辣子草对3种农作物的化感作用

采用生物测定法,研究了入侵植物辣子草(Galinsoga parviflora Cav.)不同器官、不同浓度水浸提液对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)、小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)、油菜(Brassica napus L)种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应。结果表明辣子草存在一定的化感作用。各器官水浸提液对3种作物的影响依种类有差异,辣子草水浸提液在高浓度下对水稻、小麦作物种子萌发、根长和苗高均有明显的抑制作用,对油菜的种子萌发、根长和苗高则是在低浓度下促进高浓度下抑制。辣子草的化感效应为花序>叶>茎>根,表明辣子草的化感物质主要存在于地上部分。     

海水烟气脱硫初探

分析了金山卫，定海，北仑港和台州等地的海水成份，测定了它们的缓冲能力，在鼓泡反应器中进行了海水吸收ＳＯ２的静态试验和使吸收液中ＳＯ３＾２－转变为ＳＯ４＾２－的氧化试验，试验结果表明海水具有用作烟气脱硫吸收液的可能性和吸收液经曝气后直接排海的可能性。     

单柱离子色谱法测定水中微量阴离子及其在测定水中吸附有机氯…

本文介绍用一般高效液相色谱仪，不用抑制柱：分析柱为ＩＣ－ＰＡＫ阴离子交换柱，用电导检测器检测，测定水中Ｃｌ＾－，ＮＯ２＾－，Ｂｒ＾－，ＮＯ３＾－，ＳＯ４＾－离子。试验了淋洗液不同浓度和ＰＨ对阴离子分离的影响，并与另一组淋洗液比较各阴离子的最低检测浓度，及测定自来水中阴离子含量。检测限在０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ－０．８３ｍｇ／Ｌ间。用邻苯二甲酸氢钾淋洗液测定的变异系数＜５．１０％。单柱离子色谱法用于水中吸附有     

吡草醚水解动力学的研究

研究了吡草醚在不同pH和温度条件下的降解动力学情况,以及在三种生态水样和土悬液中的水解情况。结果表明,吡草醚在酸性水环境中比较稳定,在中性和碱性环境中易降解;水解反应速率随反应温度的升高而增大;吡草醚在三种生态水中的降解速率较快,降解半衰期分别为：水库水4．56d,河水3．96d,池塘水1．35d;吡草醚在土悬液中降解较快,这与其碱性条件和含量较高的可溶性碳有关。     

吡草醚水解动力学的研究

研究了吡草醚在不同pH和温度条件下的降解动力学情况,以及在三种生态水样和土悬液中的水解情况。结果表明,吡草醚在酸性水环境中比较稳定,在中性和碱性环境中易降解;水解反应速率随反应温度的升高而增大;吡草醚在三种生态水中的降解速率较快,降解半衰期分别为：水库水4．56d,河水3．96d,池塘水1．35d;吡草醚在土悬液中降解较快,这与其碱性条件和含量较高的可溶性碳有关。     

新银盐分光光度法测定地表不中痕量砷

在酒石酸介质中，以硼氢化钾为还原剂，使砷离子转变为砷化氢，以乙醇－－硝酸银－聚乙烯醇为吸收液进行显色，在４００纳米处以原吸收液为参比进行测定。方法的检出限为０．２０微克／升，对含砷为０．６５－１．２７μｇ／ｌ的天然水进行测定，回收率为９２－１１６％，相对标准偏差７．４－１２．２％。     

喜旱莲子草对钉螺脂酶同工酶影响的初步研究

用不同浓度的喜旱莲子草水浸液处理钉螺24h,观察其灭螺效果,并用聚丙酰胺凝胶电泳技术比较研究了水浸液对钉螺酯酶同工酶的影响,结果表明:钉螺头足部肌肉的酯酶同工酶在低浓度(0.01g/L)时,活性较强,随水浸液处理浓度升高,活性迅速降低;而肝脏的酯酶同工酶在中等浓度(0.1g/L)时,活性最强,高浓度时(1g/L)有些酶带发生分解、消失。钉螺的死亡率则随着处理浓度的提高,急剧增大。喜旱莲子草干粉水浸液对钉螺酯酶同工酶影响明显,是引起钉螺中毒死亡的原因之一。这为喜旱莲子草作为新型植物灭螺剂的开发打下基础。     

从烟草废弃物中提取天然烟碱技术的研究

利用均价廉易得的某化合物溶液作浸取液及另一有机溶剂作萃取剂,减压蒸馏分离,可方便地从烟草废弃物中提取纯度在90％以上的天然烟碱。浸取液浓度为8％、萃取4次（草取剂用量与浸取液相等）时,烟碱得率为 60.l％。     

应用HACH仪器测定水中COD方法的探讨

本文研究了消解液的制备，用HACH－COD测定仪分析测定了不同来源的水样，加标回收率在93－102％之间，相对标准偏差在0．9－12％之间。该方法的准确度和精密度均能满足环境监测分析方法的要求。     

单柱离子色谱法测定水中微量阴离子及其在测定水中吸附有机氯中的应用

本文介绍用一般高效液相色谱仪，不用抑制柱：分析柱为ＩＣ—ＰＡＫ阴离子交换柱，用电导检测器检测，测定水中Ｃｌ一、ＮＯ、Ｂｒ－、ＮＯ和ＳＯ４离子。试验了淋洗液（邻苯二甲酸氢钾）不同浓度和ｐＨ对阴离子分离的影响，并与另一组淋洗液比较各阴离子的最低检测浓度，及测定自来水中阴离子含量。检测限在０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ－０．８３ｍｇ／Ｌ间。用邻苯二甲酸氢钾淋洗液测定的变异系数＜５．１０％。单柱离子色谱法用于水中吸附有机氯测定的Ｃｌ－离子检测，检测限接近μｇ／Ｌ水平。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.