基于供给—消耗关系的蒙古高原草地承载力时空变化分析

在全球气候变化与人类活动加剧的双重影响下,蒙古高原草地放牧超载与草地退化问题不断凸显。如何从畜牧业生产对草地利用强度角度揭示草地生态系统的人地关系,对草地资源可持续利用对策研究至关重要。基于生态系统供给与消耗平衡关系,利用卫星遥感数据与畜牧业统计数据,分析蒙古高原草地生态系统的生态承载状态,研究不同政策背景和资源禀赋条件下草地生态系统承载压力的区域差异特征。研究结果表明：（1）内蒙古自治区和蒙古国两地不同的政策和习俗深刻影响了牧民对草地的利用方式,使得两地畜牧业生产结构产生显著差异,内蒙古自治区牲畜类型组成区域差异性大、总量相对平稳,而蒙古国牲畜数量增加显著、牲畜类型组成区域分布更为均匀。（2）内蒙古自治区和蒙古国草地消耗量均呈现出明显的上升趋势,蒙古高原草地资源消耗总量在2014年超出了供给量,其中内蒙古自治区草地资源消耗量在2005年超出了供给量,而近年来蒙古国的草地资源消耗量也逐渐逼近供给量。（3）2000-2016年间,蒙古高原草地承载压力不断增大,整体从盈余状态变为临界超载状态,持续严重超载地区主要出现在荒漠草原地区,并逐渐向典型草原及农牧交错区推进;蒙古国自2003年起富富有余状态区逐步减少且严重超载区逐步增多,内蒙古自治区则受生态保护政策的影响呈波动性变化。通过定量分析内蒙古自治区和蒙古国草地承载状况的时空差异性,所揭示出的不同社会经济背景下畜牧业生产结构与强度的变化规律可为草地资源管理提供科学依据。     

内蒙古草地生产力资源和载畜量的区域尺度模式评估

在气候变化和人类活动的干扰下熏内蒙古草地在过去50年里产生大面积的退化沙化。论文在大气植被相互作用模式穴AVIM雪的基础上发展了一个区域评估模型AVIMia。该模式包括陆面物理过程、植被生长过程和草地利用模式,用来评估放牧利用和气候变化对草地生产力和载畜量的影响。结果表明:内蒙古草地区域生产力剧烈的年际变化与降水量密切相关,而与温度没有明显相关关系。模式估计内蒙古草地总的地上生产力为771.7×108kg/a,可食地上生物量为498.1×108kg/a,典型草原和草甸草原占了大部分的生产力。据此推算的内蒙古地区总的载畜量为45.51×106羊单位,与1997年实际载畜量比较,超载100%。因而熏提出过牧可能是内蒙古草地大面积退化沙化的主要原因,甚至超过气候变化的影响。     

Land use as a mitigation strategy for the water-quality impacts of global warming: a scenario analysis on two watersheds in the Ohio River Basin

This study uses an integrative approach to study the water-quality impacts of future global climate and land-use changes. In this study, changing land-use types was used as a mitigation strategy to reduce the adverse impacts of global climate change on water resources. The climate scenarios were based on projections made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United Kingdom Hadley Centre's climate model (HadCM2). The Thornthwaite water-balance model was coupled with a land-use model (L-THIA) to investigate the hydrologic effects of future climate and land-use changes in the Ohio River Basin. The land-use model is based on the Soil Conservation Service's curve-number method. It uses the curve number, an index of land use and soil type, to calculate runoff volume and depth. The ArcView programming language, Avenue, was used to integrate the two models into a geographic information system (GIS). An output of the water-balance model, daily precipitation values adjusted for potential evapotranspiration, served as one of the inputs into the land-use model. Two watersheds were used in the present study: one containing the city of Cincinnati on the main stem of the Ohio River, and one containing the city of Columbus on a tributary of the Ohio River. These cities represent two major metropolitan areas in the Ohio River Basin with different land uses experiencing different rates of population growth. The projected hypothetical land-use changes were based on linear extrapolations of current population data. Results of the analyses indicate that conversion from agricultural land use to low-density residential land use may decrease the amount of surface runoff. The land-use practices which generate the least amount of runoff are forest, low-density residential, and agriculture; whereas high-density residential and commercial land-use types produce the highest runoff. The hydrologic soil type present was also an important factor in determining the amount of runoff and non-point-source pollution. A runoff-depth matrix and total nitrogen matrix were created for Cincinnati and Columbus to describe possible land-use mitigation measures in response to global climate change. The differences in Cincinnati and Columbus were due to differences in geographic location, air temperature, and total runoff. The results of this study may be useful to planners and policy makers for defining the possible impacts of future global climate and land-use changes on water resources.     

