利用水泥窑炉尾烟气干化污泥的参数优化研究

目前城市污泥处置方式主要有填埋、焚烧、堆肥等,这些方法都必须经过干化处理环节,利用水泥窑炉尾气余热干化处理污泥,不仅处理成本低,而且减少了烟气废热对环境的影响,在国内已有多个工程案例。为进一步降低污泥干化成本,需要对工艺参数进行优化。针对利用水泥窑炉尾烟气间接干化污泥系统,选择烟气出口温度T2及饱和蒸汽温度t作为优化参数,建立优化模型,采用MATLAB方法,用fminsearch函数求得不同烟气温度T1下综合收益比b的最佳值以及最优工况点,并分析出了综合收益比b、总收益NPV、初步投资C(T2,t)和污泥处理量G(T2)与最优工况点的关系。     

深度脱水印染污泥滚筒干化特性中试

采用燃油烟气模拟热电厂烟气,实验研究了深度脱水印染污泥的滚筒干化特性,分析了滚筒转速、烟气流速及滚筒长度对污泥干化效果、干燥效率的影响规律,同时也探讨了进口温度对干化尾气污染物排放特性的影响。结果表明:滚筒转速对深度脱水印染污泥在滚筒中的停留时间有重要影响,同时也是影响出口污泥含水率的最主要因素,而烟气流速则是影响干燥效率的最主要因素。对于深度脱水印染污泥,滚筒干燥容积传热系数为0.361~1.168 k J/(m3·s·℃),烟气流速会对其有一定的影响,而滚筒转速对其的影响很小。干化尾气中除NH3和臭气浓度高于恶臭污染物厂界3级标准值外,其他各污染物的排放浓度均低于国家排放标准。为抑制污泥中NH3、H2S及苯系物的释放,深度脱水印染污泥滚筒干化的烟气温度应控制在190℃以内。     

二段式污泥低温干化的原理与水汽热量平衡

在深入研究污泥成分和通过模拟实验分析污泥干化特性的基础上,首次建立了利用烟气余热的二段式污泥低温干化技术,同时给出了该技术的工作原理和计算了污泥干化过程的水汽、热量、物料平衡.结果表明,利用烟气余热的二段式污泥低温干化技术不仅能在不增加新能耗的情况下使污泥得到有效地干化,而且能使污泥自然形成质地坚硬并保存原始污泥90%以上热值的颗粒;污泥干化成粒装置内的螺旋板、扬料板和链锤等辅助设备可以明显提高污泥干化效率;烟气量为1.5×105m.3h-1,烟温为155℃,经污泥干化后降温50℃,可使100.td-1污泥从含水率78%干化至40%.这为污泥的无害化、减量化、资源化处理提供了理论依据和技术支撑,对开辟以废治废和废弃物循环利用的污泥处理新途径具有重要的实践指导意义.     

污泥热泵低温干化技术优势与问题探讨

污泥的显著特征是含水率高和黏度大,机械脱水污泥含水率在80%左右。由于其含水率高,体积庞大,为污泥处理处置带来了经济和技术上的困难。降低污泥含水率是无害化、减量化处理的关键和资源化利用的前提。加热干化是污泥深度脱水最有效方法之一,但传统热风对流干燥存在效率低、能耗高及尾气处理难度大等问题。热泵干燥是近年来开发的1种污泥低温干化新技术,具有能耗低、干化过程易于控制及安全性能高的优点。但需考虑进入干燥机的污泥颗粒大小及稳定性,协调污泥颗粒内部与外部传热传质,并处理好干燥过程中的粉尘及腐蚀性气体对热泵换热器的影响。     

