数据缺失条件下基于MLP神经网络的水华风险预警方法研究

针对水华风险预警过程中相关监测指标数据缺失的问题,借鉴多元统计和随机分析构建了一种缺失数据插补方法,用于弥补现场调查数据的不足.基于主成分分析,对水华相关影响指标进行降维,确定水体水华风险预警模型的输入层变量.同时,采用多层感知器(MLP)人工神经网络模型对水华表征指标叶绿素a的浓度进行预测,并引入风险概率的概念,提出了水华风险概率计算公式,完善了水华预警的风险表达.最后以三峡库区典型支流大宁河为案例的研究证明了上述方法的可操作性.研究结果显示,插补数据条件下和未插补数据条件下的大宁河水华风险预警模型决定系数分别为0.9711和0.7769,前者的模型准确性更高,叶绿素a浓度预测效果更好;预测时段内大宁河11 d为水华蓝色预警(无警)级别,水华发生的风险概率为1.99%~18.61%;1 d达到水华橙色预警(中警)级别,水华发生概率为90.48%.     

东南沿海河流-水库系统藻类生长营养盐限制季节变动

选取厦漳泉三地市饮用水源地九龙江20条支流以及4个水库开展2013~2014年为期一年的逐月水质与生态调查与监测,并借助GIS、统计分析方法,识别了氮磷营养盐和浮游植物藻类丰度和群落的时空变异性,河流与水库氮磷营养盐限制的差异性以及其控制性的季节性变化特征.结果表明,九龙江支流和水库的营养盐、藻类丰度和群落都分别展示出明显的时空变异性.支流和水库均呈现营养盐氮素浓度冬春季节较高,夏秋季节较低;营养盐磷素浓度大体与之相反.水库藻类丰度于夏季最高,而支流藻类丰度呈现冬春季节较高,夏秋季节较低的趋势.其中,汀溪水库于秋冬春季节和夏季呈现硅藻,绿藻演替;江东库区于冬春,夏秋季节呈现绿藻-隐藻、绿藻-蓝藻演替;石兜-坂头水库以及支流均未出现季节演替现象,优势藻分别为蓝藻、绿藻.RDA排序图较好地显示了浮游植物藻类与环境因子之间的关系.水库叶绿素a与氮磷营养盐之间呈现显著相关性,相关关系较强,并且其相关关系在冬春季节呈现营养盐磷的限制性,夏秋季节呈现营养盐氮的限制性.相比于水库,支流叶绿素a与营养盐之间只有夏秋季节呈现显著相关性,且相关关系较弱.     

对桑沟湾海域一次藻华事件原因种的初步分析

2011年6月,桑沟湾海域爆发一种微微型藻类(藻细胞大小约2μm)形成的藻华。于6月1日、6月8日和6月17日采集的分级过滤浮游植物样品色素分析结果显示,19-丁酰氧基岩藻黄素(19-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin,But-fuco)、岩藻黄素(Fucoxanthin,Fuco)、硅甲藻黄素(Diadinoxanthin,Diad)和叶绿素a(Chlorophyll a,Chl a)等色素应是藻华原因种的主要色素组分。据此推断,藻华原因种可能属于海金藻类(Pelagophytes)、定鞭藻类(Haptophytes)或硅鞭藻类(Silicoflagellate)。色素化学分类软件CHEMTAX分析表明,藻华原因种对浮游植物总Chl a的贡献在22%～97%。桑沟湾海域藻华原因种的细胞大小和色素组成特征与近年来秦皇岛沿岸海域藻华原因种基本一致,这些藻华事件的一些共同特征,如藻细胞数量高、细胞个体小、But-fuco色素含量高、初夏爆发、对养殖贝类摄食具有抑制效应等,与美国东海岸抑食金球藻(Aureococcus anoph-agefferens)引发的"褐潮"现象非常相似,值得密切关注。     

基于BPNN的三峡水库神农溪叶绿素α浓度预测

三峡水库自蓄水以来,库区水环境发生了巨大变化,部分支流回水区出现大面积水华。为了有效减小及预防水华带来的影响,收集了三峡水库支流神农溪2013年5-12月的水环境监测数据,运用主成分分析法,分析水华的主要影响因子。以筛选出的8个主要因子加上叶绿素a浓度为模型输入,利用Matlab R2010a软件,建立了基于BP神经网络的水华预测模型。结果显示BP网络模型对未来1周的叶绿素a浓度的预测值与实测值之间的拟合程度良好,相关系数达到0.928。说明BP神经网络模型可以用于神农溪叶绿素a浓度预测,并为神农溪水华治理提供科学依据。     

