基于MIKE21模型的沙河水库水量水质响应模拟研究

沙河水库是北运河上游水系重要的汇,同时也是多源污染的重要聚集处,呈现非常规水源补给的缓滞水体特征,作为城市景观水体,对水环境和水生态要求较高,因此,沙河水库的治理对下游的水质改善至关重要.为进一步全面提升沙河水库水环境质量,以昌平区沙河水库为研究区域,采用MIKE21构建库区二维水动力水质模型,对沙河水库水量水质变化情况进行了模拟,并验证了模型参数.在验证模型参数的基础上,分别模拟了水位调控方案与水质改善方案.水位调控方案模拟结果显示,沙河水库管理调控水位在34.0~35.2 m之间时,0~1.5 m水深区间占面积最大,物种最丰富,是最合适的水位调控区间.水质改善方案模拟结果显示,当对溢流污染进行全部截流时,2018年6月1日—10月1日沙河闸考核断面COD_Cr平均减少28.44 mg·L^-1,NH₃-N平均减少0.83 mg·L^-1,TP平均减少0.25 mg·L^-1,相比于现状模拟数据,降幅分别达到72.2%、59.3%、67.7%,COD_Cr已全部达到Ⅳ类考核标准,NH₃-N仅有1 d超标,TP超标天数降低至7 d.在全部截流的基础上,配合湿地净化措施,2018年6月1日—10月1日沙河闸考核断面COD_Cr、NH₃-N已全部达到Ⅳ类考核标准,仅TP有1 d超标,超标日期为8月12日.     

基于稳定同位素示踪的流域颗粒有机物质来源辨析

为有效控制流域水质污染,保证饮用水水源的水质安全,通过采集和测定流域内土壤、植物以及河流断面水体悬浮颗粒有机质(POM)在枯水期和丰水期的碳、氮稳定同位素值和C/N比值,对石头口门水库汇水流域水体POM的来源进行研究.结果表明,水体中POM主要来源于土壤有机质,其贡献为69.2%,藻类等大型水生生物和浮游植物的贡献分别为23.1%和7.7%.流域水体中POM的来源存在时空差异.丰水期,浮游植物和藻类等大型水生植物的贡献均为15.4%,而枯水期后者的贡献提高到了30.8%.水体POM主要来源于双阳河和饮马河下游的土壤有机质,说明该区域土壤侵蚀较重,易发生非点源污染;岔路河和饮马河上游支流小黄河,水体POM以浮游植物的贡献占主导,其贡献分别为86.3%和94.8%,这些区域侵蚀较弱,非点源污染发生的风险小;大中型水库区域的POM主要由藻类等大型水生植物贡献,表明悬浮颗粒物在进入水库后可能发生了明显沉积.     

雅鲁藏布江中游河流生态系统健康状态对水环境因子的响应

河流生态健康评价是保护河流生物多样性、遏制河流水环境恶化趋势的前提,为探究雅鲁藏布江中游河流生态系统健康状态及其对水环境因子响应机制,于2021年的7月和10月在雅鲁藏布江中游进行浮游植物样品的采集和水环境因子的测定,鉴定浮游植物物种并计算其细胞丰度和生物量,构建浮游植物完整性指数评价该河段河流生态健康状态,分析水环境因子和浮游植物群落时空分布特征、P-IBI值和群落参数与水环境因子的相关性.结果表明,水环境因子在时间上差异不明显,在空间上有显著的差异;浮游植物平均细胞丰度和平均生物量大小为：丰水期>枯水期以及干流>支流,硅藻在群落中占绝对优势,pH和WT是驱动浮游植物时空分布的主要水环境因子;雅鲁藏布江中游生态健康状态整体为"健康-亚健康",河流健康状态枯水期优于丰水期、支流优于干流,EC、TUR、WT、NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N是影响该河段生态健康状态的主要水环境因子,可通过影响水体中浮游植物群落演替的方向和速率,参与和影响河流生态系统的物质循环和能量流动过程,驱动了雅鲁藏布江中游河流生态健康状态.     