内蒙古天然草地资源精细化气候区划研究

根据内蒙古107个气象站资料,利用梯度距离平方反比法,推算出内蒙古自治区气候数据的千米网格数据图形。根据内蒙古实际草原类型和畜种结构的分布规律,确定了内蒙古5类草原类型、6个产草量等级和5类主要放牧家畜地理分布的气候区划指标。利用气候区划指标,对栅格点气候数据进行分级,绘制了内蒙古自治区天然草原草地类型、产草量和主要放牧家畜地理分布的区划图,并分区进行评述。研究结果可为内蒙古畜牧业生产区域合理布局提供科学依据。     

Adaptation of land management in the Mediterranean under scenarios of irrigation water use and availability

Meeting the growing demand for food in the future will require adaptation of water and land management to future conditions. We studied the extent of different adaptation options to future global change in the Mediterranean region, under scenarios of water use and availability. We focused on the most significant adaptation options for semiarid regions: implementing irrigation, changes to cropland intensity, and diversification of cropland activities. We used Conversion of Land Use on Mondial Scale (CLUMondo), a global land system model, to simulate future change to land use and land cover, and land management. To take into account future global change, we followed global outlooks for future population and climate change, and crop and livestock demand. The results indicate that the level of irrigation efficiency improvement is an important determinant of potential changes in the intensity of rain-fed land systems. No or low irrigation efficiency improvements lead to a reduction in irrigated areas, accompanied with intensification and expansion of rain-fed cropping systems. When reducing water withdrawal, total crop production in intensive rain-fed systems would need to increase significantly: by 130% without improving the irrigation efficiency in irrigated systems and by 53% under conditions of the highest possible efficiency improvement. In all scenarios, traditional Mediterranean multifunctional land systems continue to play a significant role in food production, especially in hosting livestock. Our results indicate that significant improvements to irrigation efficiency with simultaneous increase in cropland productivity are needed to satisfy future demands for food in the region. The approach can be transferred to other similar regions with strong resource limitations in terms of land and water.     

Climate change scenarios to facilitate stakeholder engagement in agricultural adaptation

To prepare agricultural systems for climate change, scientists need to be able to effectively engage with land managers and policy makers to explore potential solutions. An ongoing challenge in engagement is to distil the complexity of climate-change-management-change interactions in agro-ecological systems to identify responses that are most important for adaptation planning. This paper presents an approach for selecting climate change scenarios to provide a focal point for engaging with stakeholders to evaluate adaptation options and communicate assessment outcomes. We illustrate how scenarios selected with the approach can be used by evaluating climate change impacts and an adaptation option for livestock industries in the north-east Australian rangelands. Climate change impacts on forage production, animal liveweight gain and soil loss are found to track projected climate changes in four pasture communities; increasing by up to 50% and declining by up to 110% in response to doubled atmospheric carbon-dioxide (CO₂), 4°C warming, and +20% to ?40% changes in mean annual rainfall. The effectiveness of reducing grazing pressure as an adaptation option shows a similar response; resulting in higher forage production (up to 40%), animal liveweight gains (up to 59%) and gross margins (up to 40%), and reduced soil erosion (down by 91%) per hectare relative to the baseline management. The results show that a few key scenarios may be selected to represent the range of global climate model (GCM) projections for use in assessing and communicating impacts and adaptation; simplifying the assessments and allowing limits to the effectiveness of adaptation options to be explored. The approach provides a framework for capturing and communicating trends in climate change impacts and the utility of options, which are required for successful engagement of stakeholders in finding viable adaption responses.     

