卡马西平及其衍生物的环境行为及其去除研究进展

药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)是近年来出现的一类新型污染物,该类污染物浓度较低,但是结构复杂,具有较强的生物活性,其潜在危害不容忽视,因此日益受到人们关注.其中卡马西平(carbamazepine)作为一种典型的抗癫痫药物,是最有代表性的一种PPCPs物质.由于卡马西平的广泛使用,导致其大量排放到环境中.此外,人类服用卡马西平后由于体内代谢作用以及卡马西平母体在环境中的降解会产生多种衍生物,这些衍生物的毒性可能比母体化合物强,并且更难以降解,因此研究卡马西平及其衍生物的环境行为及其去除十分重要.本文结合当今的研究成果以及现有的处理技术,介绍了卡马西平及其衍生物的污染情况,综述了卡马西平及其衍生物在土壤中的迁移转化以及在环境中的降解,并对未来研究方向提出了展望.     

腹腔镜疝手术的临床应用

目的总结应用腹腔镜技术治疗腹股沟疝及切口疝的手术抉择、临床效果及并发症.方法回顾性分析2004年10月至2009年12月期间对腹股沟疝和切口疝行腹腔镜手术71例患者的临床资料,其中腹腔镜小儿腹股沟斜疝疝囊高位结扎43例(51侧),TAPP25例(31侧),腹腔镜切口疝修补术3例.结果无一例中转开放手术.平均手术时间34.5 min,术中出血量5 ml,术后并发症发生率为11%(5/71),其中血清肿2例,阴囊气肿4例,腹股沟区血肿2例,术后平均住院时间2.8 d,术后随访1~12个月均未出现疝复发、慢性神经性疼痛、异物感、补片及切口感染等.结论腹腔镜疝手术安全性良好、复发率低、术后疼痛轻、并发症少及术后住院时间短;对于疝开放手术术后复发、双侧疝、复合疝等是首选术式,并可避免隐匿疝的遗漏.参4.     

内镜超声联合经肛门内镜微创手术治疗直肠肿瘤29例体会

目的:总结内镜超声联合经肛门内镜微创手术(transanal endoscopic microsurgery,TEM)治疗经验,探讨其在直肠肿瘤中的治疗效果.方法:回顾分析我院2009年7月-2011年9月29例内镜超声联合经肛门内镜微创手术治疗直肠肿瘤患者临床资料,其中为直肠腺瘤12例,早期直肠癌和腺瘤癌变10例,直肠炎性息肉及直肠间质瘤等粘膜下结节共7例.距肛缘为5～15 cm.术后平均随访5～17月.结果:29例全部成功完成TEM术式,其中2例术后病理证实为T2期直肠癌1,例进一步扩大手术行TME,另1例拒绝进一步手术而放弃.肠壁全层切除17例,粘膜下及部分肌层切除12例.所有标本切缘均为阴性.手术时间35～130 min,平均时间70 min;术中失血2～20 mL,平均失血7 mL.术后并发出血2例,泌尿系感染1例.术后住院日3～8 d,平均住院日5 d;术后随访5～17月,除1例外未发现肿瘤复发及转移.结论:内镜超声联合TEM治疗直肠肿瘤具有定位准确、手术创伤小、出血少、恢复快等优点,是直肠肿瘤局部切除理想的方法,但须严格掌握适应症.图3,参10.     

术后早期急性炎性肠梗阻的观察及护理

目的探讨术后早期急性炎性肠梗阻（EPII）的临床表现、治疗方法及护理．方法回顾性分析86例EPII的临床表现、治疗及护方法．结果EPII发生在术后4-21d,肠蠕动一度恢复,继而又出现呕吐,腹胀,腹痛等肠梗阻表现,大部分病例非手术治愈,仅少部分手术治疗．结论EPII以非手术治疗为主,积极的心理干预及护理有助于疾病康复．表2,参14．     

糖尿病肾病患者维持性血液透析的护理探讨

目的探讨糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN))血液透析患者的护理措施,以减少并发症的发生.方法回顾性分析2007年4月-2009年10月我科63例DN维持性血液透析患者的并发症.结果透析中发生低血糖12例,低血压24例,16例发生高血压,9例发生不同程度的出血现象,2例穿刺处轻度感染,经过积极的对症治疗护理后,患者病情好转.结论良好的饮食护理、心理护理、皮肤护理、用药护理及病情观察有助于减少DN血液透析患者的并发症发生,延长患者的生命,提高患者的生活质量.参9.     

