清洁煤技术的定量评价方法

回顾国内外清洁煤技术评价的研究现状;从分析清洁煤技术的评价目的着手指出清洁煤的定量评价指标体系、筛选原则与筛选步骤,从而使清洁煤技术的定量评价成为可能,介绍清洁煤技术的定量评价在燃煤电厂的应用。     

基于热能梯级利用原理的热电联产技术优化研究

为了提高热电联产机组能源利用率并满足城市供热需求,阐述了热电联产供热技术现状,针对某电厂300 MW级空冷机组提出了一种热电联产优化技术。该技术结合低温热网回水、机组高背压和热泵技术,深度回收汽轮机凝汽余热并实现热能传递的梯级利用。估算结果表明:与传统抽凝式热电联产技术相比,该供热方案的小时供热量由446.23 GJ/h增长至576.34 GJ/h,热网加热器(火用)效率由46.65%升高为62.14%。     

矿业、冶金工业三废处理与综合利用

利用。」991年开始在徐州矿务局进行了煤炭地下气化半工业性试验。煤炭地下气化的科学理论主要是以煤化学与有机化学为基础。地下气化是多学科的联合体,建炉的方案分为无井式与有井式。建立地下气化燃烧的数学模型,在电脑上进行煤炭地下气化工艺理论的研究.以提高煤气的质量、数量与降低成本。地下煤气可用于联合循环发电、工业燃烧、城市民用及制造化工原料和冶金工业还原气等。总之煤炭地下气化在技术上可行、经济上合理、客观上需要,并能建立多种产品的联合企‘!肚。图3(同翔)X752.3 9503072煤矿酸性矿井水除铁研究/胡文容(山东矿业学院…     

新型农村生物质气化站的建设与运行模式探讨

针对目前农村生物质气化站不能正常运转的原因进行了简单分析,提出了建设新型农村生物质气化站,重点对这种新型农村气化站的建设和运行模式进行了探讨,新型农村气化站在生物质气生产技术上选择中温热解制气,在输配技术上以集中制气、区域配送为主,在建设和运行上以专业化为主,以此来解决目前生物质气化站存在的问题.     

煤气发生炉气化技术的发展分析

从制造业燃料煤气需求规模、企业投资强度、煤气化技术多元化要求,以及中国煤气发生炉气化技术的国际地位和国际市场需求的角度,阐述了煤气发生炉气化技术应该继续存在和发展的理由。同时就该气化技术目前存在的一些环境和安全问题,以及在系统自动化程度和大规模供气方面存在的不足进行了系统分析,并提出了解决问题和克服不足的技术措施及建议,从而指出了常压固定床煤气发生炉技术的发展方向。     

我国生物质气化发电行业综合风险评价

针对我国生物质气化发电行业的现状,总结诸多风险的影响因素,建立了我国生物质气化发电行业综合风险评价体系。该评价体系主要包括5个一级风险影响因素:市场风险、技术风险、安全风险、管理风险、环境风险,每个一级影响因素包括4个二级风险影响因素。由层次分析法获得各个一级影响因素和二级影响因素的权重值,根据所构建的评价集和评分标准,结合模糊综合评价法对我国生物质气化发电行业现状的综合风险等级做定量定性分析。综合风险评价研究结果表明,生物质气化发电行业处于"较高"的风险等级,与实际情况相符。综合风险评价体系的构建合理,所建立的评价方法以及相应对策分析可为决策者提供参考依据。     

镁砂窑的黑烟治理

本文介绍了乡镇镁砂工业的主干装备———镁砂窑轻烧镁砂由燃煤改燃煤气的新工艺、煤的气化原理及反应顺序、镁砂窑改变燃料的比较计算、简易煤气发生炉的构造和煤气燃烧用的空气量计算等，并对镁砂窑采用煤气燃烧工艺后所产生的综合效果，作了简单的评价     

炼制半焦连续直立炭化炉污染物排放综合评价

基于对利用不黏煤或弱黏煤炼制半焦的外热式连续直立炭化炉进行工艺排查,找出炼焦过程中所有排污点,确定监测方案并进行全面监测,用科学合理的方法计算出每生产1吨焦炭(半焦)所产生的污染物量,对排放污染物的情况进行全面的综合评价,同时也为综合评价不同炉型的排污量探索出一种较为合理的方法。     

简易煤气技术应当推广

简易煤气是利用比较简单的,有足够发生室面积的煤气发生炉,使煤在其中气化变成煤气,送到与之紧邻的炉窑或锅炉中燃烧的一种方法。它适用于一般工业炉窑和生活民用方面,在锻造加热炉、退火炉、2吨/时以下的热水采暖锅炉、茶炉、多用茶炉、食堂     

基于LCA的稻秸合成甲醇的环境-经济成本分析

以年产5万t甲醇的稻秸气化合成甲醇系统为研究对象,采用生命周期评价方法,对该系统进行了环境-经济成本分析.结果表明,稻秸合成甲醇系统的环境影响成本是284.99元/t(以甲醇计),且主要集中在生产转化过程和下游甲醇燃料消费2个单元阶段.在不同环境影响类型中,温室效应是生命周期最主要的环境影响因素,由于稻秸固碳作用产生的环境成本是-152.79元/t,生产上游温室效应影响负荷为负、总环境影响负荷为负.每t稻秸甲醇的真实成本比煤基甲醇低76.84元.     