AVHRR草地分类的潜力和局限:以锡林郭勒草原为例

AVHRR-NDVI已广泛应用于宏观土地覆盖研究,但在区域研究中应用比较少。论文根据1999年锡林郭勒草原4种草地NDVI的动态过程,结合对应AVHRR提供的额外信息,对4种草地进行了分类。首先,根据全年NDVI低平的特点检测出荒漠;第二,使用6月Ch3>3180和Ch5>3100区分出沙地草地;第三,使用8月Ch2>200或6～8月NDVI_6～8月>1.2检测出长势良好的草甸。与基于TM的草地图比较,AVHRR的分类结果失去了许多细节,但对土地覆盖长期变化研究仍有价值,特别是对沙漠化过程的监测。需要进一步的研究才能确定AVHRR在区分长势差的草甸和典型草原方面的潜力或局限。     

内蒙古农牧交错带土地利用方式对土壤CH4吸收的影响

本文选取内蒙古锡林郭勒盟太仆寺旗温带半干旱典型草原及其邻近不同开垦年限的农田（5年,10年,50年）为研究对象,利用静态暗箱法对土壤CH4的吸收通量进行了野外观测试验。结果表明：天然草地转化为农田后,土壤吸收CH4的能力增强,随农垦年限的增加,土壤对CH4的吸收能力呈现逐渐降低趋势,依次为F5〉FIO〉F50〉G。     

Future land-use change scenarios for the Black Sea catchment

Plausible future scenarios have been created for the Black Sea catchment, focussing on spatially explicit alternatives for land-use changes. Four qualitative storylines (HOT, ALONE, COOP and COOL) were first developed, based on interpretation of the respective global scenarios (A1, A2, B1 and B2) produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Quantitative statistical downscaling techniques were then used to disaggregate the outputs of global scenarios at a regional level. The resulting land-use maps were spatially allocated at 1 km resolution in the Metronamica model, using a set of factors related to the identified drivers of change. The land-use change model was calibrated on historical trends of land-cover change (MODIS 2001 and 2008) translated into spatial allocation rules, and future land-use projections (IMAGE, 2001) were adopted. Suitability and constraint maps and population trends were used to regulate the modelling process. The calibrated model was validated by statistical procedures, visual evaluation and stakeholder involvement in order to ensure its plausibility and accuracy. This methodology bridged the gap between the global and regional scales. Four simulated future states were produced for the main land-use classes–forest, grassland, cropland and built-up areas, as well as scrublands, crops/natural vegetation and barren land–for 2025 and 2050. The results suggest that the features highlighted in these scenarios are guided by global trends, such as population rise and decreasing agriculture, but with different growth rates and a variety of spatial patterns, with regional variations resulting from local backgrounds and policy objectives. This study aims to provide future land-use data as a potential geographical tool to assist policy makers in addressing environmental emergencies such as water stress and pollution. In particular, the exploration of plausible futures can support future assessments to comply with the EU Water Framework Directive and Integrated Coastal Zone Management policies around the Black Sea.     

1990~2015年东北地区草地变化遥感监测研究

基于1990年和2015年东北地区草地数据集,采用草地动态度模型、草地变化程度综合指数、草地相对变化率、质心模型和景观指数等作为参考指标对草地时空演变特征及其驱动因素进行分析.结果表明：25a间,东北地区草地面积减少了9755.94km²,其中,内蒙古自治区东部减少量最大;黑龙江省草地动态度、变化程度综合指数和相对变化率最高,分别为-30.67%、21.68%和5.55,草地变化最剧烈、稳定性最差;内蒙古自治区东部相应三个指标最低,分别为-3.76%、2.66%和0.68,年均变化强度最高,为0.0193%,相对其他省草地更稳定,但其减少规模最大;草地质心向西偏南方向移动11.28km,是由东部黑龙江省和西部内蒙古自治区东部草地动态强度巨大差异所致;东北地区草地破碎化程度降低、景观类型稳定性上升、斑块形状趋于规则化,主要是小斑块、破碎斑块转化为其他土地类型的结果.气候变暖、变干是草地退化的自然驱动因素,人口增加和经济增长间接影响了草地变化,牲畜大幅度增长是重要因素.     

