香烟中烟草的汞和镉

通过对土壤、烟草、香烟采样分析，获得了汞、镉元素的来源及含量，证明了吸烟对人体的危害性。     

北极温室气体水平升至新界点

人民网消息作为造成全球变暖的主要污染物,大气中的CO2的浓度已经升高至科学家们所说的"令人担忧的新界点"。据美联社报道,根据北极监测站今年春季的测算结果,北极大气中温室气体的浓度已经超过400×10-6(即百万分之400)。这个数字令人吃惊,因为它正在以加速度上升。几年前这一数字突破350×10-6大关时,许多科学家认为那是大气中CO处于安全水平的最上限,而现在全球水平已达到395×10-6。虽然截至目前只有北极地区达到400×10-6的水平,但世     

1994—2010年东亚地区CO2浓度变化特征及成因分析

在东亚地区选取5个大气本底观测站1994年以来观测的 CO2监测资料,分析了各站大气 CO2的时空变化特征,以及 CO2主要人为源的变化及其影响。结果表明,5个本底站大气 CO2年均值均呈明显升高趋势,2010年较1994年增长幅度为8．4％～9．0％;在北半球国家,CO2月均值有明显的季节变化,高值多出现在冬春等寒冷季节,低值多出现在夏季。减少化石燃料消耗量、增加森林覆盖率及农业覆盖率将对大气中 CO2有削减作用。     

城市区域大气颗粒物的健康效应研究

从大气颗粒物的来源和转化、人体损伤及毒理学角度3个方面探讨了其对人体健康效应的影响。结果表明,次微米和纳米粒径级别的大气颗粒物及其化学组成能在最大程度上损伤人体机能。粒径不一的颗粒物有不同的沉积机制、沉积部位和沉积量,化学价态是重金属离子毒性大小的首要因子。从次微米级水平来研究颗粒物的毒性,才能为制定更为有效的大气颗粒物污染防治措施以及在研究大气颗粒物对人体损伤机理方面提供相应的科学依据。     

汽车排放污染物及检测知识

随着我国汽车保有量的不断提高 ,汽车排放污染物对大气环境的影响已经引起人们的广泛重视 ,并采用各种各样的方法进行治理 ,国家有关部门也为此制订了相关的标准和法规。本文简单介绍汽车排放污染物及其检测方面的基本知识。1　汽车排放污染物有害成分的危害1 .1　一氧化碳 ( CO)的危害CO经人呼吸进入肺部 ,被血液吸收后能与全内血红蛋白结合成一氧化碳 -血红蛋白。一氧化碳与血红蛋白的亲和力比氧与血红蛋白的亲和力要大 2 50倍。一氧化碳 -血红蛋白一经形成 ,离解很慢 ,容易造成低氧血症 ,因而导致人体组织缺氧。当大气中的一氧化碳浓度…     

汽车排放污染物及检测知识

随着我国汽车保有量的不断提高 ,汽车排放污染物对大气环境的影响已经引起人们的广泛重视 ,并采用各种各样的方法进行治理 ,国家有关部门也为此制订了相关的标准和法规。本文简单介绍汽车排放污染物及其检测方面的基本知识。1　汽车排放污染物有害成分的危害1 .1　一氧化碳 ( CO)的危害CO经人呼吸进入肺部 ,被血液吸收后能与体内血红蛋白结合成一氧化碳 -血红蛋白。一氧化碳与血红蛋白的亲和力比氧化血红蛋白的亲和力要大 2 50倍。一氧化碳 -血红蛋白一经形成 ,离解很慢 ,容易造成低氧血症 ,因而导致人体组织缺氧。当大气中的一氧化碳浓度…     

汽车排放污染物及检测知识

随着我国汽车保有量的不断提高 ,汽车排放污染物对大气环境的影响已经引起人们的广泛重视 ,并采用各种各样的方法进行治理 ,国家有关部门也为此制订了相关的标准和法规。本文简单介绍汽车排放污染物及其检测方面的基本知识。1　汽车排放污染物有害成分的危害1 .1　一氧化碳 ( CO)的危害CO经人呼吸进入肺部 ,被血液吸收后能与体内血红蛋白结合成一氧化碳 -血红蛋白。一氧化碳与血红蛋白的亲和力比氧与血红蛋白的亲和力要大 2 50倍。一氧化碳 -血红蛋白一经形成 ,离解很慢 ,容易造成低氧血症 ,因而导致人体组织缺氧。当大气中的一氧化碳浓度…     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定大气飘尘中的痕量Pb Cu Mn Fe Ca Mg

大气飘尘中往往含有多种金属元素,对人体有严重的生理影响,所以,大气飘尘中金属元素的分析已受到卫生防疫和环境监测部门的日益重视.对大气飘尘中金属元素的分析,早期一般采用化学法,目前更多的是应用仪器分析方法.如中子活化、原子吸收光谱和发射光谱等方法.原子吸收光谱法由于其灵敏度较高、干扰较少、设备价格相对低廉,是测定大气飘尘中金属元素可选择的方法.尽管大气飘尘中有些金属元素含量甚微,用火焰原子吸收法测定,其灵敏度难以达到要求,但我们采取了采样时间长、过滤大气体积量多的简单方法,解决了灵敏度的问题.     

