部分国家农用地土壤环境质量标准体系研究

中国、德国、加拿大、英国、日本和荷兰等国家已有较为完整的农用地土壤环境质量标准体系.笔者在分析这些国家农用地土壤环境质量标准体系的基础上,梳理了各国制定农用地土壤环境质量标准的方法、考虑因素以及标准的含义,比较得出各国农用地土壤环境质量标准的异同,以期为我国农用地土壤风险管控标准的优化提供参考和借鉴.参考各国农用地土壤环境质量标准体系的特点,基于我国现行标准的不足,本研究提出以下建议:我国可以开展农用地土壤环境基准研究;将人体健康风险纳入考虑范围内,加强背景值的调查和使用,考虑土壤、作物及地域差异,建立土壤-作物点位数据库,增加污染物项目.     

农用地土壤环境质量评价与类别划分研究

梳理了国内外农用地土壤环境质量评价研究进展,并分析了评价标准、评价方法和类别划分技术要点。基于监测点位和评价单元,从超标程度、累积性和农产品安全性等多维多角度,详细阐述农用地土壤环境质量评价程序和评价方法,探讨并提出适用目前我国土壤管理需要的基于多源数据多维评价的农用地土壤环境质量类别划分方法。     

我国鸟类监测的现状、问题与对策

鸟类是开展生物多样性监测的重要指示类群.对鸟类的长期、系统监测工作在欧美已经有百余年历史,且野鸟多样性指数已经成为欧美一些国家开展生物多样性监测工作的官方指标.通过对国内鸟类监测现状的分析,结合监测对象、指标、抽样策略和监测方法等监测工作中应重点关注的几个方面,提出了我国鸟类监测存在的问题,并结合国情提出了下一步开展鸟类监测工作的对策与建议.建议我国有关部门尽快制定鸟类监测技术规程和标准,统一数据收集和分析平台,逐步构建政府引导,科研院所、高等院校、自然保护区、观鸟协会和志愿者等多方参与的鸟类监测网络.     

英国环境变化监测网络简介

英国环境变化监测网络是国际上重要的生态系统研究和监测网络之一。该文简要介绍了该网络的目标、组织结构和监测内容与指标。     

云南省农用地土壤生态环境基准与质量标准建立的思考及建议

自2016年《土壤污染防治行动计划》颁布以来,土壤环境质量问题受到广泛关注.农用地土壤环境状况直接关系到农产品质量安全、生态安全和人体健康,亟需制定农用地土壤环境质量标准及各地方标准.为满足云南省高原特色农业的可持续发展,制定更适用于当地的农用地土壤环境质量标准,需全面分析我国农用地土壤环境质量标准的不足和国内外农用地土壤筛选值的制定方法.建议从云南省土壤实际情况出发,综合运用土壤环境地球化学法、健康风险评估法、生态风险评估法和地下水保护目标法来制定云南省农用地土壤生态环境基准和环境质量标准.     

国内外重金属土壤环境标准值比较:镉

土壤镉污染危害农产品质量安全,影响生态环境和人体健康,开展镉的土壤环境标准值研究,合理制定中国镉的土壤环境标准值,对加强镉污染土壤环境管理具有重要意义。调研获取了包括北美、欧洲、亚太(亚洲及太平洋地区)和非洲等地区16个国家和2个国际组织共52个地区镉的土壤环境标准值数据156个。综合考虑标准值适用的土地利用方式,调研分析了32个农用地、70个住宅类用地和56个工业(含商业)类用地镉的土壤标准值。结果表明:(1)适用于农用地的GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》中镉的二级标准值,较国际农用地土壤环境标准值更严格;(2)中国香港特别行政区农村住宅用地、城市住宅用地镉的土壤修复目标值总体上较国际同类标准值更宽松,中国台湾地区非农用地土壤镉的监测标准和管制标准值低于国际同类标准值的中值水平;(3)与国际上工业类用地镉的土壤环境标准值相比,HJ 350—2007《展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准(暂行)》A级和B级标准值较国外标准更严格;(4)制定镉的土壤环境标准值的目标与采用的技术方法、可接受风险水平与镉的毒性参数取值、土地利用方式与相应暴露情景假设以及健康风险评估模型与模型参数的不同,是导致不同国家和地区标准值存在差异的主要原因。该研究可望为中国不同用地方式镉的土壤环境标准值的制修订提供技术支持。     