污泥常温干化及其影响因素

通过改变相对湿度、环境温度和空气流速3个环境因素,对不同比表面积的城镇脱水污泥进行干化。结果表明:随着污泥比表面积增大,干化时间显著缩短,缩短幅度为11. 5%～38. 5%。相对湿度、环境温度和空气流速对常温干化影响程度大小顺序为相对湿度>空气流速>环境温度。污泥常温干化主要分为第1升速阶段、第2升速阶段和降速阶段,第2升速阶段在总干化时长中最短,但单位时间水分蒸发量最高。污泥干化接近结束时,环境条件对降低含水率影响不大,对干化时间影响较大。常温干化过程应以控制环境相对湿度为主,在不同阶段适当提高空气流速和环境温度有利于缩短干化时间,降低能耗。污泥常温干化对设备保温要求低,干化耗能小,干化条件在自然状态下极易达到,利于后续处置及资源化利用。     

城市污泥低温干化技术研究进展

我国污泥产量和堆存量巨大,给环境带来巨大压力。污泥含水率高,要使污泥得到有效处理,必须先将污泥干化。总结了污泥低温干化特性的研究概况,重点阐述了包括污泥太阳能干化技术、污泥热泵干化技术、污泥低温真空脱水干化技术、污泥低温射流干化技术以及烟气余热干化技术在内的污泥低温干化技术的研究进展,分析了各种污泥低温干化技术的优缺点,并介绍了污泥低温干化技术的发展趋势。     

污泥余热干化技术及其经济性分析

我国污水处理厂每年都会产生大量的污泥,其复杂的成分及高含水率制约污泥的有效利用,如何降低污泥的含水率是其资源化利用的关键。首先调研了污泥产生及成分,从污泥干化的典型工艺及设备、干化过程的环境污染与控制、污泥干化过程的尾气处理和污泥干化经济性分析4个方面对污泥干化技术进行阐述,指出污泥余热干化是污泥实现节能、经济及环保的有效处置方式。     

通风强度对市政污泥生物干化中试效果的影响

将污泥与树皮按照一定比例混合,利用自主研制的滚筒式污泥生物干化中试系统进行实验,通过对温度、含水率、O2和CO2浓度、挥发性固体(VS)、p H等参数的检测,研究了通风强度对市政污泥生物干化效果的影响.结果表明,通风强度对污泥生物干化有较大影响,通风强度(以VS计)为120 L·(h·kg)-1时,最高温度达到66℃,55℃以上高温可以维持40 h以上,111 h后污泥最终含水率可以降低至56%;生物干化过程中p H始终保持在6.5~8.5之间,不会影响微生物生命活动;滚筒式污泥生物干化反应器能够使反应器内基质均一性良好,对利用滚筒式反应器实现污泥连续流处理提供参考.     

接触式污泥干化过程中SO_2吸收率的动态变化

根据接触式污泥干化工艺的实际运行参数,通过模拟试验,研究了污泥在干化过程中对烟气中二氧化硫(SO2)吸收率的动态变化及其影响因素,并对导致吸收率变化的原因进行了理论分析.结果表明,污泥对SO2的吸收率随干化温度的升高和气体流速的增大而减小,含水率为55%和75%的污泥对SO2的吸收率分别从干化温度80℃的16.0%和25.0%降至干化温度160℃的6.0%和7.0%,这是因为干化温度升高和气体流速增大,促使污泥水分加速蒸发,从而影响SO2从气相通过气膜向气液界面传递和扩散的过程,最终导致污泥对SO2吸收率的下降;污泥对SO2的吸收率随SO2浓度的增加没有明显的变化;污泥吸收SO2后,pH值降低表明了污泥吸收SO2发生了酸碱中和反应,污泥红外光谱证明污泥对烟气中SO2的吸收是一个化学吸收过程.     

带机脱水污泥与含水浮渣的同步干化研究

经带式压滤机脱水后的污泥含水率高、体积大、空隙大、粘性高,采用热干化进一步脱水时存在诸多问题。研究发现通过同步干化污泥与含水浮渣,可以在不占用耙式干燥机干化能力的情况下,显著提高处理能力从而提高干化效率。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.