机动车排气污染对城市道路空气质量的影响

通过对南京市珠江路道路空气质量的监测，掌握了机动车排气污染对街道空气质量的影响，分析了道路中NOx、NO2、CO的变化规律，以及污染物与车流量和大气扩散条件的关系．并通过与城市大气自动监测国控点监测数据的比较，得出国控点NOx、NO2浓度和道路中NOx、NO2浓度变化趋势一致．     

水泥厂大气污染物健康风险评价初探

根据大气污染物的环境行为,沿着污染物排放-迁移转化-人体吸收这条途径,提出了以致残调整生命年为最终评价指标的大气污染物人体健康风险定量评价方法.对广东某水泥厂实例分析说明,水泥生产过程排放的各种大气污染物中,NOx的人体健康风险最大,占水泥生产过程所有大气污染物健康风险的43.9%,SO2的人体健康风险最小.     

乌鲁木齐市汽车尾气污染状况调查

对乌鲁木齐市主要街道受汽车尾气污染的调查和综合分析得到CO、NOx、HC的污染规律,主要街道路中心空气中CO、NOx日均值已超出国家大气环境质量二级标准,市区主要街道的人行道空气中NOx含量已超出二级标准,Ⅱ、Ⅲ类道路人行道空气中CO含量已超标;在三类街道中,Ⅰ类街道车流量最大,Ⅱ类次之,Ⅲ类最少,而汽车排放尾气对街道空气污染状况为Ⅲ类最重、Ⅱ类次之、Ⅰ类最轻。     

Blood lead levels of residents living around 350 abandoned metal mines in Korea

In 2007, as part of the control and prevention of environmental contamination threatening public health, the Korean Ministry of Environment planned to implement a national biomonitoring survey of three metals: lead, cadmium, and mercury in the blood of residents living near 350 abandoned metal mines known to be contaminated and as possible threats to the health of inhabitants. Thus, we investigated demographic and lifestyle variables and blood lead levels in residents living around the mines and compared them against those of control subjects. We measured the blood lead concentrations in 14,849 subjects (14,132 from nearby the 350 abandoned metal mines and 717 subjects from eight control areas). A questionnaire was provided to all subjects to determine gender, age, mining experience, period of time living in the vicinity of mines, smoking status, and personal perception of abandoned mines as a health risk. The geometric means (95% confidence intervals) of the blood lead levels of residents living around the abandoned metal mines and control areas were 3.017 (2.996-3.037 μg/dL) [female, 2.797 μg/dL (2.771-2.822 μg/dL); male, 3.330 μg/dL (3.298-3.363 μg/dL)] and 2.757 (2.677-2.837 μg/dL) [female, 2.604 μg/dL (2.506-2.700 μg/dL); male, 2.993 μg/dL (2.859-3.126 μg/dL)], respectively. Among residents of the mining areas, nonsmokers and residents who had no mining experience showed significantly lower mean blood lead levels than did smokers, past smokers, and those with mining experience. The mean blood lead concentrations of residents who expressed some concern about the abandoned mines were significantly higher than those of residents without concerns. The mean blood lead concentration of residents living around the abandoned mines was significantly higher than that of residents living in control areas as well as that of the general adult Korean population. We also confirmed that smoking is an important variable to consider, as it increases blood lead concentration.     

采样高度和降雪对大气污染物监测结果的影响

大气中SO_2、NO_x、TSP和CO平行采样监测结果的统计分析表明,地面与楼顶采样的差异不显著,其浓度变化有随高度呈规律性的变化趋向,降雪具有明显的洗脱清除作用。     

Understanding how multi-sensory spatial experience influences atmosphere,affective city image and behavioural intention

This article firstly emphasizes the perspective viewing public spaces as places where meaningful spatial quality, i.e., atmosphere, is generated through multi-sensory spatial experiences, secondly proves that atmosphere has a positive direct impact on affective city image, also a positive indirect impact on behavioural intention, and finally proposes strategies of designing, managing and representing architectures and urban spaces, for city image formulation and communication. Nanjing, a historical Chinese city eager to re-image, is chosen as the case area to testify the significance of multi-sensory spatial perception in shaping one's affection for a city. The study reviews the key dimensions composing multi-sensory experience in public spaces, also interviews 162 visitors and 201 residents. The results suggest that, for sustainable urban development, the design, management and promotion of iconic public spaces should holistically enhance people's haptic, audible and visual experience in motion to facilitate perception of atmosphere.     