苦碟子联合华佗再造丸治疗脑梗死疗效观察

探讨苦碟子联合华佗再造丸治疗脑梗死的临床疗效安全性．将150例脑梗死的病人（头颅CT证实）随机分成治疗组和对照组,治疗组为74例,对照组为76例．对照组采用常规治疗,治疗组在对照组的基础上给予华佗再造丸加苦碟子治疗．两组均给予阿司匹林和脑保护剂．治疗两周即一个疗程后观察两组临床疗效和药物反应．随访1年,2组复发率被统计．治疗组有效率为84．4％,对照组有效率为57％．两组比较疗效差异有统计学意义．1年后脑梗死复发率治疗组为9．49％,对照组为21．05％．不良反应治疗组5例出现头晕,对照组4例出现腹胀,均未影响疗效．苦碟子联合华佗再造丸能改善脑梗死的治疗效果且耐受性好．表2,参5．     

阿德福韦酯治疗HBV-YMDD变异疗效分析

目的:总结HBV YMDD变异的慢性乙型肝炎患者服用阿德福韦酯治疗效果.方法:选择未接受抗病毒治疗的YMDD变异患者及服用拉米夫定后发生YMDD变异患者共20例为研究对象,均服用阿德福韦酯12个月,治疗剂量为10 mg.d-1.分别于治疗开始及治疗后3、6个月及治疗结束检测ALT、AST、HBeAg及HBVDNA定量并进行比较分析.结果:HBV YMDD变异患者服用阿德福韦酯治疗后血清ALT、AST、及HBV DNA载量均明显下降(P均0.05).到治疗终点,有55%(11/20)的患者ALT、AST恢复正常,45%的患者HBeAg转阴.结论:阿德福韦酯治疗HBV YMDD变异的慢性乙型肝炎患者效果肯定.表1,参4.     

锐钛矿{001}面TiO2纳米片对NOx的光催化氧化性能

以钛酸丁酯为前驱物,HF为形貌控制剂,采用水热法合成{001}面TiO2光催化材料.通过X射线衍射、紫外\可见光吸收光谱、扫描电镜及透射电镜等手段对样品形貌及结构进行表征,并在紫外光下考察其对NOx的光催化氧化活性.结果表明,{001}面TiO2具有良好的锐钛矿晶型,为{001}面暴露率约50%的纳米级片状结构,在紫外波段具有强烈的光吸收.经过碱液洗涤去除表面F离子后的{001}面TiO2与{101}面TiO2及P25相比,其对NOx去除效果显著.在催化反应达到平衡后,其NO转化率为{101}面TiO2的2倍及P25的3倍.并且NO去除量增加的同时NO2的相对生成量却减少,导致光催化反应进行得更彻底.     

伽玛刀治疗垂体瘤的临床疗效分析

目的探讨伽玛刀对垂体瘤的疗效.方法对120例垂体瘤患者采用伽玛刀治疗.结果患者随访6~18个月,随访方式为临床+影像学复查,视力或/和视野障碍者复查时都有不同程度的好转,临床症状、内分泌激素有明显改善,有不同程度改善.有两例直径3 cm的垂体瘤在治疗后分别于1和2个月时出现垂体内出血后手术治愈,并未再复发.其余目前尚无垂体功能低下、视力下降等并发症出现,无一例死亡.结论:伽玛刀治疗垂体瘤治疗微创、无出血,风险小,比常规放疗发生副作用机率小得多,行之有效,值得推广.表1,参8.     

基于RIVM模型评估湘江干流铜锈环棱螺重金属生物可给性及食用健康风险

重金属污染已成为水产品质量安全存在的主要问题之一.本研究通过测定湘江干流铜锈环棱螺肉中重金属(Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb)含量,并基于荷兰RIVM(the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment)体外消化模型模拟口腔、胃及肠道消化,计算螺肉中Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb的生物可给性,评估其食用健康风险.结果表明,螺肉中Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb的含量范围分别为35.68—116.96、202.51—323.20、4.41—95.93、0.29—16.08、0.12—17.35 mg·kg^-1,且大多高于水产品重金属限量标准.螺肉中不同重金属的生物可给性差异较大,Zn、Cd和Pb在胃阶段的生物可给性高于口腔和肠阶段,Cu和Cr在肠阶段的生物可给性高于口腔和胃阶段.基于生物可给性的食用健康风险显示,螺肉中5种重金属的目标危害系数(THQ)和综合危害系数(HI)均小于1,不存在非致癌健康风险;但其综合致癌风险指数(TCR)均大于1×10^-4,存在致癌风险. C...     