基于MIKE 11的河网区域小型闸坝调控的水质响应模拟研究

闸坝运行是流域开发和利用中河流调节的主要形式之一,它改变了河流自然结构、流水过程及其相关环境.然而,目前很少有关于河网区域小型闸坝运行对水环境影响的分析.本研究利用MIKE11建立一维水动力与水质模型,以无锡市主要的污染物高锰酸盐指数,氨氮为指标,模拟闸坝调控模式下与无闸坝情景下无锡河网水质响应.研究表明：多个小型闸坝运行对河网区域内河流水质产生了负面影响,使城市河流高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）和氨氮（NH₃-N）浓度都有所上升;其中,闸坝调控对区域内河流上游水质的负面影响更为明显,对下游的则相对较小.在多小型闸坝运行下,河流上游的COD_Mn和NH₃-N总体浓度分别上升了12.89%和11.11%,下游的二者浓度分别上升了5.38%和7.27% .研究结果可为今后小型闸坝群的生态调控以及相关水环境响应研究提供了理论支撑和新思路.     

深圳市利用小(2)型水库进行河流生态补水研究

深圳市水环境质量改善迫在眉睫,亟需探寻新的解决思路和途径。借鉴香港、新加坡等城市经验,提出"抓大放小"思路,通过挖潜现有供水水库库容,科学调度水资源,逐步调整小(2)型水库供水功能,充分利用水库库容在旱季为下游河流实施生态补水。补水后可一定程度改善下游河流水质状况,为深圳市河流治理提供新的思路和解决方案。同时通过完善村镇供水网络,实现集中供水,保障了区域供水水量和水质的稳定。     

深圳市2015~2021年雨源型河流水质时空变化及其对降雨的响应

雨源型城市河流水容量偏小,缺乏动态补充水源,易受污染.基于深圳市2015~2021年全市（不含深汕）9大流域的21个水质指标数据和逐日降雨数据,利用单因子指数评价、综合污染指数、层次聚类分析和Pearson相关分析等方法,研究深圳市河流水质时空分布特征及特征污染物对降雨的响应关系.结果表明：①2015年全区大部分断面水质都是劣Ⅴ类水,2018年10月后河流水质总体得到大幅度改善,与2018年深圳市开展治水专项活动背景一致,到2021年约62%的断面水质达Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水标准;②深圳市（不含深汕）西部人口稠密地区的水质污染较东部更严重,河口和支流下游水质污染较上游更严重;③深圳市坪山河、龙岗河、茅洲河和深圳河的水质受降雨的影响显著;④深圳市河流的主要特征污染指标是DO、COD、BOD₅、NH₄⁺-N、TP、高锰酸盐指数、石油类和阴离子表面活性剂;对于坪山河和龙岗河,降雨使TP和NH₄⁺-N指标浓度升高;对于茅洲河,降雨使TP和COD指标浓度升高;对于深圳河,降雨使COD、TP和NH₄⁺-N指标浓度升高.以上结果能够揭示深圳市雨源型河流水质时空变化情况及其对降雨事件引发的非点源污染的响应关系,为深圳市打造更高品质水环境提供科学参考.     

艾比湖区域景观格局与河流水质关系探讨

为进一步明确景观格局对河流水质的影响.本研究选择新疆艾比湖区域为研究对象,以28个水质采样点为中心,建立100、200、300、400 m的河流缓冲区,并提取土地利用/覆被-景观格局数据.首先,通过主成分分析获得水环境的主要水质变量.其次,利用多元线性回归探讨研究区不同宽度缓冲区土地利用/覆被-景观格局变化对河流水质的影响,获得水质管理的有效缓冲区.结果表明：①2015年5月,在艾比湖区域测得的18个地表水水质指标中提取TDS、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺-N、HCO₃^-、Na⁺和TP这6个水质指标.②对斑块密度（PD）、最大斑块指数（LPI）、边缘密度（ED）、景观形状指数（LSI）、蔓延度指数（CONTAG）进行统计分析,发现人类活动在4个缓冲区内强弱不均.③本文在不同尺度的缓冲区下,将PD、LPI、ED、LSI、CONTAG和TDS、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺-N、HCO₃^-、Na⁺、TP分别进行相关性分析,发现300m缓冲区相关性最为显著.④在300m缓冲区内,通过多元线性回归分析,将TDS、HCO₃^-与其各自对应的景观指数的关系进行定量化表达,进一步探明区域流域地表水与周围一定缓冲区范围内的景观格局的内在关系.     