人类活动对锡林郭勒盟草原净初级生产力的影响研究

净初级生产力是草地生态系统生产能力的体现,同时也是草地生态系统固碳能力的重要指标。论文利用MOD17A3净初级生产力数据（NPP）与气象资料,分析了2001—2010年人类活动对锡林郭勒盟草原净初级生产力的影响。研究表明：1）锡林郭勒盟草原实际净初级生产力（NPP_A）介于41.32~362.27 g C·m^-2·a^-1,均值为150.78 g C·m^-2·a^-1,有较明显的水平地带性规律,由东向西逐渐减小,草甸草原最大,典型草原次之,荒漠草原最小;2）锡林郭勒盟草原人类活动影响的净初级生产力（NPP_H）介于-185.07~153.92 g C·m^-2·a^-1,均值为-34.80 g C·m^-2·a^-1,人类活动负作用占草原总面积的93.4%,人类活动正作用仅占6.6%;3）人类活动对锡林郭勒盟草原净初级生产力的影响主要是由负作用向正作用转变,且空间分布有明显的南北界线,南部表现为负作用增强,北部为正作用增强。研究可为锡林郭勒盟草地资源的管理和可持续利用提供参考依据。     

Assessment of future scenarios of climate and land-use changes in the IMPRINTS test-bed areas

The main objective of this work is to identify and evaluate the potential impacts produced by climate and land-use changes in six European test-bed basins (Llobregat, Guadalhorce, Gardon d’Anduze, Linth, Verzasca and Sambuco). Data to build future scenarios that can modify the different basins’ flash flood and debris flow risk level has been analyzed in this paper. High resolution climate scenarios have been obtained from several European projects and/or National initiatives, depending on each case. Climatic variables have been widely analyzed, with a special focus on extreme precipitation. Typical generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions have been fitted to observed and projected rainfall data to assess impacts in the frequency distributions of extreme rainfall up to 2100. Regarding climate, the main conclusion is the importance of using data at the maximum spatial and temporal resolution applying downscaling methodologies adapted to basin scale (test-bed areas ranging from approx 200 to 5000 km²) and oriented to obtain extreme rainfall values.In general, high variability has been detected, obtaining very different results for the different models and scenarios. Data corrections may lead to better representations of present situations and, therefore, more reliable future projections, but currently some of them are not suitable for extreme precipitation assessment.Regarding land-use changes, a cellular automata-based model has been used (MOLAND) to simulate the 2000–2040 period taking the CORINE land-use dataset as input data. Llobregat, Guadalhorce and Gardon d’Anduze basins have been identified as potentially interesting for simulating urban land-use dynamics due to the existence of important urban areas within their limits. The assessment of the rural land-use changes has been carried out using the results from the EURURALIS project (2000–2030 period), available for all the basins.The results of this paper are framed in the FP7 project IMPRINTS that has the aim of analyzing impacts of future changes to provide guidelines for mitigation and adaptation measures and, in general, to improve the application of the EC Flood Risk Management Directive.     

黄河中游砒砂岩地区长川流域生态用水分析

在野外实地观测的基础上,利用GIS和情景分析方法,对地处典型黄河中游砒砂岩地区的内蒙古长川流域不同水土流失综合治理和退耕还林(草)情景下的生态用水特征进行分析。结果表明:长川流域平均蒸散量和平均生态用水量分别为274.3mm和370.7mm,植被蒸散的水分消耗较大,但流域降雨量基本能满足植被的蒸散耗水需求,流域的整体生态用水量处于较适宜水平。研究区水土保持生物措施情景(B2方案)的生态用水量小于适宜生态用水阈值(411.3mm),但其植被蒸散量大于有效降雨量(279.0mm),从长远角度看,B2方案还是受水分(降雨)条件的限制;而4种退耕还林(草)情景的生态用水量和植被蒸散量均小于适宜生态用水阈值和有效降雨量,不受降雨条件的限制。     

Multi-scale scenarios of spatial-temporal dynamics in the European livestock sector