青铜峡高氟地区天然氟污染对畜牧业的危害及经济损失初探

调查了宁夏青铜峡贺兰山东麓冲积、洪积的干旱荒漠草原约２００ｋｍ２的水氟、表层土壤水溶氟、牧草氟、大气含氟量和在当地放牧的牧羊业受氟害的情况。结果表明．这里的水氟、土壤水溶氟、牧草含氟量等均比氟安全区偏高，属自然高氟地区。自然高氟地区对牧羊业的危害－主要使母羊寿命比氟安全区约减少一半而造成经济损失，经估算每平方千米约损失３８０元。     

大气中硫化氢测定方法研究

对用亚甲基蓝分光光度法测定大气中硫化氢的标准溶液、样品的稳定性、温度对试剂空白的影响等问题进行了一些研究。得出：硫化氢标准使用液用磁性锌氨络盐吸收液配制，冰箱保存至少可稳定２个月；温度对试剂空白值有影响，应根据不同显色温度，确定不同显色时间；绘制标准曲线和样品测定应用同一量器迅速加入显色剂，以提高其灵敏度。     

Determination of Ni(CO)4, Fe(CO)5, Mo(CO)6, and W(CO)6 in sewage gas by using cryotrapping gas chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Evidence for the occurrence of Ni(CO)4 in addition to Mo(CO)6 and W(CO)6 in fermentation gases from a municipal sewage treatment plant is presented for the first time. The gases were sampled at the top of the sewage sludge digester using Tedlar bags, and were analysed using cryotrapping followed by gas chromatography coupled with inductively coupled mass spectrometry (GC-ICP-MS). The use of an ICP-MS as an element-specific detector gives sufficiently low detection limits for metals and was coupled to a packed column gas chromatograph. This method provides information about the speciation of volatile transition metals in contrast to previously used methods for the determination of Ni(CO)4 in gas samples. The element-specific detection of three different isotopes (m/z 58, 60, 62) and the correspondence of the samples' retention times with those of the standard provided convincing evidence that Ni(CO)4 is present in the fermentation gas. The concentrations found were in the sub-ppb level, which is at least one order of magnitude lower than the threshold level of 1 ppb (v/v). In addition, Mo(CO)6 and W(CO)6 were also measured in the sub-ppb range in contrast to the absence of Fe(CO)5. The stabilities of Ni(CO)4, Fe(CO)5, and Mo(CO)6 were tested in a carbon monoxide atmosphere. In the presence of distilled water, the following order of stability was found after 11 weeks: Fe(CO)5 < Ni(CO)4 < Mo(CO)6. In the presence of an aqueous solution containing nickel, molybdenum, tungsten and iron, however, only Fe(CO)5 was significantly decomposed (< 0.3% recovery); Ni(CO)4 and Mo(CO)6 were stable after 11 weeks. No W(CO)6 was formed. The low stability of Fe(CO)5 in the presence of water could be the reason why no volatile iron compound was found in sewage gas. This study showed that GC-ICP-MS can be employed to identify species-specific traces of metal carbonyls in process gases such as sewage gas.     

Acidification in Arabian Gulf--insights from pH and temperature measurements

The detrimental effects of increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and other greenhouse gases since the industrial revolution has led to a concerted international effort to control their release and abate the environmental and human health impacts. CO(2) is removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis of plants in the terrestrial environment and by aquatic sequestration. In the Middle East and other arid countries, terrestrial removal is minimal. The most likely removal pathway for CO(2) in arid regions around the world is by aquatic sequestration. In the Middle East the major sink is the Arabian Gulf which leads to acidification of the marine environment. Biweekly pH concentration measurements in surface waters of the northern Arabian Gulf over a four year period in this study suggest that the Arabian Gulf waters are becoming increasingly acidic with time. Supporting evidence for increased CO(2) sequestration comes from increased marine primary productivity over the past decade. Biological effects, such as coral bleaching, observed during this period suggest that urgent action is required to reverse the trend and protect marine life. The data highlight the fact that this semi-enclosed sea is undergoing a rapid degradation which may affect the oceanic chemistry and biogeochemical cycle much earlier than predicted for most oceanic waters.     

大气细菌,霉菌数量与风速相关性初探

通过对大气细菌数量、霉菌数量与风速相关性的研究,得出齐市地区冬季气候寒冷,无相关性;春季气候干燥,风沙大,有相关性;雨后大气细菌数量与风速无相关性,大气霉菌数量与风速相关。