玉米育苗移栽防御低温冷害和春旱试验研究

为防御玉米低温冷害和春旱,在吉林省东部开展了玉米育苗移栽田间试验。结果表明,玉米育苗移栽是一项简便有效的防灾、减灾实用技术。利用该项技术可增加220～250℃·d积温,因此可采用较当地大田播种生育期长10～15天、所需积温多230℃·d的偏晚熟品种,以避开播种出苗期干旱;产量和产值分别提高40%和35%左右,并可提早成熟,防霜害,提高玉米品质。     

基于积温距平的玉米冷害动态评估及其与玉米产量的关系

利用1980-2014年黑龙江省15个玉米农业气象观测站的资料,基于中华人民共和国玉米冷害评估气象行业标准规定的≥10℃积温距平指标,对玉米3个发育关键时期出苗-七叶期、出苗-抽雄期、出苗-乳熟期的冷害进行动态判识,并分析其时空演变特征,同时应用统计方法分析积温距平与玉米实际单产的关系。研究结果表明:11980-2014年间,玉米3个发育时期内的冷害年数在7~17年之间,冷害发生对气候变暖趋势具有明显的响应;21980-2014年间研究区玉米3个发育时期冷害的发生随时间呈减少趋势,1990年代中期以前为高发期,之后冷害发生频率下降。空间分布上,冷害呈现北多南少特征,并具有群发性、区域性和局地性特点;31980-2014年间,研究区玉米3个发育时期的≥10℃积温距平具有16年左右的周期变化,总体表现为1995年以前偏冷,之后偏暖,其中玉米出苗-七叶期积温距平存在最近几年偏冷的趋势;4研究区67%的站点≥10℃积温距平与玉米实际单产存在显著或极显著的相关关系,积温距平为100~200℃·d,利于玉米高产;5≥10℃积温距平指标赋予玉米冷害判识指标生物学和农学意义,充分表征玉米不同发育时期热量需求与供给的关系,有效提升作物冷害判识的客观性。     

东北粳稻不同开花时段冷积温对结实的影响及冷害指标

在长白山北坡不同海拔高程开展水稻低温处理试验,以揭示水稻开花不同时段的冷积温对结实率的影响及其冷害气象指标。试验设7个海拔、3个低温持续时间、3个开花时段处理。结果表明,水稻空秕率对开花期冷积温反应很敏感,其关系呈二次函数,冷积温越多,水稻空秕率越大。不同开花时段低温影响程度差异明显,盛花期冷积温的影响系数是中花期的1.5倍,是初花期的2.2倍左右。水稻空秕率与昼间冷积温、日最高冷积温的关系更密切,与夜间冷积温和日最低冷积温的关系次之,昼间冷积温对空秕率的影响系数明显大于夜间冷积温的。水稻不同开花时段发生冷害的冷积温指标差异明显,盛花时段昼间冷积温28℃·d以上引发中度冷害,而在中花和初花时段分别是31℃·d和38℃·d;盛花时段日最高冷积温36℃·d以上引发严重冷害,而在中花和初花时段分别是41℃·d和52℃·d。开花期平均而言,昼间冷积温在31℃·d和38℃·d以上,或日最高冷积温在33℃·d和41℃·d以上,分别引发中度和重度冷害,空秕率分别达到10%和15%以上。     

玉米抗低温助长剂田间试验研究

为防御东北玉米低温冷害,研制了一种新型的玉米抗低温助长剂,其抗低温效果已为人工温控试验所证实。本项研究采用分期播种、地理播种和田间多处理对比试验方法,检验该化学制剂在影响玉米发育、生物量及产量性状方面的实用效果,并探求其适宜的浓度配比和喷施期次。研究结果表明,该制剂具有促生长、促早熟和使作物高产的性能,可防御延迟型冷害。施用时以1：400倍液和在营养生长期内两次喷施为佳。     

黑龙江省玉米干旱与低温冷害复合发生的温水特征及产量分析

利用1981—2018年黑龙江省玉米农业气象观测站资料,基于国家气象行业标准中水分亏缺指数、≥10℃积温距平指标判识玉米出苗—乳熟期干旱、低温冷害,规定同一站同1年内干旱和低温冷害均有发生为两种灾害复合发生,以数理统计、对比分析方法分析其温水特征及玉米相对产量变化率。研究结果表明：1981—2018年间,研究区玉米出苗-乳熟期干旱和低温冷害复合发生累计110站年,各站发生3～11年,时间上呈减少趋势,1980年代为高发期,1990年代中期以后发生减少,空间上呈西多东少态势,松嫩平原西南部为多发区;玉米出苗-乳熟期干旱和低温冷害复合发生期间的温水特征总体表现为日均温非持续偏低,而呈波动-间隔式偏低,64站年发育期内50%以上时间的日均温较常年偏低,平均低温日数为54.0 d,未出现有效降水量的日数平均多达73.2 d,有效降水量大于0 mm的日数平均仅16.0 d,有效降水量少,88站年不足300 mm,大雨以上等级有效降水频次少,平均仅2.1 d;研究区93.3%站点玉米出苗-乳熟期发生干旱和低温冷害复合灾害年份与未发生复合灾害年份相比,玉米相对产量变化率均为负值,一定程度上表明干旱和...     