Larval development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lightiella magdalenina</Emphasis> (Crustacea,Cephalocarida)

The larval development of the newly discovered cephalocarid from Mediterranean sea, Lightiella magdalenina, was analysed using light and scanning electron microscopy. Twenty-nine larval specimens, divided into 15 metanaupliar and 2 juvenile stages of development, were found. The first six metanaupliar stages had an even number (6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16) of trunk segments including telson. The condition of 20 trunk segments, typical of the adult, was reached after another 4 stages by the addition of a single segment per stage. At this tenth stage, the larvae had an incomplete number of trunk limbs. Another five stages were needed to complete the cephalic appendage development, passing from the metanaupliar to the juvenile stage, characterized by loss of the naupliar enditic process of the second antenna. Trunk limbs development was completed during the last two juvenile stages. According to the ontogenetic data reported for Hutchinsoniella macracantha and Lightiella incisa, these seventeen stages probably do not represent the complete developmental series. Nevertheless, they allow us to clarify the main features of cephalocarid ontogeny and show specific differences in the development of both the trunk segments and appendages.     

Morphological and behavioral alterations induced by endocrine disrupters in amphibian tadpoles

Developmental toxicity effects of endocrine disrupter chemicals, acephate and cypermethrin were studied in Bufo melanostictus tadpoles. Thirty developing eggs of B. melanostictus were exposed to each concentration (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1?µg?L^?1) of acephate or cypermethrin in the laboratory (temperature: 23?±?1°C; photoperiod: 11.5–12.5?h). Eggs maintained in conditioned water alone served as controls. After hatching, larvae were fed on boiled spinach until the completion of metamorphosis. In control group, larvae that hatched on 3rd day were heavily pigmented, voracious feeders, and active swimmers; in these tadpoles, hind limb and forelimb-buds emerged on 16th and 24th day and metamorphosis was complete on 32nd day. Eggs exposed to acephate also hatched on 3rd day but larvae exhibited deformities such as, (i) tail distortions, (ii) laterally crooked trunk, (iii) decreased pigmentation, (iv) inactivity, (v) peeling of the skin, and (vi) delay in emergence of limbs and completion of metamorphosis. Cypermethrin-exposed eggs exhibited a delay (4–8 days) in hatching, there was no mortality, deformities in tail, trunk and head region, delay in the emergence of limbs, and completion of metamorphosis were evident. The demonstrated data indicate that these pesticides interfere with amphibian development when present in the aquatic system.     

Condition dependence of male display coloration in a jumping spider (Habronattus pyrrithrix)

In many animals, conspicuous coloration functions as a quality signal. Indicator models predict that such colors should be variable and condition dependent. In Habronattus pyrrithrix jumping spiders, females are inconspicuously colored, while males display brilliant red faces, green legs, and white pedipalps during courtship. We tested the predictions of the indicator model in a field study and found that male body condition was positively correlated with the size, hue, and red chroma of a male’s facial patch and negatively correlated with the brightness of his green legs. These traits were more condition dependent than non-display colors. We then tested a dietary mechanism for condition dependence using two experiments. To understand how juvenile diet affects the development of coloration, we reared juvenile spiders on high- and low-quality diets and measured coloration at maturity. To understand how adult diet affects the maintenance of coloration, we fed wild-caught adults with high- or low-quality diets and compared their coloration after 45 days. In the first experiment, males fed high-quality diet had redder faces, suggesting that condition dependence is mediated by juvenile diet. In the second experiment, red coloration did not differ between treatments, suggesting that adult diet is not important for maintaining the color after it is produced at maturity. Diet had no effect on green coloration in either experiment. Our results show different degrees of condition dependence for male display colors. Because red is dependent on juvenile diet, it may signal health or foraging ability. We discuss evidence that green coloration is age dependent and alternatives to indicator models for colorful displays in jumping spiders.     

Isolation of novel metal-binding proteins distinct from metallothionein from spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) ovaries

Metal-binding proteins were isolated from ovaries of the spotted seatroutCynoscion nebulosus and the Atlantic croakerMicropogonias undulatus collected in 1988 near Port Aransas, Texas, USA. Gel-filtration analysis of spotted seatrout trout ovarian cytosolic fraction on Sephadex G-75 revealed the presence of three zincbinding protein fractions. A major zinc/calcium-binding protein fraction had a low molecular weight (M _r)(6 000 to 10 000), similar to mammalian hepatic metallothionein (MT). All the metals were displaced from this fraction following saturation with exogenous cadmium. After exposure of Atlantic croaker to 2 mg cadmium l^–1 seawater for 2 mo, the majority of the cadmium in the ovarian cytosolic fraction was associated with a similar low molecular weight protein fraction. These proteins were further purified by heat treatment and sequential acetone precipitation. Three isoforms were isolated by reversephase high-performance liquid chromatography. All the isoforms were found to be distinct from mammalian MT, based on amino acid composition. The major isoform contained low amounts of cysteine (approximately 5 residues per molecule) and aromatic amino acids, compared to high amounts of cysteine (typically 17 to 20 residues/molecule) and a lack of aromatic amino acids for mammalian MT. All the ovarian protein isoforms contained more glutamate than mammalian MT. The spotted seatrout and Atlantic croaker ovarian isoforms showed a high degree of homology with metal-binding proteins isolated from mammalian gonadal tissues. The results suggest a physiological role for these metal-binding proteins in developing vertebrate ovaries as well as an involvement in the sequestration of cadmium following environmental exposure.     

化肥施用和秸秆还田对红壤磷吸附性能的影响研究

１６ 年长期定位试验结果表明： 在湘南第四纪红壤中, 长期施用化肥下土壤对 Ｈ２ Ｐ Ｏ－４ 的吸附量相对较大, 化肥＋ 秸秆还田下则较小; 不同 Ｈ２ Ｐ Ｏ－４ 吸附量范围内的解吸量和解吸率则均以化肥＋ 秸秆还田较高。     

Cadmium accumulation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Panax notoginseng</Emphasis>: levels,affecting factors and the non-carcinogenic health risk

Cadmium (Cd) contamination has been reported to be a problem for the safe usage of Panax notoginseng (Sanchi); thus, it is necessary to elucidate the Cd accumulation in Sanchi and to assess its associated health risk. Samples were collected from major producing areas in Yunnan, China. The average concentration of Cd in Sanchi was 0.43 mg/kg, which exceeds the standard level for herbal medicine in China (0.3 mg/kg). A stepwise regression analysis showed that zinc and the pH were the related factors that most significantly impacted Cd in Sanchi roots. The hazard quotient values were estimated as 0.0010 (men) and 0.0012 (women) for consumers taking preparations and were 0.011 (men) and 0.013 (women) for consumers taking health products, implying that there is no non-carcinogenic hazard associated with Sanchi consumption. However, a Monte Carlo simulation showed that approximately 0.80 % of male and 1.02 % of female consumers via drug consumption and 36.28 % of male and 41.87 % of female consumers via health product consumption had an exposure exceeding the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of Cd from drugs (1 % of the total oral ADI as suggested by the World Health Organization). These people should control their oral Cd intake from both Sanchi consumption and diet as a whole.     

Utilization of energy substrates during calling activity in tropical frogs

Calling activity in frogs is energetically demanding to males because they usually perform at or near their physiological capacities. Metabolic fuel for muscle contractions during bouts of aerobic calling activity comes from carbohydrates and lipids that are stored in the trunk muscles. I monitored nightly calling performance in males of seven tropical frog species from two families, Hylidae and Leptodactylidae, and compared levels of glycogen and lipid in the trunk muscles from males collected before and after a three-hour period of calling activity. Trunk muscles from late-evening males in five species had up to 63% less glycogen than the trunk muscles from early-evening males; relatively little depletion was observed in two other species. Overall, glycogen reserves and rates of depletion were highest in species with very high calling rates. It was not possible to measure changes in the relatively large stores of lipid in the trunk muscles after only 3 h of calling. Nevertheless, intramuscular lipid stores probably provide a greater percentage of the energy needed for sound production than glycogen stores, and are largest in species with high calling rates. Received: 7 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 20 July 1997     

The glycogen turnover rate in mackerel muscles

Turnover rate of the glycogen glucose in the lateral trunk muscles and the liver was investigated in ¹⁴C-glucose injected mackerels, Scomber scombrus. High values were recorded for the red-muscle glycogen; the values were about 40 times lower in the white muscle and the liver. