电絮凝处理含铜废水的试验研究

针对含铜废水对生态环境的严重污染问题,提出了电絮凝法处理含铜废水中的Cu2＋,讨论了溶液初始pH、电流密度、电极间距、电絮凝时间等因素对去除效果的影响.确定了最佳电絮凝条件,即在初始pH=5.0,电流密度为6 mA/cm2,电极间距为1 cm,处理时间为30 min的工艺条件下,含铜废水中Cu2＋去除率为98.5％.     

不锈钢-铝电极电絮凝处理含铜废水的试验研究

采用不锈钢-铝为电极的电絮凝法对含铜废水进行了处理试验研究,模拟废水铜离子浓度为150 mg/L,以废水中的铜离子浓度和COD去除率为考察指标,在电流密度为15 mA/cm2、极板间距为3 cm、pH值为7、电解时间为120 min的条件下,Cu2+的去除率平均能达到99%以上,COD的去除率亦能达到97%;在此基础上,应用于实际的电路板腐蚀液废水的处理试验,发现Cl-浓度在200 mg/L以上时,对废水先进行相关预处理也能达到较好的处理效果,该研究对进一步探讨Cl-对电絮凝的影响机理有一定的借鉴意义。     

新型电絮凝设备深度处理焦化废水

采用新型电絮凝装置深度处理焦化废水。通过铁和铝2种电极材料处理效果的比较,选择铁电极进行实验,研究电流密度、进水p H、反应时间等因素对电絮凝处理效果的影响。实验表明,电流密度为40 A/m~2,反应停留时间为15 min,进水p H=6,电源占空比为65%,脉冲频率为2 k Hz,焦化废水COD、SS和色度的去除率分别为≥50%、≥90%和≥80%。电絮凝处理焦化废水过程中铁电极损耗为0.55 kg/m~3。通过增加极板间搅拌桨装置,可解决电极钝化问题。     

电絮凝去除废水中多种重金属影响因素研究

目的以铁作为电极,研究电絮凝法处理含多种重金属废水的影响因素及效果。方法通过控制pH、停留时间、电流密度、电导率、废水初始浓度等因素至不同水平,考察处理效果、能耗及极板消耗的变化。结果随着停留时间、pH值及电流密度的升高,处理效果越好,但升高至一定程度后,处理效果提升并不明显;电导率对处理效果影响并不显著,但过低的电导率会增加能耗;废水初始浓度越高,要达到处理目标所需的能耗及极板消耗均越高。结论当pH为8.5~9.0、进水电导率为1500~2000μs/cm、停留时间为3~4 min、废水初始质量浓度20 mg/L、电流密度为13.2~19.8 A/m2时,处理效果最理想,对总铜、总镍、总铅、总锌、总镉及总铬的去除率达到99%以上,且能耗与极板消耗均为最低,电絮凝法更适合于重金属废水的深度处理。     

电絮凝技术处理镀铜废水的研究

电絮凝技术处理镀铜废水中,研究了溶液的pH值、电流密度、极板间距、电解时间、以及Cu2+的初始浓度等因素时电絮凝技术对镀铜废水处理效果的影响;结果表明:在pH值为6.5～8、极板间距为50mm、电流密度60mA/cm2、电解时间为80 min反应条件下,电絮凝法净化低浓度镀铜废水效果较好,可以使废水中重金属离子去除率达99.7%以上,COD的去除率达90%以上.     

脉冲电絮凝法处理黄连素制药废水

采用脉冲电絮凝方法对黄连素制药废水进行处理,比较了其与传统电絮凝的能耗差距,考察了占空比、电流密度、脉冲频率、电极间距及反应时间对处理效果的影响. 结果表明:与传统电絮凝相比,脉冲电絮凝法节能优势明显,其能耗仅为传统电絮凝法的20%;在最优反应条件(占空比为0.3,脉冲频率为1.0 kHz, 电流密度为19.44 mA/cm2,电极间距为2.0 cm,反应时间210 min)下,模拟废水中COD_Cr和黄连素的去除率分别达到69.6%和72.8%;采用最优条件处理实际废水,其COD_Cr与黄连素的去除率分别为62.6%和92.1%.      

基于正交实验的电絮凝法预处理兰炭废水

采用电絮凝法预处理兰炭废水中COD。在装有可溶铁阳极、石墨阴极的PVC电解槽中进行了COD的去除研究,针对影响电絮凝工艺的主要影响因素(反应时间、进水pH、电流密度及极板间距)进行了正交实验。结果表明,在电絮凝进水pH为9~11条件下,极板间距为主要的影响因素。当进水COD为22 920 mg/L时,在电絮凝反应时间为3 h、进水pH为10、电流密度120 A/m2和极板间距为20 mm的条件下,COD去除率为22.9%;在此条件下,去除1 kgCOD消耗电能0.464 kW·h,消耗铁0.17 kg。     

电絮凝处理含Cu~(2+)废水的影响机制研究

电絮凝是去除废水中重金属离子的有效技术。研究考察了极板类型、电流密度、溶液pH值和阳离子(Ca2+、Mg2+)、阴离子(SO42-、Cl-、NO3-、H2PO2-)对电絮凝除Cu2+的影响,并解析这些影响因素对电絮凝效率的作用机制。结果表明,采用铁板电极在电流密度13 mA/cm2、初始pH=5.0,反应60 min后Cu2+(250 mg/L)去除率可达99%以上。Ca2+、Mg2+对Cu2+的电絮凝去除影响不明显,SO42-、H2PO2-、Cl-对除Cu2+有促进作用,而NO3-的存在会显著降低除Cu2+效果。     

电絮凝法处理PVC化工废水的试验研究

利用电絮凝法处理PVC化工废水,研究了极板材料、原水pH值、反应时间、电流密度、极板间距对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,电絮凝法去除PVC化工废水中的浊度和COD时,在使用铝合金极板,pH值为8.0,电流密度为30 mA/cm2,极板间距为1.5 cm,反应20 min后出水浊度≤5NUT,COD≤60 mg/L。优于传统药剂絮凝对浊度和COD的去除率。电絮凝处理PVC化工废水的机理包括电絮凝、电化学氧化还原及电气浮等协同作用。     

电絮凝法处理地下水的试验研究

利用电絮凝法处理受到污染的高氟地下水,研究了电极间距、原水pH值、电流密度对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,电絮凝法去除地下水中的氟和TOC时,不需改变原水的pH值。在电极间距为1.0cm,电流密度为32.4A/m2,反应10min后,出水中F-浓度<1.0mg/L,符合国家生活饮用水卫生标准,TOC的去除率达到66%左右,优于传统给水处理工艺对TOC的去除效率。电絮凝对地下水中污染物的去除机理包括电絮凝、电化学氧化和还原以及电气浮等协同作用。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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