion, egg laying, and hatching that is entirely completed in the external environment.Communicated by S.A. Poulet, Roscoff