The European livestock sector has changed rapidly in the recent past and further changes are expected in the near future due to reforms in the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), increasing environmental concerns and changing consumer awareness. We developed a multi-scale modeling approach for exploring spatial and temporal dynamics of livestock distribution by accounting for drivers at different spatial scales. Such approach can provide a basis for environmental impact assessments of livestock farming at broad spatial scales. Assessment of change in both quantity and location was made for six livestock types. Four contrasting scenarios were applied ranging from globalization to regionalization, as well as from low regulation levels and dominance of market forces towards a higher degree of governmental regulation. National level livestock numbers as calculated by a macro-economic model were spatially distributed at the landscape scale according to the scenario assumptions considering biophysical, socio-economic, and political forces. Results indicate for most of the old European Union (EU) member countries a decrease in livestock numbers. In the new EU member countries sheep, goats and pigs are expected to decline while beef cattle and poultry are expected to grow. Livestock densities are expected to increase both within and outside current livestock hotspot regions in absence of environmental legislations. Environmental pressure as result of high livestock densities may, however, also remain in regulated scenarios where environmental policies are implemented and income support remains stable over time due to path dependencies in the livestock sector. But contrary to the non-regulated scenario it is less likely that new areas with high risk of negative environmental impacts due to livestock farming will develop.     

Adaptation strategies of climate variability impacts on alpine grassland ecosystems in Tibetan Plateau

Northern Tibet is the headstream region for the Yangtze, Salween River, Mekong River, and numerous other inflowing rivers and high mountain lakes. Sustaining the environmental conditions in the region is of vital importance for Tibet and the whole of China. The alpine grassland ecosystem in Northern Tibet is the most important ecosystem and extremely sensitive to climate change and human activity. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of climate variability based on observed meteorological data and future climate scenarios, and reviewed the impact of climate variability and to explore adaptation strategies of alpine grassland in Northern Tibet. The result showed that the annual mean temperature has increased by 0.31 °C·10a^?1 while the annual total precipitation has increased by 14.6 mm·10a^?1 with high inter-annual and inter-seasonal fluctuations in Northern Tibet from 1961 to 2008. The rising trends of temperature and precipitation would be continued and the aridity indices showed a decreasing trend in the future, which potentially predicts that the climate in Northern Tibet becomes warmer and dryer. The climate variability results the melting of glaciers, the expansion of inland high mountain lakes and the negative impacts on alpine grassland in recent years. In order to adapt to such possible future climate changes, the alpine grassland water-saving irrigation was recommended as key adaptation measure and also rational grazing management, alpine grassland fencing and artificial grass planting were selected as adaptation measures, to lower the negative impacts of climate variability on the alpine grassland ecosystem in Northern Tibet.     

基于扰沌模型的青藏高原放牧社会—生态系统分析

青藏高原的放牧系统具有重要的生态和生计意义,但目前正受到气候变化和人为干扰的双重威胁。为寻找改善现状的着力点,有必要探究青藏高原放牧系统的现状与演变趋势。以青藏高原东北部的共和县为例,基于历史统计数据、地方志与文献资料,在社会—生态系统的视角下,运用描述系统演变的扰沌模型,分析共和县放牧社会—生态系统的历史变迁、现状以及未来发展趋势。其中与经济相关的家庭生计—市场子系统目前处于平稳积累资源阶段,与生态相关的草—畜子系统处于释放阶段的早期,社会子系统处于偏离正常轨迹的重组阶段。草—畜子系统的情况恶化并将为更大时空尺度的社会子系统带来负面影响。未来要注意防止家庭畜牧生产与畜牧业市场的过度连接,维护畜牧产业链上的获益公平,提升牧民收入来源多样化程度;注重草地治理,提升基层监理队伍的数量和质量,鼓励合作社优化畜群结构从而与草地匹配,制定合理的政策帮助牧民社会适应外来变化。     

