氧化还原介体厌氧催化酸性红B生物脱色研究

研究了筛选出的四种结构相似的醌类氧化还原介体对酸性红B厌氧脱色的促进作用,并以催化效果最佳的蒽醌-2-磺酸钠为醌介体模型,探讨了醌介体催化酸性红B厌氧生物降解路径。在35℃中温厌氧条件下,采用间歇批量实验法,测定不同体系中醌介体催化酸性红B脱色效果。结果表明:①在酸性红B浓度为150mg·L-1,醌介体浓度为0.16mmol/L,反应时间为4h时,结构相似的四种醌介体均可促进酸性红B脱色,反应效率提高了1.6².4倍,其大小顺序为AQS>2,7-AQDS>AQDS>α-AQS;②AQS在催化酸性红B降解过程中与传统厌氧微生物降解路径保持一致。     

介体厌氧催化活性艳红K-2BP脱色及构效特性研究

研究了筛选出的4种结构相似的醌类氧化还原介体对活性艳红K-2BP厌氧脱色的促进作用,并分析了介体促进效果与其化学结构活性相关性. 在35℃中温厌氧条件下,采用间歇批量实验法,测定不同体系中介体催化活性艳红K-2BP脱色效果.结果表明,①结构相似的醌类氧化还原介体蒽醌(AQ)、1,5-二氯蒽醌(1,5-AQ)、1,8-二氯蒽醌(1,8-AQ)和1,4,5,8-四氯蒽醌(1,4,5,8-AQ),均促进活性艳红K-2BP脱色,反应速率提高了1.4～3倍;②当醌类介体投加浓度为4 mmol·L^-1,活性艳红K-2BP染料浓度为300 mg·L^-1时,促进作用由大到小的顺序为:1,8-AQ>1,5-AQ>AQ>1,4,5,8-AQ;③ 当活性艳红K-2BP染料浓度为300 mg·L^-1时,1,8-AQ促进效果最佳且脱色速率常数随1,8-AQ浓度的增加而增加呈线性关系;④介体促进效果与介体取代基团数量、位置和电子共轭效应相关.本研究初步建立了氧化还原介体定性/定量构-效关系数学模型,探究和完善非水溶性氧化还原介体催化强化理论体系.     

成团泛菌MFC-3的分离鉴定及其腐殖质/Fe(Ⅲ)呼吸特性研究

从地下古森林沉积物样品中富集分离到1株腐殖质/Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌MFC-3菌株,经16S rDNA基因序列分析,该菌与成团泛菌Pantoea agglomerans WAB1951的相似性为99%,确定为成团泛菌.通过序批式厌氧实验考察了MFC-3的腐殖质呼吸活性、电子利用情况以及对4种铁氧化物的还原活性.结果表明,MFC-3能够以AQDS为唯一电子受体进行厌氧胞外呼吸,可利用的电子供体有:甲酸、乳酸、丙三醇、柠檬酸、葡萄糖和蔗糖,且AQDS还原速率顺序为:蔗糖葡萄糖柠檬酸乳酸丙三醇甲酸;以葡萄糖作为电子供体时,48 h内0.3 mmol.L-1的AQDS被还原,同时4.5 mmol.L-1葡萄糖被消耗,菌数增殖近7倍,证明MFC-3能够进行腐殖质呼吸;MFC-3还能以多种Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物为电子受体进行厌氧呼吸,25 d内分别有2.5 mmol.L-1水铁矿、2.1 mmol.L-1纤铁矿、2.3 mmol.L-1针铁矿及0.8 mmol.L-1赤铁矿被还原溶解.本研究为胞外呼吸研究与应用提供1株适宜的模式菌株.     

驯化污泥厌氧还原脱氯促进2,4,6-三氯酚矿化及胞外呼吸脱氯途径

厌氧条件下,以乳酸钠为电子供体,2,4,6-三氯酚为电子受体对活性污泥进行驯化,考察了驯化污泥厌氧脱氯的代谢特性.结果发现,污泥可对2,4,6-三氯酚进行高效脱氯,乳酸钠、2,4,6-三氯酚初始浓度为20 mmol·L-1、40~80μmol·L-1时,9~24 h内可实现2,4,6-三氯酚100%初始性降解.中间产物有2,4-二氯酚,但检出浓度较低(4.22μmol·L-1),4-氯酚和苯酚为主要产物.驯化污泥以脱邻位氯(2,4,6-三氯酚,2,4-二氯酚)降解菌为优势种群,对4-氯酚和苯酚的进一步转化有限.厌氧代谢残留物经好氧污泥处理后,4-氯酚(初始浓度33μmol·L-1)2 h实现100%去除.驯化污泥可快速将Fe(Ⅲ)还原为Fe(Ⅱ),并具有较强的腐殖质(AQDS)还原能力,说明驯化污泥中富集了异化铁还原菌.电子介体[Fe(Ⅲ)和AQDS]明显地加速了脱氯速率,在电子介体的介导作用下,污泥可同步进行胞外呼吸脱氯.     

非水溶性醌加速菌GWF生物还原高氯酸盐的研究

通过添加非水溶性醌可以大大缩短菌GWF(KM062029)还原高氯酸盐的停滞期.通过批次实验研究非水溶性醌影响生物还原高氯酸盐过程中的多种因素.结果表明,蒽醌、1-氯蒽醌、1,5-二氯蒽醌、1,8-二氯蒽醌和1,4,5,8-四氯蒽醌这5种非水溶醌的加速顺序为1,5-二氯蒽醌1,4,5,8-四氯蒽醌1,8-二氯蒽醌蒽醌1-氯蒽醌,1,5-二氯蒽醌的最佳加速浓度为0.036 mmol·L~(-1);生物还原的最佳温度和最佳p H值分别为35℃和7.5;共存阴离子(硝酸盐、磷酸盐、硫酸盐)对高氯酸盐生物还原都有一定的促进作用;在固定化1,5-二氯蒽醌加速高氯酸盐生物还原的稳定性研究中,1,5-二氯蒽醌乙酸纤维素小球循环使用4次,高氯酸盐生物还原速率仍是空白乙酸纤维素小球2倍以上.     

