利用UVC去除低浓度苯的实验研究

探讨了不同实验参数对苯的UVC去除效果的影响，获得了苯的去除率与苯的初始浓度、气体流量、相对湿度和氧气含量等参数之间的关系。数据表明，在实验条件范围内，苯的去除率的倒数与苯初始浓度、气体流量之间为线性关系；苯的去除率随相对湿度的增加呈现先升高后缓慢降低的关系，最佳相对湿度值在30%～50%之间；苯的去除率随氧气量的增加而缓慢增加；波长为185+254 nm的UV与254 nm的UV相比净化效果更为理想。还分析了苯降解产生的中间产物，探讨了苯的降解机理。     

组合式脉冲电晕反应器处理二氯甲烷废气实验研究

利用线-板和线-筒式串联成组合式脉冲电晕反应器对二氯甲烷(DCM)的降解效果进行了研究,考察了脉冲电源参数、DCM初始浓度、气体流量以及载气等因素对去除效果的影响。结果表明:DCM的去除效果与脉冲高压电源的峰值电压和脉冲频率成正比,与其自身初始浓度和气体流量成反比。在空气作为载气、峰值电压22.5kV、脉冲频率50 Hz、DCM初始质量浓度300mg/m3和气体流量1.2L/min时,DCM的去除率可达到79.5%;傅立叶红外光谱检测可知,主要产物为CO2、N2O、COCl2、CO和H2O等。     

应用冷等离子体净化尾气中NO的研究

本文设计了轻便的电晕放电装置 ,并用其进行了冷等离子体去除NO的实验研究 ,得到了NO的去除率随放电管的输入功率、NO的初始浓度以及气体的流量而变化的对比曲线。在流量较小 (≤ 0 .0 5m3 /h)或者浓度较低 (≤ 15 0×10 -6)的情况下 ,本文所设计的装置去除NO的效果较好 (>80 % )。该装置体积小、重量轻、功耗低 ,加以改进 ,对于实际的汽车尾气排放控制 ,具有良好的应用前景     

隔膜电解海水氧化耦合吸收脱硫脱硝净化船舶尾气技术

采用隔膜电解技术对海水进行改性,生成的氧化液和碱性液分别喷淋进入氧化洗涤塔和碱式吸收塔,通过耦合的二段式反应研究脱除模拟船舶尾气中NO与SO_2的性能,实验详细考察了NO与SO_2的气体流量与初始浓度、海水电解时间和氧化液有效氯浓度对SO_2和NO脱除效率的影响。结果表明:隔膜电解海水能够高效地脱除船舶尾气中的SO_2和NO;SO_2脱除效率高,在实验条件范围内几乎不受各因素的影响;NO脱除效率随NO初始浓度、海水电解时间、氧化液有效氯浓度的提升而增大,随SO_2初始浓度、气体流量的提升而减小。当气体流量为1 m~3·h~(-1),初始SO_2、NO浓度分别为600mL·m~(-3)和900 mL·m~(-3),海水电解时间为60 min,氧化液有效氯浓度为540 mg·L~(-1)时,模拟船舶尾气中SO_2和NO的去除效率可以分别达到98.6%和84.4%。     

污水厂生物除臭设施运行及影响因素的研究

在污水处理过程中会有大量的恶臭气体产生,主要含硫化氢和氨等发臭物质.这些臭味物质逸散到空气中,对污水处理厂及其周边的空气环境造成危害.针对清河污水处理厂原有生物除臭设施除臭效率难以提高的问题,对气体收集系统和生物除臭滤池内的喷淋管路进行了改造,并更换了新型生物填料.本研究对改造前后的除臭效果进行了考察,结果显示,硫化氢的平均去除率从改造前的36.5%提高到62.9%,最大去除率可以达到96.2%;氨的去除率从28.2%提高到接近100%.臭味气体的处理效果随除臭滤池的温度、气体的相对湿度的升高而提高.为此,对臭味气体的负荷、流量、温度以及湿度等因素进行了研究,在温度＞20℃、相对湿度＞80%的条件下,生物除臭滤池能够有比较理想的处理效果.     

