江阴市大气PM_(2.5)中有机氯农药的残留水平、空间分布及来源分析

于2013年秋季利用大流量采样器采集了江苏省江阴市大气PM_(2.5)样品,使用气相色谱质谱连用仪(GCMS)检测了19种有机氯农药(OCPs),对其残留水平、空间分布及来源进行分析。结果显示,江阴市大气PM_(2.5)中19种OCPs的总质量浓度平均值为2.84 ng·m-3,主要成分为HCHs、DDTs、工业氯丹以及甲氧氯,分别占OCPs总量的48.2%、19.7%、12.3%和12.5%。与国内外其他地区比较,江阴市大气中有机氯农药污染水平属中等偏上。OCPs空间分布趋势表现为环境监测中心OCPs污染水平最高,而申港公园污染水平最低。来源分析表明,江阴市大气PM_(2.5)中DDTs和氯丹均来源于历史残留;HCHs既来源于工业HCHs的历史残留,同时又存在大量林丹的输入。     

长三角地区饮用水源地沉积物中有机氯农药污染特征

2015年4月采集长江三角洲地区河流型、河网型和湖泊型饮用水源地沉积物,采用同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法测定了22种有机氯农药(OCPs).结果表明,采集的沉积物中测定的22种有机氯农药都有检出,滴滴涕(DDTs)、六氯苯、六六六(BHCs)、五氯苯的检出率为100%;有机氯污染水平依次为:嘉兴河网(浓度范围为1.71—61 ng·g~(-1),中值为12.4 ng·g~(-1))长江下游(浓度范围为0.46—93 ng·g~(-1),中值为8.59 ng·g~(-1))≈钱塘江(浓度范围为1.02—69 ng·g~(-1),中值为8.1 ng·g~(-1))太湖(浓度范围为1.76—8.65 ng·g~(-1),中值为3.53 ng·g~(-1)).DDT及其降解产物的浓度与其他地区的含量相当.依据DDTs和BHCs的同分异构体比值的变化和主成分分析结果对污染源进行解析,结果表明嘉兴河网主要以氯丹、九氯和六六六为主要污染特征,该地区有氯丹的使用和六六六的历史残留.钱塘江主要以BHCs、氯丹和DDTs为主要污染特征,有林丹的输入.太湖主要污染特征为DDTs和BHCs,并有新源输入.长江下游主要以o,p'-DDT和BHCs为污染特征,有些采样点表明有三氯杀螨醇的使用,六六六为历史残留.对长三角地区水源地沉积物进行生态评价发现,滴滴涕类有机氯农药存在潜在生态风险,其中DDTs具有潜在生态风险的采样点占74%,具有生态风险的采样点占2%.     

太原市污灌区地表土中有机氯农药分布特征

为了研究太原市污灌区地表土中有机氯农药(OCPs)分布特征,本文在太原小店区共采集了31个地表土样,应用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)检测土壤中OCPs的含量.结果表明,研究区地表土中OCPs污染较轻,总OCPs浓度范围为2.01—47.20 ng.g-1(平均值为16.76 ng.g-1).其中总滴滴涕(∑DDT)浓度范围为0.27—37.93 ng.g-1(平均值为8.38 ng.g-1),总六六六(∑HCH)浓度范围为0.18—11.89 ng.g-1(平均值为3.37 ng.g-1),最高浓度均没有超过《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)中的Ⅱ级标准(农业土地).不同灌溉区OCPs浓度平均值顺序为:污灌区>清灌区>背景点,表明污水回灌对OCPs浓度分布具有一定的影响,同时通过比较各采样点中OCPs各异构体的组成发现,该区域HCHs、DDTs和硫丹农药主要来自于历史残留,部分区域曾使用林丹和三氯杀螨醇农药.对比各有机氯农药浓度地理分布特征,表明OCPs浓度分布与污水灌溉存在一定的联系.     

