地下复杂组合受限空间火灾分区现象与初期模式实验研究

主要介绍地下狭长与组合受限空间油料介质火灾分区现象、初期火灾主要模式模拟实验研究结果与讨论;地下组合受限空间火灾呈现出特殊的分区现象。一般可分为燃烧区、新鲜空气补充区、烟气流区、过渡区和火焰后面的“惰化区”五区。有上下两层的地下复杂组合受限空间可分为燃烧区、烟气流区、新鲜空气补充区和“惰化区”4区。地下受限空间(包括组合受限空间、容积式受限空间和狭长受限空间)密闭条件下火灾初期模式主要有：爆炸、爆炸减弱、爆炸增强、燃烧、爆燃向爆轰发展。地下复杂组合受限空间下部与下部狭长受限空间分别全开口条件下着火后火灾主要模式为爆炸、燃烧、爆炸后持续燃烧、爆炸后短时燃烧、爆炸后发展为出口外爆炸;爆炸又可分为爆炸强度逐步加强、爆炸由爆燃发展为爆轰、爆炸强度逐步减弱。     

狭长地下受限空间火灾分区形成的试验研究

通过狭长地下受限空间的火灾模拟试验,研究O#柴油在不同空间尺度形成的火灾分区现象.分析柴油燃烧时狭长地下受限空间火灾分区现象形成的判断依据、条件、时间,惰化区氧气耗量与空间容积的关系,惰化区氧气体积分数、烟气温度随时间的变化.结果表明.燃料量、空间尺度和燃烧表面积是影响狭长地下受限空间火灾分区形成的主要因素;分区现象形成的判断依据为惰化区氧气体积分数≤16%;分区现象形成的条件为火焰区容积热强度≥720 kW·m-3.这对地下受限空间火灾的防治和其性能化设计具有参考价值.     

高架仓库非稳态火灾温度场的数值模拟

通过计算流体软件FLUENT对高架仓库发生的火灾进行了研究,应用涡团耗散模型对机械排烟模式下仓库火灾烟气的特性进行了模拟,详细讨论了不同时刻系统不同截面的温度场分布。结果表明,易挥发物质的燃烧非常剧烈,在火灾发生的初期,系统温度的最大值发生在空气入口附近;持续燃烧2s后温度最大值发生在燃料储存罐周围。机械排烟设备的启动使大量高温烟气导流至室外,烟气出口温度较高。     

通风和开口形状对地下硐室火灾影响的实验研究

针对狭长通道侧向风和不同开口形状对硐室火灾燃烧状态及火焰溢流现象的影响,利用自主设计搭建的小尺寸实验台对侧向通风条件下地下硐室火灾燃烧规律进行研究。实验设定了200 mm×400 mm,300 mm×300 mm,400 mm×200 mm 3种硐室开口尺寸（长×高）,选取1.2,3.3,5.1 m/s 3种通风速度和13.8,41.4,69.0 kW 3种火源功率。研究结果表明:在侧向风作用下,可燃气更容易被吹出造成火焰溢出燃烧现象;侧向风在中性面上部区域主要起降温作用,在中性面下部区域则起升温作用;通风因子大的开口工况,室内温度更高,也更容易达到轰燃条件;宽且低的开口使得高温气体与通风风流在较低处混合,其结果导致硐室下部温度较高,对火灾初期人员疏散不利。     

PHAST在LPG储存条件分析中的应用

分别分析了LPG常温加压和低温常压储存的不同特点和LPG储存过程中的危险性和各种可能出现的火灾爆炸事故后果;设定了常见的LPG储存泄漏时效模式,运用PHAST软件模拟分析了LPG常温加压和低温常压储存的各种火灾爆炸事故的危害范围;比较两种储存条件下的危害后果,得出了LPG低温常压储存具有更高的安全性和经济性。     

中庭火灾烟气流动数值模拟

根据中庭火灾特点 提出了考虑辐射换热损失和壁面传热损失、不考虑燃烧过程、视火焰为体积热源,浮升力作用下火灾烟气湍流流动的场模型,并将辐射换热损失计人壁面传热损失,简化辐射换热模型计算,运用该场模型对中庭模型实验装置火灾烟气流动进行了数值模拟,采用通用软件PHOENICS进行数值计算,研究表明,数值模拟结果与中庭模型实验装置火灾试验结果吻合;以热源模拟火焰的方法对分析中庭火灾烟流发展规律可行。     

室内窗帘竖直火蔓延特性全尺寸实验研究

窗帘的安装方式对其燃烧特性有重要影响.基于9705全尺寸热释放速率实验平台,针对三种不同材质的典型窗帘试样,进行了全尺寸火灾实验.测量了试样在不同褶皱程度下的火蔓延速率、热释放速率、产生烟气的比消光系数等火灾参数,分析比较其相互关系,实验结果可为室内火灾动力学发展的数值模拟和火灾安全设计提供支撑与指导.     