Market opportunities for coal gasification in China

Coal gasification is a technology that has been around for 200 yr. With the recent technology advances in the past 20 yr, it has become an option for the clean production of power and other energy forms. China will continue to be the largest user of coal in the world. Coal is the source of energy in almost every area of everyday life in China. This paper is an overview of the prospects of coal gasification in China. It discusses the opening of Chinese markets to more private sector participation. In particular the paper focuses on the energy sector and coal as the both an economic development variable and a factor in climate change. Clean coal technologies can be apart of the production cycle in China and hence can impact the Chinese economy in a positive manner as well as lower the current high levels of atmospheric pollution. Proven integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) technologies in new production methods and applications can provide China with its rising energy needs and reduce the SOX, NOX and particulates in the atmosphere. The results of IGCC can support the Chinese economy as it moves into the future.     

我国常规焦炉危险废物产生和利用处置现状及对策

我国是世界上最大的焦炭生产国和供应商,以常规焦炉炼焦工艺为主,常规焦炉会排放气体、液体和固体污染物.常规焦炉危险废物的产生现状是种类多、产生工艺节点多样、产生量大、污染物种类繁杂、对生态环境和人体的潜在危害大.对高附加值的高温煤焦油采取深加工的方式生产多种化工原料,脱硫废液的利用方式是提取单品精盐和制酸,其他低附加值的常规焦炉危险废物回配煤单元炼焦.当前,我国常规焦炉危险废物利用处置存在3个问题:①部分高温煤焦油深加工技术不属于清洁生产技术;②脱硫废液提取的盐缺乏污染控制标准或技术规范,脱硫废液制酸设备稳定运行难度较大;③危险废物回配煤单元可能引起炼焦产品质量下降和环境风险增大.针对我国常规焦炉危险废物产生和利用处置存在的问题,建议从3个方面提高炼焦危险废物利用率和加强安全处置:①遵循《国家危险废物名录》中"危险废物豁免管理清单"利用环节豁免条件,采取先进的清洁生产技术,促进高温煤焦油利用;②制定以脱硫废液为原料提取盐的污染控制标准或技术规范,将小规模企业产生的脱硫废液"点对点"集中输送至专门利用脱硫废液制酸的企业生产硫酸,开发易于推广、平稳高效连续运行和自动化控制的提盐和制酸技术,提高脱硫废液利用水平;③常规焦炉危险废物返回配煤工序炼焦时应精准管控,确保炼焦产品质量,防范环境风险.      

A life cycle comparison of greenhouse emissions for power generation from coal mining and underground coal gasification

Underground coal gasification (UCG) is an advancing technology that is receiving considerable global attention as an economic and environmentally friendly alternative for exploitation of coal deposits. UCG has the potential to decrease greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) during the development and utilization of coal resources. In this paper, the life cycle of UCG from in situ coal gasification to utilization for electricity generation is analyzed and compared with coal extraction through conventional coal mining and utilization in power plants. Four life cycle assessment models have been developed and analyzed to compare (greenhouse gas) GHG emissions of coal mining, coal gasification and power generation through conventional pulverized coal fired power plants (PCC), supercritical coal fired (SCPC) power plants, integrated gasification combined cycle plants for coal (Coal-IGCC), and combined cycle gas turbine plants for UCG (UCG-CCGT). The analysis shows that UCG is comparable to these latest technologies and in fact, the GHG emissions from UCG are about 28 % less than the conventional PCC plant. When combined with the economic superiority, UCG has a clear advantage over competing technologies. The comparison also shows that there is considerable reduction in the GHG emissions with the development of technology and improvements in generation efficiencies.     

煤与城市生活垃圾高温炭化处理技术

综合论述了目前国内外城市生活垃圾处理技术现状,分析了各类技术的优缺点及应用范围。结合我国城市生活垃圾的特性,提出了今后我国城市生活垃圾应走综合处置和清洁能源化为主的道路。通过不同处理方法和技术的分析比较,提出了利用传统焦化工艺系统来实现煤与生活垃圾高温炭化处理的技术思路。     

基于发热量的中国煤炭碳含量研究

煤炭基于发热量的碳含量数据,是计算煤炭的二氧化碳排放因子的基础。本研究对全国范围内采集的煤炭样品进行工业分析、元素分析及发热量分析,统计分析得出我国基于发热量的煤炭碳含量。对所得结果按地区分煤种分别阐述,并与国外煤炭碳含量数据进行了对比。结果表明,我国褐煤、次烟煤、烟煤、无烟煤的碳含量平均值分别为27.21±0.35 kg/GJ、26.57±0.14 kg/GJ、25.50±0.03 kg/GJ、26.77±0.13 kg/GJ。我国无烟煤的碳含量与IPCC缺省值相当,烟煤、褐煤的碳含量比IPCC缺省碳含量分别低1.16%和1.41%,次烟煤碳含量比IPCC缺省碳含量高1.41%。     