成都城区蔬菜地土壤中农药残留及其分布特征

采用GC-ECD检测、GC/MS-MS确证的方法对成都城区14个区县蔬菜地土壤中23种有机氯农药（OCPs）进行分析,以揭示OCPs的残留现状及其分布特征。结果表明,OCPs残留水平在不同区县间差异很大,变化范围20.18～104.33μg.kg-1之间,近郊区县（双流、龙泉驿、郫县、新都、温江）远低于边缘区县。被检出的18种OCPs中,DDTs、HCHs检出率最高（100%）,残留水平为16.11～99.51、1.31～9.34μg.kg-1,分别占OCPs残留总量质量分数的87.68%、8.15%;六氯苯（HCB）次之（90%）;灭蚁灵、环氧七氯、硫丹Ⅰ和γ-氯丹也有不同程度的检出（44.29%～47.14%）,主要分布在近郊区县;艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、毒杀芬的检出率较低（32.86%～37.14%）,多分布于彭州、都江堰、大邑、崇州等地。土壤中OCPs的各种异构体、代谢物变化规律显示,DDTs、HCHs残留主要源于早期的使用或大气输入,但不排除金堂、青白江、新津地区近期可能有新的DDTs输入,崇州、彭州、都江堰、大邑地区可能有HCHs输入。     

吉林松花江沿岸土壤中有机氯农药残留特征及健康风险评价

选用GC/ECD分析吉林市松花江两岸土壤中17种有机氯农药（OCPs）残留情况,并探讨该区土壤中OCPs的残留特征及其可能的健康风险.研究结果表明,17种OCPs均有不同程度的检出,含量较高的组分为六六六（HCHs）、滴滴涕（DDTs）和七氯,总有机氯农药含量为133.15—1263.80 ng.g-1.研究区OCPs...     

黄河三角洲地区土壤中有机氯农药的残留特征及风险评价

在黄河三角洲不同区域采集了26个土壤样品,利用GC-MS内标法测定土壤中22种有机氯农药(OCPs)含量,并对其残留特征、污染来源和生态风险进行了分析和评价.研究结果表明,土壤中共检测到19种OCPs,总的OCPs浓度范围为0.01—10.49 ng·g~(-1),平均浓度为1.678 ng·g~(-1).OCPs平均浓度顺序如下:DDTsHCHs氯丹类硫丹类,DDTs类农药的检出率最高,DDTs和HCHs是土壤中OCPs主要的组成成分,研究区土壤中DDTs和HCHs的残留水平低于国内其他地区土壤中含量,也低于规定的土壤阈值和土壤环境质量标准,本研究区土壤未受OCPs的污染.β-HCH和p,p'-DDE分别是HCHs和DDTs的主要组成成分.研究区土壤中OCPs主要来源于历史残留,无新的污染源输入.土壤中TOC和p H值对OCPs的残留存在影响,并且呈现弱的负相关性,不同类型土壤OCPs残留量存在差异,OCPs在树林土壤中的残留含量高于海岸带和原耕地土壤中.风险评价表明研究区土壤中HCHs农药残留量不会对生物产生风险;DDTs类农药对研究区生物存在可能性较小的生态风险,危害性总体较低.     

西溪湿地土壤有机氯农药残留特征及风险分析

以首个国家湿地公园--西溪国家湿地公园为研究区域,对该地区土壤中有机氯农药HCH和DDT的残留特征和影响因素进行研究,探讨污染物的潜在来源,并对其生态风险进行分析.结果表明,西溪湿地土壤中HCH和DDT均有检出,∑HCHs平均含量为18.44ng·g-1,∑DDTs平均含量为20.80 ng·g-1,二者在土壤中的残留差异不是很明显.HCH在柿园、竹园、芦苇滩地、菜地和其他5种利用类型土壤中的残留差异不大,而DDT在菜地土壤的残留高于其他4种类型.采样点土壤中∑HCHs和∑DDTs含量均低于GB 15618-1995土壤环境质量一级标准,与国内其他地区相比,西溪湿地土壤DDT残留较低,而HCH残留相对较高.生态风险分析显示,西溪湿地土壤中HCH残留对于土壤生物的风险较低,而DDT可能对鸟类和土壤生物具有一定的生态风险.     

深圳湾典型有机氯农药的生物累积及其人体健康风险

位于深圳与香港之间的深圳湾是一个典型的亚热带海湾,在过去的二、三十年间,海湾的生态环境发生了巨大变化.为了更好地理解深圳湾有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染现状及其生物累积规律,于2004年2月采集了该海域23个鱼类、虾类、蟹类生物样品,分析了其体内滴滴涕(DDT)、六六六(HCH)和氯丹(CHL)各组分的含量,并对其人体健康风险进行了初步评价.结果表明,深圳湾海域鱼类DDTs、HCHs和CHLs含量范围分别为1.84～286.83、0.08～1.85、0.45～118.81ng·g-1ww(鲜重),肉食性鱼类OCPs含量通常较高;与其它海区相比,深圳湾海域水生生物体中DDTs的含量相对较高,部分鱼类样品中DDTs含量超过我国海洋生物质量国家标准(GB18421-2001)的二级标准,HCHs和CHLs则相对较低;生物体中DDTs、HCHs、CHLs的含量与其脂含量呈显著正相关(p<0.01);鱼类中DDTs、HCHs和CHLs的危害指数(HR)分析显示,目前食用深圳湾鱼类对人体正常健康(非癌症)基本无影响,但却存在潜在的致癌风险.     

新疆孔雀河表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布及风险评价

分析了新疆孔雀河9个表层沉积物样品中22种有机氯农药(OCPs)含量,其主要OCPs含量的顺序为:六六六>异狄氏剂醛>滴滴涕>艾氏剂>硫丹Ⅱ>异狄氏剂>氯丹.研究表明,近期有γ-HCH输入到孔雀河,其最可能的来源是博斯腾湖的补给或孔雀河附近的农业回流水.滴滴涕的组成特征分析表明,DDTs主要源于施用的农药在好氧环境土壤中的分解,产生DDE等主要产物.风险评价表明,污染物的风险较低,所有被评估的OCPs的风险值均小于风险评价高限(ERM).     

环鄱阳湖区水稻-土壤有机氯农药污染及健康风险评价

针对环鄱阳湖区水稻和土壤中有机氯农药的污染状况,从环鄱阳湖区11个县市采集水稻及土壤样品,利用GC-ECD对有机氯残留进行测定,并利用健康风险评价模型对该地区水稻中有机氯残留所致风险进行评价.结果表明,环鄱阳湖区水稻及土壤中六六六、滴滴涕、七氯、六氯苯、氯丹均有检出,其中DDTs和HCHs含量较高,土壤中二者平均含量分别为6.25μg·kg~(-1)和10.64μg·kg~(-1),水稻中二者平均含量分别为4.65μg·kg~(-1)和9.16μg·kg~(-1),DDTs和HCHs是主要的有机氯污染物;土壤有机氯的来源主要是由于历史上农药防治害虫的大量使用残留和工业生产带来的新的有机污染源的输入,工农业发达地区有机氯农药残留高于工农业欠发达地区,土壤中有机氯对水稻中p,p'-DDD、p,p'-DDE、o,p'-DDT、β-HCH、γ-HCH、环氧七氯、氯丹等有机氯含量的贡献很大,是水稻中有机氯残留的主要污染来源.健康风险评价结果显示,各类有机氯污染物对人体的健康风险较低,总风险为38.23×10~-(13)a~(-1),属于可接受水平.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in amniotic fluids of pregnant women in south-central Turkey†

The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in amniotic fluid of 200 pregnant women from the Cukurova region of Turkey. The concentrations of OCPs [hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (p,p′-DDT), and various metabolites], and different PCB congeners (28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180) were determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detection as follows: HCB 6.6 ± 4.7, ΣHCH 21.6 ± 14.2, ΣDDT 12.5 ± 7.5, and ΣPCBs 74.0 ± 54 ng mL^?1. Correlations of maternal or gestational age and levels of OCPs and PCBs were not significant. The levels of these organochlorine compounds (OCs) were below detection limit for 5% of the samples, 80% contained more than one OC. This study illustrates that prenatal exposure of a fetus to OCs is prevalent in the Cukurova region.     

滴滴涕类农药在广东省沿海地区水产品中的残留及人体暴露水平

水产品的摄入是人体暴露于有机氯农药的主要途径之一.实验检测了采自广东省11个沿海城市水产市场的海鲜类水产品(包括6种虾类、2种蟹类和13种贝类共228个样品)中滴滴涕类农药(包括o,p’-DDT、p,p’-DDT、o,p’-DDD、p,p’-DDD、o,p’-DDE和p,p’-DDE)的残留.结果显示,DDTs在虾类、蟹类和贝类体内的平均湿重含量范围分别为0.8￣17.6ng·g-1、5.1￣16.0ng·g-1和0.6￣209.4ng·g-1.不同水产品之间因生活环境和生活习性的不同,导致其DDTs含量存在较大差别.与我国最新的食品残留标准(GB2763-2005)相比,所检测样品DDTs的含量均未超标.但若以美国环境保护局(USEPA)的标准来衡量,则DDTs含量超标的百分率达27.6%.据最近的膳食结构调查显示,广东省沿海地区的居民每天虾、蟹、贝类水产品的平均消费量为26.0g,因而通过海鲜类水产品每天摄入DDTs的量为2.4ng·kgbodyweight-1·day-1,这一结果远远低于我国设定的每日耐受摄入量(PTDI)和联合国粮农组织及世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)的相关标准.     

Organochlorine pesticides (HCHs and DDTs) in soils along the north coastal areas of the Bohai Sea,China

A systematic survey of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) including hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH and ΣHCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane metabolites (p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD and ∑DDT) in soils along the north coastal areas of the Bohai Sea, China, has been lacking. In this study, 31 representative surface soil samples were collected along the north coastal and riverine areas of the Bohai Sea to characterise the potential for adverse effects of ∑HCH, ∑DDT and their individual isomers and transformation products. Concentrations of ΣHCH and ΣDDT in soils ranged from less than the limit of detection (1 ng · g^?1 dw (mean: 3.5 ng · g^?1 dw) and2 ng · g^?1 dw (mean: 1.7 × 10¹ ng · g^?1 dw), respectively. Compared with studies of OCPs in soils from other locations, concentrations of HCHs and DDTs observed in this study were moderate. Concentrations of OCPs observed in soils were generally less than proposed reference values. HCH residues were a mixture of historical technical HCH and current lindane sources. The pattern of DDTs was consistent with historical releases of technical DDTs. Selected soil physicochemical properties did not explain the sorption and/or partitioning of HCHs or DDTs.     

广东北江上游流域农田土壤有机氯农药残留及其分布特征

北江是珠江的重要支流之一,为确定北江上游流域农田土壤有机氯农药（OCPs）的含量、来源以及分布特征,2010年11月,对该区域水稻田、菜地和果园土壤进行了采样、处理以及GC/MS分析。研究结果表明：27种OCPs中,除环氧七氯、狄氏剂、硫丹I、反式九氯、顺式九氯、异狄氏剂醛和甲氧氯外,其余均有不同程度的检出。总OCPs质量分数为2.71～62.4 ng.g-1,平均11.9 ng.g-1;含量最高的为DDTs,其次为硫丹和HCHs,其质量分数范围分别为1.82～60.3、0.103～19.6和nd（未检出）～1.74 ng.g-1;水稻田土壤DDTs的含量与果园相当,但明显高于菜地的残留水平。研究区域OCPs的源分析表明,HCHs主要来自于早期商业HCHs和林丹农药的残留,DDTs源于商业DDTs和三氯杀螨醇农药的残留。北江上游流域农田表层土壤OCPs储存量约为342 kg,其中DDTs 243 kg、硫丹63.7 kg、HCHs 15.0 kg。与国内外同类型报道相比,结合我国GB 15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》,研究区域土壤OCPs残留的程度较低。     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in fodder from rural areas of Haryana,India

Residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) namely 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCH-isomers), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) and its metabolites, and endosulfan stereoisomers were analyzed in dry and green fodder samples from rural areas of Ambala, Gurgaon, and Hisar districts of Haryana, India during winter, summer, and post-monsoon seasons. The HCH isomers γ-HCH and β-HCH, and DDT and its metabolites p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, and p,p′-DDT had more traceability in test samples as compared to other isomers and metabolites studied. Total OCPs (ΣOCPs), i.e., ΣHCH, ΣDDT, and Σendosulfan were found to be the highest in wheat straw (1.1–1.2?mg?kg^?1) from Ambala and Gurgaon, followed by that in sorghum straw (0.46?mg?kg^?1) from Hisar. Dry fodder samples were found to have relatively higher residue levels than green fodders. In case of green fodder samples, maximum ΣOCP residues of 0.44?mg?kg^?1 were found in whole plant samples of sorghum from Gurgaon district followed by that in pearl millet (0.40?mg?kg^?1) from Ambala. The findings indicate highly significant differences (p?>?0.0001) in ΣOCPs and ΣDDT in wheat straw between different districts and reveal the persistence of OCP residues in both dry and green fodder samples in the study area.     

Organochlorine Residues in Coastal Birds From the Vellar River Watershed Areas,Parangipettai, Southern India

Organochlorine contaminants (HCHs, DDTs and PCBs) in the muscle tissues of 12 bird species collected from Vellar River watershed areas (S. India) were determined. the accumulation pattern of organochlorine residues in birds of different feeding groups for HCHs and PCBs was: scavengers > inland piscivores > coastal piscivores > insectivores. the pattern for DDTs was: coastal piscivores > scavengers > insectivores > inland piscivores. Scavengers accumulated all the three organochlorines to a higher degree than the other groups of birds. Marked variations in the accumulation pattern by different species and individuals of birds to the same and different organochlorine residues were observed. the differences in the accumulation pattern of residues in different species of birds with similar feeding habits could be attributed to different feeding areas and because migrants are exposed to contaminants in different geographical locations. HCH residues were generally found in higher concentrations than DDTs, reflecting increasing use of HCH pesticides since banning of DDT for agriculture. Levels of PCBs were lower than in birds in developed countries. Results are discussed in relation to future pest control and industrialisation in India.     

The concentration and distribution of organochlorine pesticides in the air from the karst cave, South China

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the air of Dayan Cave in Guilin were analyzed, to investigate the source and contamination levels. Generally, air outside of the cave had much higher concentrations than inside air, and both outside and inside air showed much lower contamination levels than those observed in other regions in China and abroad. The ratios of α-/γ-HCHs and the percentages of β-(or δ-)HCH implied a residue of historical local technical HCH contamination. The DDT concentrations, o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDE/p,p'-DDT suggested fresh DDT-containing products acted as the primary source of DDT for the air in Dayan Cave. An intermediate level concentration of α-endosulfan (156.00?pg/m(3)) was observed in the outside air, implying local source was dominant. Based on the similar sources of HCH and DDT and the relationships between outside and inside air, it appeared that outside air pollutants affected on inside HCH and DDT's distribution. For other OCPs, outside air might be major contributor to inside air contamination under conditions of high concentrations in outside air compared with low levels in inside air for semi-closed karstic caves.     

Vertical profiles of organochlorine pesticides in sediment core from Nile river and Manzala lake,Egypt

Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides (DDTs, HCHs, HCB and chlordane compounds) were determined in core samples collected from Nile River near by Cairo and Manzala Lake, Egypt in 1994. Regional difference and vertical profiles were discussed in view of historical reconstruction of environmental pollution by these chemicals. On the basis of estimated sedimentation rate (0.5 to 0.7 cm/year) in Manzala Lake, it seems that discharge of DDTs and CHLs into Egyptian environment increased rapidly from early 1960's and the maximum discharge was recorded in 1980's. However, concentration of HCHs increased continuously up to the present in spite of decreasing of DDTs and CHLs after 1980's. It was revealed that vertical profiles of organochlorine pesticides in sediment core from Manzala Lake are useful to estimate a temporal trend of pesticide use in Egypt.