夹层电缆引发火灾的实验研究

模拟现代建筑夹层中贮藏大量未加金属导管防护的电线电缆所引发的火灾效应.在一个全尺寸燃烧套房模型中进行了起火室和顶棚夹层空间电缆火灾的实验研究,并采用大涡模拟的方法对实验中烟气速度场进行了数值模拟.结果表明,加明火源可以加强电缆的火灾功率;通风状况对夹层电缆火灾的温度场、烟气遮光度和火灾功率有明显影响.电缆燃烧产物中主要毒性气体为CO.电缆在夹层燃烧时,CO和CO2浓度均高于目标室和起火室中的浓度.而夹层毒气最为集中,其CO浓度远远超出OSHA和IDLH标准.电缆在夹层燃烧时发生火灾的危险性较大.     

温度梯度影响爆燃转爆轰的数值模拟

采用一维带真实化学反应的Navier-Stokes方程对温度梯度影响爆燃转爆轰的过程进行了数值模拟.结果表明,点火温度的不均匀性对可燃预混气的燃烧模式有显著影响.在零温度梯度条件下,点火初期呈可燃气等容爆炸现象,随后发展为火焰传播;在小温度梯度下,点火后会导致爆轰形成,但很快衰减为爆燃过程;当温度梯度增加到合适值时,点火燃烧后可形成过驱爆轰并最终称为稳定爆轰状态;而温度梯度过大时,仅呈现正常火焰传播状态.不同温度梯度可以导致燃烧化学反应放热与热传导之间的竞争,因而形成了不同的燃烧模式.上述研究对实际过程中爆轰形成现象的防治有着一定的理论意义.     

竖形槽道模型中火旋风的发生与旋转规律研究

火旋风是森林火灾中经常发生的一种特殊火行为。作为一种复杂的包舍化学反应的有旋流动,火旋风在不同的可燃物种类和物理条件,以及不同的环境流场条件下,会表现出复杂的动力学特征。本文设计了一个在边角对称开有缝隙的六棱柱体火旋风发生装置,探讨了火旋风特征参数的测量方法,实验模拟了火旋风的发生与发展,对火旋风的温度分布、速度和燃烧时间随燃料和环境条件的变化规律进行了比较分析。     

A violent,episodic vapour cloud explosion assessment: Deflagration-to-detonation transition

A large vapour cloud explosion (VCE) followed by a fire is one of the most dangerous and high consequence events that can occur in petrochemical facilities. The current process of safety practice in the industry in VCE assessment is to assume that all VCEs are deflagration. This assumption has been considered for nearly three decades. In recent years, major fire and VCE incidents in fuel storage depots gained considerable attention in extreme high explosion overpressure due to the transition from Deflagration to Detonation (DDT). Though the possibility of DDTs is lower than deflagrations, they have been identified in some of the most recent large-scale VCE incidents, including Buncefield (UK), 2005, San Juan explosion (US), 2009, and IOCL Jaipur (India), 2009 event. Such an incident established the need to understand not only VCE but also the importance of avoiding the escalation of minor incidents into much more devastating consequences.Despite decades of research, understanding of the fundamental physical mechanisms and governing factors of deflagration-to detonation transition (DDT) transition remains mostly elusive. An extreme multi-scale, multi-physics nature of this process uncertainly makes DDT one of the “Grand Challenge” problems of typical physics, and any significant developments toward its assured insistence would require revolutionary step forward in experiments, theory, and numerical modelling. Under certain circumstances, nevertheless, it is possible for DDT to occur, and this can be followed by a propagating detonation that quickly consumes the remaining detonable cloud. In a detonable cloud, a detonation creates the worst accident that can happen. Because detonation overpressures are much higher than those in a deflagration and continue through the entire detonable cloud, the damage from a DDT event is more severe. The consideration of detonation in hazard and risk assessment would identify new escalation potentials and recognize critical buildings impacted. This knowledge will allow more effective management of this hazard.The main conclusion from this paper is that detonations did occur in Jaipur accident at least part of the VCE accidents. The vapour cloud explosion could not have been caused by a deflagration alone, given the widespread occurrence of high overpressures and directional indicators in open uncongested areas containing the cloud. Additionally, the major incident has left many safety issues behind, which must be repeatedly addressed. It reveals that adequate safety measures were either underestimated or not accounted for seriously. This article highlights the aftermath of the IOCL Jaipur incident and addresses challenges put forward by it.     