北京市城区地表水体叶绿素a与藻密度相关性研究

实验主要研究在实验室培养条件下,对北京市城区地表水体进行分析,发现在叶绿素a浓度>40μg/L时,叶绿素a与藻密度有较好的相关性,R2值均>0.8705。同时,通过对实验数据及现象的分析,得到了水华阈值在叶绿素a浓度40μg/L,以及结合藻类生长曲线和藻密度、叶绿素a的日增长率的变化量得出各个河湖"水华"暴发的暴发点。     

基于长短时记忆神经网络的河流水质预测研究

准确高效地预测河流水质变化趋势对河流水环境治理与保护具有重要意义。该文利用广州市白坭河上自动监测站每2 h的水质数据,从单测站数据时序之间的相关性和上游测站的影响两方面,分别建立长短时记忆网络(LSTM)河流水质预测的循环神经网络模型。模型以氨氮浓度为输出变量,比较了不同输入变量下的模型预测效果,并以最优模型和常用的深度学习算法支持向量机(SVM)进行了比较。结果表明:单测站LSTM模型经输入变量特征选择后的预测结果比仅使用氨氮浓度单变量的时间序列预测更接近真实数值;对加入上游监测站的双测站LSTM模型,输入的变量经过特征选择时,模型预测效果优于全部水质变量作为输入的预测结果,也优于单测站LSTM模型;但不进行特征选择时,输入变量增加,模型学习到噪声而使精度下降;和SVM模型相比,最优特征组合的LSTM模型具有更好的预测效果。研究也表明,对输入变量进行特征选择后,LSTM模型是一种有潜力的河流水质预测方法。     

基于Metropolis准则的BP模型改进及在太湖Chl-a预测中的应用

水体富营养化及藻华暴发已成为湖泊治理中的主要问题,利用历史监测数据,采用BP神经网络对水体中叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度进行预测,已成为藻华预警的主要手段.但该方法存在迭代速度慢、易陷入局部极值等局限性,导致产生拟合结果不优或预测误差较大等问题.利用Metropolis接受准则的全局寻优能力,将其与BP神经网络相结合构建...     

星云湖藻量昼夜变化节律及垂直分布初步研究

星云湖是典型的蓝藻型富营养化湖泊,为了解星云湖藻量昼夜变化节律及垂直分布情况,2013年8月29日—30日,每隔2h对星云湖藻类进行分层采样,分析了各样品叶绿素a含量和藻类密度。结果表明:同一时间点下,各层藻量参差不齐,24h内各层藻量随时间推移起伏变化,上层藻量昼夜变化曲线呈典型的双峰型,峰值分别出现在14时和2时左右;上层藻量变化与水温呈显著正相关,白天藻类主要分布于水体上层(叶绿素a含量和藻类密度分别为180.43±24.38mg/m3和46670.2±6631.9×104cells/L),夜晚上层藻量明显下降(叶绿素a含量和藻类密度分别为156.81±14.67mg/m3和40154.4±7694.6×104cells/L);夜晚,各层水体藻量虽然起伏变化,但总体上,方差分析表明各层藻量无显著差异。     

西丽水库叶绿素a时空分布特征及其影响因素

以典型亚热带供水型水库--西丽水库为研究对象,对其2013年4月-2014年6月藻类ρ（Chla）及其相关环境因子进行监测,分析了藻类ρ（Chla）时空演变规律及其与环境因子的关系.结果显示:西丽水库ρ（TChla）（TChla为总叶绿素a）为2.65~60.35μg/L,其中蓝藻ρ（Chla）为0.77~30.58μg/L,硅藻ρ（Chla）为0.77~31.62μg/L,绿藻ρ（Chla）为0.77~12.71μg/L.汛期（6-9月）优势藻为蓝藻,其他时期硅藻占优势,绿藻全年处于较低水平.藻类分布具有明显的空间异质性,ρ（Chla）整体呈西北库区高东南库区低的特点,汛期白芒河入库区域ρ（Chla）偏高,存在一定的藻华风险.汛期盛行西南风,平均风速为2.7 m/s,有利于藻类自高浓度的西部库区向东迁移,一定程度上降低了藻华风险.水库流场空间差异较大,水体流速为0.005~0.025 m/s,水库主导流向为东北-西南,对西北库区的高浓度藻类起到稀释作用.Pearson相关分析和典范对应分析（CCA）显示,温度、有机物以及径流量是影响藻类生长和分布的前三位因子,磷是藻类生长的限制性营养盐.      

水质遥感在太湖叶绿素a时空分布动态变化研究中的应用

通过研究MODIS遥感数据与太湖现场监测数据之间的规律,确定了一个基于MODIS数据的叶绿素a指数,并以此为基础构建出一个具有普适性的、反映太湖叶绿素a时空分布动态变化的反演模型,为太湖藻类爆发的机理、预警研究以及水环境管理累积数据,提供决策依据。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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