氧化还原介体调控亚硝酸盐反硝化特性研究

采用实验室驯化的亚硝酸盐反硝化菌群作为菌种,优化亚硝酸盐降解条件,探究在氧化还原介体蒽醌-2-磺酸钠(AQS)存在条件下亚硝酸盐反硝化的特性.结果表明,反硝化菌群降解亚硝酸盐的最适条件为:温度35℃,pH为8,丁二酸钠为碳源,碳氮比4∶1,初始亚硝酸盐浓度100 mg.L-1;AQS的最佳投加量为0.16 mmol.L-1,介体调控的反硝化体系氧化还原电位略有降低,维持在-400～-500 mV之间,pH随亚硝酸盐降解速率增加而增大,最终稳定到9～10之间;通过分析反硝化中间代谢产物,推测AQS在亚硝酸盐反硝化过程中不仅起到辅酶CoQ的作用而且加速了细胞色素传递电子的全过程.本研究可为氧化还原介体调控亚硝酸盐反硝化实际应用提供理论基础和优化参数.     

醌基修饰PVA海绵的制备、表征及加速偶氮染料生物脱色研究

非水溶性氧化还原介体催化强化污染物降解是目前环境领域研究的热点,通过合成实验开发出醌基功能基团接枝聚乙烯醇海绵(PVA)载体,从而制备出含有醌基的高分子介体材料,并进行偶氮染料生物降解研究.醌基修饰PVA海绵中醌基含量是0.08 mmol·g-1,其中最佳胺化时间为6 h,最佳胺化温度是30℃,最佳接醌时间是2 h,最佳接醌温度为40℃.通过元素分析与扫描电镜表明醌基基团已经成功固定到PVA表面.合成的以PVA为载体的醌基高分子介体材料对偶氮染料进行生物降解,实验表明醌基修饰PVA具有高效的催化活性和良好的催化稳定性.多次循环使用后仍能保持较高的生物脱色催化性能,使得其在水污染处理方面具有良好的实际应用前景.     

两种介体物质在漆酶降解磺胺类抗生素中的作用

通过比较两种介体物质丁香醛(SA)和1-羟基苯并三氮唑(HBT)对漆酶降解5种典型磺胺类抗生素的影响,考察了介体的起始浓度、pH值、反应温度、漆酶起始浓度等因子的影响,得到介体SA对漆酶催化降解磺胺类抗生素的效果更好.在漆酶+SA反应体系中,反应体系pH值为5~6,反应温度为30℃,SA起始浓度为0.5mmol/L,漆酶起始浓度为0.5mg/mL时,漆酶对5种磺胺类抗生素的降解效果最佳,降解去除率在15min时达到75%左右,1h内均达到97%以上. 本研究表明,适当的介体物质可大大提升漆酶对磺胺类抗生素的降解效果.漆酶在介体物质的作用下对抗生素类污染物的生态净化具有良好的应用潜力.     

蒽醌染料中间体催化强化偶氮染料生物脱色

考察了醌还原菌群利用6种蒽醌染料中间体对偶氮染料生物脱色的催化强化作用.结果表明,溴氨酸(1-氨基-4-溴蒽醌-2-磺酸, BAA)的催化强化效果最好;游离态菌群以BAA作为氧化还原介体可催化强化多种偶氮染料的生物脱色,其中对酸性大红3R脱色的适宜条件为pH 6～9之间;外加葡萄糖浓度400～600 mg/L;BAA浓度19～34.2 mg/L,染料起始浓度≤900 mg/L.在此条件下,最大脱色率约为95%、达到最大脱色率的时间<7 h.同时发现,投加氧化还原介体BAA浓度为38～57mg/L时,固定化菌群降解酸性大红3R(180 mg/L)的最大脱色率在14 h内达到93%;在不补加BAA的情况下,固定化菌群经7次循环使用后,脱色率仍保持在85%以上.     

萘厌氧降解菌群的富集及氧化还原介体的强化

为揭示氧化还原介体（ROMs）对萘厌氧降解的强化作用,以萘为唯一碳源富集到中温萘厌氧降解菌群.通过Illumina MiSeq测序对接种污泥和富集培养物进行了细菌群落结构解析,并考察了固定化蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸（AQDS）、蒽醌-2-磺酸（AQS）和腐殖酸强化萘厌氧降解的特征.Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,Pseudomonas、Thauera、和Georgfuchsia是该富集培养物中的优势萘降解菌,其相对丰度分别为52.4%、13.8%和17.6%.在污泥接种量为0.23g/L和萘初始浓度10mg/L条件下,富集菌群9d内对萘的降解率约为64%.ROMs强化试验结果表明,3种ROMs对萘的厌氧降解均有一定的促进作用.其中,AQDS的强化效果最为显著,当AQDS浓度为0.8mmol/L,培养至第7d时,萘的去除率为92.0%,比同期的对照组高1.2倍.此外,硝酸盐对ROMs强化萘厌氧降解的影响研究结果表明,在NaNO₃浓度为0~0.8g/L范围内,萘的降解速率随着硝酸盐浓度增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势.当NaNO₃浓度为0.6g/L时,萘的去除率在第6d就达到了91.0%,比对照组提高了15.2%.由此可见,在厌氧条件下添加适量硝酸盐可提高ROMs对萘降解的强化效果.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.