我国湖泊生态环境变化监测网络的发展构想—以太湖生态站为例

以太湖生态站为例，从指标体系、数据分析、组织结构、网络共享与服务等方面阐述了我国湖泊生态环境监测网络建立与发展的构想。     

基于保护生态的土壤基准值制订关键技术研究——以美国和澳大利亚为例

土壤环境基准是土壤环境质量标准制修订、土壤环境质量评价和监管的重要科学依据.笔者选取美国和澳大利亚基于保护生态的土壤基准制订中的关键技术进行深入讨论,从两国的制订策略和关键推导方法等方面进行详细阐述,比对了两国的基准值制订技术要点.结果表明,两国的土壤基准名称、保护对象和毒理数据处理措施等存在差异,这与各国的具体制定策略有密切关联.建议我国在基准制订中加强不同区域土壤基准的针对性研究,建立本国土壤毒性数据共享平台,为土壤环境质量标准的制修订提供数据支撑.     

CERN鹰潭站农田旱地土壤长期定位监测研究

根据中国生态系统研究网络有关农田生态长期监测听土壤观测和分析项目。     

神经网络模型在辽河水质量评价中的应用

为准确的反映辽河水质量状况和发展趋势，在对辽河水质监测采样和实验分析的基础上，建立了水质评价的BP神经网络模型，应用该模型对辽河的水质现状进行了质量综合评价，4个监测断面的评价结果均在4～4．5之间，水污染情况较为严重。该评价结果与监测断面污染项目的超标情况分析的结论吻合，评价效果较好。     

Design of a water quality monitoring network in a large river system using the genetic algorithm

Despite several decades of operations and the increasing importance of water quality monitoring networks, the authorities still rely on experiential insights and subjective judgments in siting water quality monitoring stations. This study proposes an integrated technique which uses a genetic algorithm (GA) and a geographic information system (GIS) for the design of an effective water quality monitoring network in a large river system. In order to develop a design scheme, planning objectives were identified for water quality monitoring networks and corresponding fitness functions were defined using linear combinations of five selection criteria that are critical for developing a monitoring system. The criteria include the representativeness of a river system, compliance with water quality standards, supervision of water use, surveillance of pollution sources and examination of water quality changes. The fitness levels were obtained through a series of calculations of the fitness functions using GIS data. A sensitivity analysis was performed for major parameters such as the numbers of generations, population sizes and probability of crossover and mutation, in order to determine a good fitness level and convergence for optimum solutions. The proposed methodology was applied to the design of water quality monitoring networks in the Nakdong River system, in Korea. The results showed that only 35 out of 110 stations currently in operation coincide with those in the new network design, therefore indicating that the effectiveness of the current monitoring network should be carefully re-examined. From this study, it was concluded that the proposed methodology could be a useful decision support tool for the optimized design of water quality monitoring networks.     

Estimation of soil carbon saturation and carbon sequestration potential of an agro-ecosystem in China

Soil is believed to be the most important sink for sequestering atmospheric carbon. Hence, estimating soil carbon sequestration potential has been carried out for different regions and agricultural practices. However, soil carbon saturation (SCS), a fundamental concept for estimating soil carbon sequestration potential, has not been estimated for countries or regions. In this study, we estimated SCS of agricultural land for most provinces in China for 1990 by the DNDC model, a carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycle model, in order to provide a basis for farmers to select the land use, tillage and fertilization regimes to sequester more carbon. The result showed that SCS was as low as 0.48% in Tianjin and up to 5.14% in Tibet. There was a positive correlation between SCS and the proportion of paddy field in a province. In 1990, cropland soil carbon sequestration potential (SCSP) in China was -0.969 Gt C (-2.706 to 0.767 Gt C). This suggests that agricultural soil will be a carbon source to the atmosphere if agricultural practices are not altered. However, SCSP differed between provinces in China. SCSP was highest in Tibet (7.9 t C ha-1) and lowest in Heilongjiang Province (-60.8 t C ha-1), with a gradual decrease from south to north in China.     

Evaluating and expanding the European Union's protected-area network toward potential post-2020 coverage targets

The Convention on Biological Diversity's (CBD) strategic plan will expire in 2020, but biodiversity loss is ongoing. Scientists call for more ambitious targets in the next agreement. The nature-needs-half movement, for example, has advocated conserving half of Earth to solve the biodiversity crisis, which has been translated to protecting 50% of each ecoregion. We evaluated current protection levels of ecoregions in the territory of one of the CBD's signatories, the European Union (EU). We also explored the possible enlargement of the Natura 2000 network to implement 30% or 50% ecoregion coverage in the EU member states’ protected area (PA) network. Based on the most recent land-use data, we examined whether ecoregions have enough natural area left to reach such high coverage targets. We used a spatially explicit mixed integer programing model to estimate the least-cost expansion of the PA network based on 3 scenarios that put different emphasis on total conservation cost, ecological representation of ecosystems, or emphasize an equal share of the burden among member states. To realize 30% and 50% ecoregion coverage, the EU would need to add 6.6% and 24.2%, respectively, of its terrestrial area to its PA network. For all 3 scenarios, the EU would need to designate most recommended new PAs in seminatural forests and other semi- or natural ecosystems. Because 15 ecoregions did not have enough natural area left to implement the ecoregion-coverage targets, some member states would also need to establish new PAs on productive land, allocating the largest share to arable land. Thirty percent ecoregion coverage was met by protecting remaining natural areas in all ecoregions except 3, where productive land would also need to be included. Our results support discussions of higher ecoregions protection targets for post-2020 biodiversity frameworks.     

地下水环境监测优化布点的人工神经网络模型

以地下水水质指标国家分级标准为训练样本，用样本的地下水水质综合指数计算值作为样本的期望输出值，对BP网络进行训练，用训练好的网络对某地地下水水质监测点进行优选。结果表明：BP网络用于地下水环境监测点优选具有简单、实用和客观性好的特点。     

Die Umsetzung der FFH-Richtlinie in der Agrarlandschaft

The EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) does include provisions for setting up the Natura 2000-network of protected areas based on listed species and habitats, and in addition specific regulations on species protection. Three Quarters of all designated sites (SCI’s) do not only include natural habitat types in a strict sense like forests or water-bodies, but also agricultural land. 18?% of the SCI’s even include between 25 and 50?% agricultural land and 24?% above 50?%. 48 species and three habitat types listed under the Habitats Directive have a clear focus in agriculture. Another eleven habitat types are dependant from a nature-friendly low intensity use or management. A large proportion of these habitats and species are actually in an unfavourable conservation status. The paper analyses the impact of EU nature conservation on agriculture based on the species and habitats falling under the Habitats Directive. On the other hand indirect negative influences of agriculture are discussed, that may have considerable impact on the future development of the conservation status of endangered habitats and species.     

Endosulfan in the Chinese environment: monitoring and modeling

This paper reviews the usage and emissions of endosulfan, the newest member of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs), in China, and its fate and behavior in Chinese environment. Endosulfan usage in China has been estimated to be approximately 25700 t between 1994 and 2004. Concentrations of endosulfan in different environmental compartments in China, such as air, soil, water, and biota, but focusing at air and surface soil, have been summarized. Concentrations of total endosulfan in surface soil across China were ranged from below detection limit (BDL) to 19000 pg·g^?1 dry weight (dw), with geometric mean of 120 pg·g^?1dw. The results indicated that endosulfan sulfate had highest concentration in Chinese soil, followed by ??- and ??-endosulfan. Air concentrations of endosulfan in China were ranged 0?C340 pg·m^?3 for ??-endosulfan and 0?C121 pg·m^?3 for ??-endosulfan, with high concentrations occurred in the cotton production areas. Gridded usage inventories of endosulfan on a fine gridded system with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution were compiled, from which, emission to air and residues in soil of endosulfan were calculated in each grid by using a modified simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model (SGPERM), an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. Total emissions were around 10800 t from 1994 to 2004. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of ??- and ??-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell, which are in general consistent with the published monitoring data.     

European Union agricultural policy scenarios' impacts on social sustainability of agricultural holdings

This paper aims to assess the impacts of household behaviour on social sustainability by simulating agricultural policy scenarios of the European Union (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). For this purpose a multicriteria model was formulated, at farm household level, in order to study the social impacts of the CAPs using different scenarios. The scenarios were chosen on the basis of the main EU policies affecting farm households, such as the alternative crops scenario, the Water Framework Directive scenario and the agrienvironmental schemes scenario. The data for this analysis resulted from the CAP-IRE project, a European FP7-funded project. The model includes a utility function with several conflicting criteria such as maximization of gross margin and risk and labour minimization. The model is further used to simulate the impacts on social sustainability by estimating main social indicators. The model is applied in two different farm types in Greece. The results show that the CAP scenarios have multiple social impacts on agricultural holdings, and particularly on the farm labour structure. These impacts have negative effect on social sustainability.     

造林区生态环境监测信息系统的研究

根据林业部与世界银行达成的协议，在我国６０个县市设立世行贷款“国家造林项目”环境监测点，并对监测信息进行科学管理。本研究建立了基本情况库、水土流失监测库、监测结果汇总库、土壤肥力监测库、病虫害监测库等数据库，采用ｆｏｘＰｒｏ２．６ｆｏｒＷｉｎｄｏｗｓ程序设计语言编制监测信息管理系统，该系统由站点分布、数据维护、数据浏览、报表生态、统计分析等功能模块构成。在系统软件编制过程中，采用了图文交互支持的信息管理方式，充分利用通用字段（Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ）的多媒体信息存储功能，且程序运行时可完全脱离ｆｏｘＰｒｏ的系统环境，在Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ平台下独立执行。     

The agricultural impact of opencast coal mining in England and Wales

Opencast coal mining in England and Wales can cause a wide range of environmental problems which are increasingly public issues due to the planned expansion in output and the impact this may have on agriculture and landscape. Opencast mining is reviewed on a county by county basis to identify the variations in the disturbance caused. A detailed review of restoration techniques and the agricultural quality of the restored land is presented, and the role of Planning Authorities is discussed. Significant variations in the impact of opencast operations are identified, especially in relation to the potential for derelict land reclamation and the grade of agricultural land affected. The latter is generally lower grade 3 and below, although in certain areas operations are entering land of higher agricultural and scenic quality. The quality of restoration, while good, still has scope for improvements, such as reducing soil compaction and the subsequent management of the land by the farmer. The impact on agricultural productivity is difficult to assess, but it appears to be only slight in those cases where recent restoration techniques were used and when lower grade agricultural land is taken.     

加拿大最佳管理措施流域评价项目评述

可持续农业的目的是在保持良好环境质量的同时获得较高的农业生产率。最佳管理措施(BMPs)在世界范围内已得到广泛应用,以减少农业污染物对水环境的影响。自2004年以来,加拿大农业部实施了最佳管理措施流域评价(WEBs)项目,在全国各地选择了有代表性的9个小流域,对BMPs的环境和经济效益进行评价。笔者对过去几年来WEBs项目的进展、研究方法及主要成果进行简要的回顾,并对在中国开展类似项目的必要性和启示进行了探讨。