多针-板脉冲放电处理模拟尾气中的NO_x

机动车尾气中NO_x受到人们普遍关注。采用多针-板放电反应器,研究NO_x浓度变化随电气、气体等参数的变化规律,为脉冲放电去除NO_x提供一定理论支撑。结果表明:在一定条件下提高脉冲电压有利于NO转化;脉冲重复频率增大可提升NO_x去除率,脉冲重复频率达到一定值时NO_x去除率增幅不明显;流量增大利于NO转化,不利于NO_x去除;随氧浓度的升高NO转化率呈现先降低后升高,NO_x去除率逐渐降低。当氧浓度低于5%时,NO_x主要是通过NO还原成N_2;氧浓度高于5%时,NO主要通过氧化转化为NO_2。     

室内空气总挥发性有机物净化实验装置设计及应用

为了探究进气流量和相对湿度对活性炭吸附法和光催化转化法动态净化室内空气中总挥发性有机物(TVOC)的影响,设计了一套包含活性炭吸附器和光催化反应器的多功能空气动态净化实验装置,并利用该装置进行了室内空气净化实验。通过设置不同进气条件(进气流量和相对湿度)对室内空气进行净化实验,采用气相色谱仪对样品TVOC浓度进行检测,并与未经净化处理的空气样品进行对比,计算TVOC去除率。结果表明:该实验装置能够实现连续进气且能对进气流量和相对湿度进行精准调节;随着进气流量增大,活性炭和光催化对TVOC去除率减小;随着进气相对湿度增大,活性炭对TVOC去除率减小,光催化对TVOC的去除率呈现先增大后减小的趋势。以上实验结果为气候舱空气净化系统、家用空气净化器及室内新风过滤系统等动态空气净化系统的设计提供了参考。     

等离子体协同光催化去除模拟烟气中SO2的实验研究

近年来,低温等离子体技术以及纳米TiO2光催化技术在烟气脱硫中的应用越来越引起人们的关注.利用填充床反应器将这2种技术有机地结合起来,进行了大量脱硫实验研究.研究结果表明,等离子体协同光催化去除烟气中的SO2与单独采用等离子体技术相比,其SO2的去除率可提高5%～20%.同时,探讨了等离子体协同TiO2光催化剂的脱硫机理,分别研究了外加电压、气体流量和SO2初始浓度等因素对脱硫效率的影响.实验结果表明,当SO2初始浓度为800mg/m3,输入电压为17.5 kV,气体流量为0.2 m3/h时,SO2脱除率可以达到77.6%.     

双极性高压脉冲介质阻挡放电脱硝实验参数优化研究

为提高机动车尾气中NO_x的去除率,采用了介质阻挡放电对NO_x进行处理,研究了介质阻挡放电反应器在不同介质参数、放电参数和气体参数条件下对NO_x去除的影响,优化了双极性高压脉冲放电的反应参数。结果表明:当放电极为直径10mm的螺纹铜棒,介质管为内径16mm、介质厚度1.5mm的石英玻璃管,放电间隙为3mm,放电长度为28cm,放电频率为60Hz,O_2体积分数为6%,NO_x初始质量浓度为536mg/m~3,气体流量为1.1L/min,单向脉冲电压为12kV,C_2H_2与NOx质量浓度比为1.5时,NO转化率和NO_x去除率分别为64.56%和22.57%。     

低频超声协同Fe-Ni-Mn/Al_2O_3催化降解酸性绿B的研究

采用低频超声与Fe-Ni-Mn/Al2O3催化剂协同降解偶氮染料酸性绿B模拟废水,考察染料初始浓度和pH值、催化剂、饱和气体及H2O2等因素对酸性绿B降解效果的影响,结果表明:催化剂Fe-Ni-Mn/Al2O3与低频超声存在协同效应,催化剂的最佳投加量为6 g/L;酸性条件有利于染料的超声降解,当pH=3.8时,可取得最佳的降解效果;酸性绿B降解率随初始浓度的增大而降低,其优化初始浓度为100 mg/L,此外,在反应体系中鼓入饱和气体也可促进酸性B的降解,且影响顺序为混合气体(air+Ar)>氧气>氩气;在反应过程中投加H2O2有利于染料降解率的提高.在优化实验条件下降解150 min,酸性绿B色度去除率达到91.4%.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.