城市河流水生植物氮含量和氮同位素记录及其对水体氮污染的响应

城市生产和生活活动排放大量含氮污染物到城市河流中,造成水质下降、水体富营养化。河流水生植物已被广泛用于水体氮污染的评价和去除,但目前水生植物氮利用的过程机制并不十分清楚,这阻碍了利用水生植物的氮素地球化学指标去评价河流水体氮污染状态。本研究采集西南地区流经贵阳市区的南明河河水和水生植物样本,通过分析氮浓度和同位素组成,探讨在不同水体氮浓度条件下水生植物的氮利用机制。在受城市污染的河段,水体铵根（NH₄⁺）、硝酸根（NO₃^-）、溶解有机氮（DON）浓度均显著升高（n=13,p<0.05）,其水生植物的总氮含量随河水无机氮含量升高而升高。但是,受城市污染河段的水生植物总氮的δ¹⁵N值却无显著变化,说明除了水体氮源的δ¹⁵N特征,水生植物的氮利用策略是影响其δ¹⁵N记录的重要因素。在河流低氮浓度下植物主要利用水中的NO₃^-,在下游高氮浓度下植物氮利用机制较复杂,过程中会发生分馏,但具体的利用形态还无法确定。本研究揭示了水生植物氮利用策略对河流氮污染状态的响应机制和对塑造其地球化学记录的重要性,为城市河流废水氮污染评价及其植物修复措施提供基础科学依据。     

磨刀门水道输水水库群饮用水源水质的时空变化

饮用水源水质保护是保障饮用水安全供应的重要环节,分析饮用水源水质及时空变化可为水源地水质提升方案的制定提供重要基础.因此,本研究结合我国《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838-2002）和加拿大环境水质指数部长理事会（CCME-WQI）对粤港澳大湾区磨刀门水道及受其供水的杨寮水库、乾务水库、竹银水库、竹仙洞水库和大镜山水库群丰水期及枯水期10种常规水质指标进行评价,探讨水质的时空分布特征并进行江库连动和库库连通供水模式下水质相关性分析.结果表明,珠海市磨刀门水道和5个水库水质中氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）和氯化物这4个指标均不同程度地超过了Ⅲ类水质标准限值,最大值分别为2.22、0.28、5.38和1620 mg·L^-1.受到咸潮上溯和地表径流等影响,水质指标表现出明显的时空差异（P<0.05）.CCME-WQI值表明,珠海磨刀门水道输水水库群水质质量总体一般,空间上水质质量优劣排序为：杨寮水库（93.21）>竹仙洞水库（84.71）>竹银水库（82.57）>乾务水库（77.62）>大镜山水库（68.35）>磨刀门水道（63.40）.水质相关性分析表明大镜山水库和竹银水库水质情况受到了磨刀门水道的影响,是改善水源水质的主要治理对象.     

梯级生态湿地对污水厂尾水水质提升作用的数值模拟研究

以无锡城北污水厂尾水水质提升的梯级生态湿地为研究对象,以湿地长序列水质监测数据为基础,采用MIKE21二维流场模块（HD）耦合ECO Lab的“WQ with nutrients”模块开展梯级生态湿地系统的数值模拟研究,率定水质净化关键参数,研究梯级生态湿地对污水厂尾水水质 净化作用.结果表明,梯级生态湿地对COD、BOD、NH₃-N、NO₃^-和PO₄^3-的平均去除率分别为26.08%、26.08%、52.50%、31.62%和56.98%,污染物削减负荷分别为1.52、0.23、0.18、0.93和0.044 g·m^-2?d^-1,湿地系统的水动力和水质模拟误差分别在5%和15%之内.模拟率定了BOD一级反应降解系数和硝化作用、反硝化作用一级反应系数,以及植物、微生物吸收NH₃-N和PO₄^3-系数等梯级生态湿地水质净化关键参数,提出了梯级 生态湿地水质提升的污染物削减途径;率定参数与同类研究对比,模拟精度较高,参数率定结果可靠,可为尾水湿地工艺优化设计提供技术支撑.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.