首都圈防沙治沙水土资源空间优化配置研究——以大兴、怀来、张北为例

首都圈是近年来北京沙尘暴天气日益严重的重要沙尘源区之一。研究区中大兴区代表的是华北平原北缘落叶阔叶林灌草丛典型区;怀来县代表的是桑干河、洋河盆地灌木草原典型区;张北县代表的是坝上高原西部干草原典型区。论文通过了解水土资源利用的变化情况,分析水土资源利用现状和存在问题;利用中国资源环境遥感数据库中的土地利用现状、中国1∶1000000土地资源图等数据,以水资源为最重要的限制因素,通过灰色线性规划模型,以防沙治沙和发展经济、实现区域可持续发展为目标,进行水土资源优化配置;结合不同区域水土资源利用的突出问题,将水土资源优化配置方案落实到空间;建立区域水土资源比较合理、有效利用的方案。大兴的重要措施是平原旱耕地转变为中覆盖度草地,怀来是陡坡地退耕,张北是提高草地的覆盖度。     

锡林郭勒草原荒漠化气候因素分析

利用1961-2006年锡林郭勒草原年、季、月降水量、平均气温、沙尘暴日数等气象资料,针对锡林郭勒草原荒漠化的现状进行分析。在气候变暖背景下,研究锡林郭勒草原干旱发生的规律及其成因,分析其带给锡林郭勒草原荒漠化的影响,得到以下结论：1．锡林郭勒草原沙化、荒漠化严重,沙化面积位居内蒙古自治区第一,荒漠化面积位居内蒙古自治区第二。2．锡林郭勒草原春夏季降水趋势存在准25a气候振动,年代际变化特征比较突出。干旱发生的频率较高。3．气候变暖给锡林郭勒草原干旱带来较大的影响。4．沙尘暴频发与干旱相互影响,同时对锡林郭勒草原草场生态资源产生一定的影响。5．生态环境恶化,导致大面积土地资源和生物资源丧失。恶化的生态环境已经影响到了锡林郭勒草原社会经济的发展。     

A nexus perspective on competing land demands: Wider lessons from a UK policy case study

As nations develop policies for low-carbon transitions, conflicts with existing policies and planning tools are leading to competing demands for land and other resources. This raises fundamental questions over how multiple demands can best be managed. Taking the UK as an empirical example, this paper critiques current policies and practices to explore the interdependencies at the water-energy-food nexus. It considers how current land uses and related policies affect the UK’s resilience to climate change, setting out an agenda for research and practice relevant to stakeholders in land-use management, policy and modelling. Despite recent progress in recognising such nexus challenges, most UK land-related policies and associated science continue to be compartmentalised by both scale and sector and seldom acknowledge nexus interconnections. On a temporal level, the absence of an over-arching strategy leaves inter-generational trade-offs poorly considered. Given the system lock-in and the lengthy policy-making process, it is essential to develop alternative ways of providing dynamic, flexible, practical and scientifically robust decision support for policy-makers. A range of ecosystem services need to be valued and integrated into a resilient land-use strategy, including the introduction of non-monetary, physical-unit constraints on the use of particular services.     

Pasture diversification to combat climate change impacts on grazing dairy production

Among livestock systems, grazing is likely to be most impacted by climate change because of its dependency to feed quality and availability. In order to reduce the impact of climate change on grazing livestock systems, adaptation measures should be implemented. The goal of this study is to identify the best pasture composition for a representative grazing dairy farm in Michigan in order to reduce the impacts of climate change on production. In order to achieve the goal of this study, three objectives were sought: (1) identify the best pasture composition, (2) assess economic and resource use impacts of pasture compositions under future climate scenarios, and (3) evaluate the resiliency of pasture compositions. A representative farm was developed based on a livestock practices survey and incorporated into the Integrated Farm System Model (IFSM). For the pasture compositions, four cool-season grass species and two legumes were evaluated under both current and future climate scenarios. The effectiveness of adaptation measures based on economic and resource use criteria was evaluated. Overall, the pasture composition with 50% perennial ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and 50% red clover (Trifolium pratense) was identified as the best. In addition, the increase in precipitation and temperature of the most intensive climate scenario could significantly improve farm net return per cow (Bos taurus) and whole farm profit while no significant impact was observed on resource use criteria. Finally, the overall sensitivity assessment showed that the most resilient pasture composition under future climate scenarios was ryegrass with red clover and the least resilient was orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) with white clover (Trifolium repens).