污染生态学与环境生物学

介绍了污染生态学和环境生物学的发展及研究趋势,分析了污染生态学与环境生物学之间的关系及主要的研究内容,阐述了污染生态学与环境生物学在生态学领域中的地位及其主要的研究方向。     

中国环境纠纷的处理与公众监督环境执法

随着经济的不断发展和公民环境意识的提高，环境纠纷也有逐年上知的趋势，甚至在某些地方已成为引起社会不安定的因素之一。但是，我国的环境纠纷处理立法却没有得到相应的发展。其原因是多方面的。环境纠纷处理立法的相对滞后，影响了我国对环境纠纷及时、合理与公正的处理，同时也影响了对环保法的执行和遵守。为了加强公众对环境执法的监督，需要鼓励和支持污染受害者拿起法律的武器，通过司法途径解决环境纠纷。     

京九线（江西段）环境与资源保护对策研究

阐述了京九线（江西段）环境与资源特点和问题，以生态学和经济原理为指导，遵循生态规律和经济规律，从动态时空变化上提出环境与资源保护的对策。     

保护煤矿环境与发展生产力

本文详细了论述了煤矿开采引起的煤矿区及其周围的环境变化，对煤矿生产及整个社会主义生产力发展的影响，分析了发展社会生产力与保护煤矿环境之间的辨证关系，以及处理好两者关系必须采取的措施。     

工业生态学视角下的环境信息披露研究

随着人类社会的发展,工业生产与环境污染之间的问题日益突出,工业生态学将工业社会视为一个生态系统,成为人类实现可持续发展的重要途径。本文研究了环境信息披露的有关内容,提出了工业生态学指导下的环境信息披露涵义,重点要披露生态系统下企业间合作的环境信息,同时就如何加强我国环境信息披露提出了相关建议。     

关于我国设立环境纠纷仲裁机构的设想

关于我国设立环境纠纷仲裁机构的设想华东政法学院经济法系周莉娟环境纠纷，是指由于污染或破坏环境而产生的加害者与受害者之间的矛盾和争议。这种纠纷，通常由于单位或个人在利用环境和资源过程中违反环境保护法律规定，污染和破坏环境，侵犯他人的合法权益（包括环境权...     

社会经济驱动的环境水质问题研究进展

社会经济活动驱动水污染物排放并影响环境水质,进而威胁人体健康和生态安全.单一从自然环境系统视角研究水污染过程难以充分揭示产生环境水质问题的根源,有必要同时从社会经济-自然环境复合生态系统视角揭示社会经济活动对环境水质问题的驱动作用.本文从复合生态系统视角对环境水质问题研究进行系统梳理.分析发现,现有研究从生产、消费等多视角识别了驱动水污染物排放的关键地区和行业,并探究了水污染物排放变化的社会经济影响因素（如排放强度、经济发展水平）.过量水污染物排放加剧了环境水质恶化,已有研究采用灰水足迹、污染物浓度等多种指标表征水污染程度,进而分析了社会经济活动对水质变化的驱动作用.此外,现有研究探究了水质变化对社会经济系统的直接和间接反馈作用,揭示了水质变化影响的跨区域-跨行业传导过程.这些研究为优化调控社会经济因素以改善环境水质提供了决策依据.目前,水污染数据仍存在精度不高、时间序列较短等问题,且相关研究缺少水污染环境影响的社会经济溯源分析、社会经济系统与环境水质之间动态闭环模拟等.     

深刻研究环境问题生成-演变规律是科学制定环境政策前提和关键

本文研究环境问题诱导孕育机制、形成机制、动力机制、强化机制、发展机制、防护机制、扩散机制等，以揭示环境问题生命周期各个阶段的规律、特征、过程、动态；对环境问题来龙去脉、变化过程和影响因素系统而深刻研究。以环境行为为主线，综合应用环境心理学、环境社会学、环境政治、环境伦理学等有关环境人文社会科学理论，探讨环境问题诱导、形成、发生、发展、扩散、作用、衰退等各个阶段的数量动态、空间格局、演变态势等，同时也为环境人文社会科学综合集成，提供一个范式。为环境政策调控奠定微观基础，为环境政策综合调控提供微观分析技术和控制手段。     

环境科学的生态观

<正> 一、什么是环境科学环境科学是以环境问题或公害问题为转机而发展起来的一门学科,但其研究范围不单局限于研究公害对策,而是具有目标远大、发展前景广阔的科学.从不同角度看环境科学可有不同的定义,我认为可以把环境科学看作是人类生态学(Human Ecology).生态学通常是研究生物与环境之间相互关系的科学.生物与环境间的相互关系就是作用与反作用关系(图1).然而,环境科学则以人类为主代替了以生物为主.如果环     

湖南省环境污染责任保险相关问题与对策

近年来我国环境污染事故频发,导致严重的生态破坏和经济损失,部分受害者得不到相应赔偿,影响了社会和谐发展。环境污染责任保险具有风险分散功能,能有效实现对环境侵权的社会化救济。通过对湖南省境内环境污染责任保险实施现状的调查,分析了目前环境污染责任保险在环境风险管理中存在的问题和不足,并提出了促进和完善环境污染责任保险发展的对策与建议,可为我国环境污染责任保险的推广提供参考和借鉴。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.