基于两相流模型数值研究可燃颗粒燃烧爆轰的特性

粉尘爆炸是工业爆炸灾害的重要形式。建立可燃颗粒非均相系统的燃烧爆轰模型,基于Eulerian-Eulerian数值描述方法,采取有限差分方法编制非均相系统燃烧和爆轰发展的数值模拟程序,对封闭空间内两相非定常爆轰过程进行研究。数值分析可燃颗粒尺度、颗粒浓度对非均相系统燃烧、爆轰特性的影响。结果表明:在一定的范围内,当可燃颗粒的体积分数为10%,粒径0.5mm时,流场的燃烧爆轰效应最强。即10.6ms时刻,流场压力值达到28MPa,温度高达2600K,颗粒燃烧效率最高。     

抑制油料洞库油气爆炸传播的新技术设想

针对目前常用的油气爆炸抑制技术在油料洞库应用中存在的不足,提出了一种利用真空腔技术来抑制油料洞库油气爆炸的设想,并对真空腔抑制油气爆炸过程中的传热机理和传质机理进行了详细分析.     

燃烧、爆炸过程复杂性行为的非线性动力学(Ⅰ)

从非线性动力学观点,总结了燃烧和爆炸系统的多种复杂现象。指出了其非线性现象之间的对应关系。提出了从非线性即从“系统”、“全局或大范围”、“演化”及“统一”地观点认识燃烧和爆炸现象的观点。     

爆炸事故及预防

为了促进我国的爆炸安全研究工作更深入发展,本文列出了利用爆炸激波管技术测定氢气、汽油、铝粉等可爆性物质的爆炸特性。研究表明:这些可爆性物质在一定条件都能形成破坏力极大的爆轰现象。实验确定了氢、汽油和氧混合物的可爆(轰)极限、可燃性极限、混合物临界初始压力等爆炸临界条件。控制可爆性物质的初始条件不超过其爆炸临界条件,能够防止爆轰或爆燃现象发生;添加不参加反应的物质(如氩气、氮气、水蒸汽等)能够使已达到爆炸条件的混合物阻爆。本文的数据可供有关部门参考。     

粉尘爆炸研究方向初探

本文从现有的对粉尘爆炸特性的认识出发,分析了粉尘云特性,粉尘爆炸与爆轰,湍流对反应波阵面的加速几个方面,提出了近期应该在粉尘爆炸参数测试技术标准化、粉尘指数K_(st)、粉尘爆燃转炸轰的过程、泄炸机理以及控炸装置和控炸设计规范等方面的研究上下功夫,以便更有效地利用现有的试验条件,更快、更多、更好地解决工程实际问题。     

Propagation Characteristics of Gas Explosion in Linked Vessels Based on DDT Criteria

To study the occurrence conditions and propagation characteristics of deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) in linked vessels, two typical linked vessels were investigated in this study. The DDT of the methane–air mixture under different pipe lengths and inner diameters was studied. Results showed that the CJ detonation pressure of the methane–air mixture was 1.86 MPa, and the CJ detonation velocity was 1987.4 m/s. Compared with a single pipe, the induced distance of DDT is relatively short in the linked vessels. With the increase in pipeline length, DDT is more likely to occur. Under the same pipe diameter, the DDT induction distance in the vessel–pipe–vessel structure is shorter than that in the vessel–pipe structure. With the increase in pipeline diameter, the length of the pipe required to form the DDT is reduced. For linked vessels in which detonation formed, four stages, namely, slow combustion, deflagration, deflagration to detonation, and stable detonation, occurred in the vessels. Moreover, for a pipe diameter of 60 mm and a length of 8 m, overdriven detonation occurred in the vessel–pipe–vessel structure.     

The hazards and risks of hydrogen

An analysis was completed of the hazards and risks of hydrogen, compared to the traditional fuel sources of gasoline and natural gas (methane). The study was based entirely on the physical properties of these fuels, and not on any process used to store and extract the energy. The study was motivated by the increased interest in hydrogen as a fuel source for automobiles.The results show that, for flammability hazards, hydrogen has an increased flammability range, a lower ignition energy and a higher deflagration index. For both gasoline and natural gas (methane) the heat of combustion is higher (on a mole basis). Thus, hydrogen has a somewhat higher flammability hazard.The risk is based on probability and consequence. The probability of a fire or explosion is based on the flammability range, the auto-ignition temperature and the minimum ignition energy. In this case, hydrogen has a larger flammability zone and a lower minimum ignition energy—thus the probability of a fire or explosion is higher. The consequence of a fire or explosion is based on the heat of combustion, the maximum pressure during combustion, and the deflagration index. Hydrogen has an increased consequence due to the large value of the deflagration index while gasoline and natural gas (methane) have a higher heat of combustion. Thus, based on physical properties alone, hydrogen poses an increase risk, primarily due to the increased probability of ignition.This study was unable to assess the effects of the increased buoyancy of hydrogen—which might change the probability depending on the actual physical situation.A complete hazard and risk analysis must be completed once the actual equipment for hydrogen storage and energy extraction is specified. This paper discusses the required procedure.