我国煤炭环境外部成本的经济核算

基于产品生命周期理论,构建煤炭环境外部成本核算框架,采用环境价值评估方法,对煤炭生产、运输及利用环节环境成本实物量及价值量进行核算,最后得到煤炭的环境外部成本,以2010年为核算基准年,得到煤炭在生产、运输和使用环节中产生的环境外部成本分别为2185.95亿元、631.18亿元及2655.37亿元,吨煤成本为67.78,44.68,85.04,总环境外部成本为5472.50亿元,吨煤成本为197.40元.     

焦化厂不同污染源作用下土壤PAHs污染特征

根据生产工序的不同将焦化场地划分为堆煤区、炼焦区、化产区,共采集40组土壤样品,分析各类污染源作用下场地PAHs污染程度、分布、影响途径及组成特征等.结果表明,场地处于严重污染水平且BaP是健康风险首要关注污染物.按ΣPAHs含量中位数排序,化产区（1733.87mg/kg）>炼焦区（32.86mg/kg）>堆煤区（21.21mg/kg）.对应污染途径依次为化工副产品的泄漏及填埋、烟粉尘大气沉降、煤粉（渣）降雨淋滤.异构体比值法判定的污染源不能明显区分各工序的土壤污染特点且存在偏差,利用ω（低环PAHs）/ω（高环PAHs）比值法进行排序,化产区深层（7.39）>化产区表层（1.33）>堆煤区（1.06）>炼焦区（0.39）,PAHs组成特征受污染源自身特性及外环境作用共同所致.4~5环PAHs是该焦化场地的特征污染物,化产区、堆煤区土壤中Nap、Phe占ΣPAHs比重较高,而炼焦区以BbF、Fla、Chry为主要组分.     

焦化厂不同污染源作用下土壤PAHs污染特征

根据生产工序的不同将焦化场地划分为堆煤区、炼焦区、化产区,共采集40组土壤样品,分析各类污染源作用下场地PAHs污染程度、分布、影响途径及组成特征等.结果表明,场地处于严重污染水平且BaP是健康风险首要关注污染物.按ΣPAHs含量中位数排序,化产区（1733.87mg/kg）>炼焦区（32.86mg/kg）>堆煤区（21.21mg/kg）.对应污染途径依次为化工副产品的泄漏及填埋、烟粉尘大气沉降、煤粉（渣）降雨淋滤.异构体比值法判定的污染源不能明显区分各工序的土壤污染特点且存在偏差,利用ω（低环PAHs）/ω（高环PAHs）比值法进行排序,化产区深层（7.39）>化产区表层（1.33）>堆煤区（1.06）>炼焦区（0.39）,PAHs组成特征受污染源自身特性及外环境作用共同所致.4~5环PAHs是该焦化场地的特征污染物,化产区、堆煤区土壤中Nap、Phe占ΣPAHs比重较高,而炼焦区以BbF、Fla、Chry为主要组分.     

Cost comparison of syngas production from natural gas conversion and underground coal gasification

Underground coal gasification (UCG) is a promising technology to reduce the cost of producing syngas from coal. Coal is gasified in place, which may make it safer, cleaner and less expensive than using a surface gasifier. UCG provides an efficient approach to mitigate the tension between supplying energy and ensuring sustainable development. However, the coal gasification industry presently is facing competition from the low price of natural gas. The technology needs to be reviewed to assess its competiveness. In this paper, the production cost of syngas from an imaginary commercial-scale UCG plant was broken down and calculated. The produced syngas was assumed to be used as feedstock in liquid fuel production through the Fischer-Tropsch process or methanol synthesis. The syngas had a hydrogen (H₂) to carbon monoxide (CO) ratio of 2. On this basis, its cost was compared with the cost of syngas produced from natural gas. The results indicated that the production cost of syngas from natural gas is mainly determined by the price of natural gas, and varied from $24.46 per thousand cubic meters (TCM) to $90.09/TCM, depending on the assumed price range of natural gas. The cost of producing UCG syngas is affected by the coal seam depth and thickness. Using the Harmon lignite bed in North Dakota, USA, as an example, the cost of producing syngas through UCG was between $37.27/TCM and $39.80/TCM. Therefore, the cost of UCG syngas was within the cost range of syngas produced by natural gas conversion. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate how the cost varies with coal depth and thickness. It was found that by utilizing thicker coal seams, syngas production per cavity can be increased, and the number of new wells drilled per year can be reduced, therefore improving the economics of UCG. Results of this study indicate the competitiveness of UCG regarding to natural gas conversion technologies, and can be used to guide UCG site selection and to optimize the operation strategy.