黑龙江省玉米生长期冷害与干旱混合发生对产量的影响

基于1981-2016年黑龙江省玉米农业气象观测站资料,利用国家气象行业标准中≥10℃积温距平、水分亏缺指数(K_(CWDI))指标分别判识玉米出苗-抽雄期冷害、干旱,规定同一站点同一年份内冷害、干旱均有发生为2种灾害混合发生,分析其时空分布特征,以逐步回归方法构建积温距平、K_(CWDI)与玉米单产的关系,并探讨2种灾害混发逆境对玉米产量的影响。结果表明:1981-2016年间,研究区玉米出苗-抽雄期≥10℃积温距平对气候变暖具有明显响应,呈显著增加趋势(P0.01),空间上呈北低南高特征;K_(CWDI)随时间呈波动式下降变化(P0.05),空间上表征为西多东少趋势,较好反映研究区水分资源配置特征;在分析期内,各站玉米出苗-抽雄期冷害、干旱混合发生年数为2～12年,研究区累计发生94年,两种灾害混合发生随时间呈减少趋势,1990年代中期以前密集发生,之后发生频率下降,空间上,两种灾害混合发生表现为由西至东减少趋势,松嫩平原西部为频发区;玉米出苗-抽雄期≥10℃积温距平、K_(CWDI)与玉米单产存在显著或极显著的相关关系(P0.05或P0.01),≥10℃积温距平下降、K_(CWDI)增大,玉米产量呈下降趋势;玉米出苗-抽雄期冷害与干旱混发逆境对玉米产量以负效应影响为主。     

春旱对春玉米产量的影响试验研究

将分级土壤水分胁迫试验与分期播种田间试验相结合,研究了春旱对春玉米产量的影响。结果表明,玉米播种出苗期间耕层土壤含水量与玉米产量的关系是二次函数关系。春季土壤水分胁迫对玉米产量的影响很明显,在田间持水量以下,土壤湿度每下降1个百分点,单产下降7%左右,耕层有效水量每减少10 mm,单产下降14%左右。文章还确定了玉米春旱的土壤水分分级指标。土壤水分对产量的影响指标和模式可以用于开展玉米春旱程度评估和预报,也可用于确定抗旱灌水量。     

气候变暖对黑龙江省作物生产的影响及其对策

黑龙江省在未来30年和50年内气温分别增高1.9℃和2.4℃的情景下,积温带将向北推移近5个纬距,至2050年,原第一积温带将北移至大兴安岭北部,其余4个积温带将基本消失.模拟结果显示,未来水稻将减产9%,主栽区将北移至黑龙江流域;小麦应压缩耕作面积,未来产量变化不大,应逐步扩大冬小麦试种区域,最后达到规模生产;气候变暖使玉米生育期缩短11.3天,产量减少2.7%,应发展早熟玉米、饲料玉米、经济玉米,提高经济效益;气候变暖对大豆生产极为有利,高产区北移,产量可提高70%～80%,在黑龙江流域松嫩和三江平原北部,特别垦区发展大豆生产优势很大;喜凉经济作物受到一定影响,应向北发展.提出了未来适应性农业的6项对策,特别要安排好主要作物的结构调整及区域分布.     

玉米地膜覆盖土壤水分效应及抗旱涝试验研究

田间试验研究表明,地膜覆盖对玉米农田水分影响比较复杂,主要取决于天气、气候条件.在干燥少雨的条件下,地膜田耕层土壤水分明显增加,土壤相对湿度提高3～5个百分点,抑蒸保水效果明显;多云或阴天也有一定的保水效果;在多雨期,地膜增加地表径流,导致耕层水分含量减少,有利于避免涝灾发生.地膜覆盖改善了降水在农田中的分配和农田水分平衡,使土壤水分含量因天气干、湿而波动的幅度明显减小,有抗旱和防涝的双重作用.地膜改善农田水分平衡、抗旱和防涝的效果前期大于中后期,以播种至拔节期最为显著.     

北方春小麦种植区小麦种植结构变化的气候依据与冻害风险

气候变暖引起我国冬小麦种植北界北扩西移,导致许多传统上种植春小麦的区域改为种植冬小麦。利用研究区1980-2012年28个气象站观测数据和全国格点数据,分析了北方春小麦种植区小麦种植结构变化的气候依据和种植冬小麦可能的冻害风险。结果表明,33a来,观测站点年平均气温和地面温度分别升高了1.3℃和1.98℃,年平均最低气温和地面温度分别升高了1.58℃和2.83℃;冬小麦生育期0℃的有效积温增加了340℃·d;日最低气温和地面温度0℃的日数和负积温分别减少了4.6,5.6 d/10a和57,233.8℃·d/10a;日最低地面温度-18℃的日数和负积温分别减少了6.7 d/10a和143.5℃d/10a;1月平均最低地面温度显著升高了2.54℃。这些变化使冬小麦种植区域向西北扩展。气候资源的显著变化为北方春小麦种植区小麦种植结构变化提供了气候依据。然而,影响冬小麦安全越冬的1月平均气温、1月最低气温和1月平均地面温度并没有显著升高,最低地面温度-18℃的冻害日数和积温从1997年前后的平均13d和1200℃·d又增加到2012年的20d和3500℃·d左右。适合种植冬小麦的区域范围有较大的不确定性。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.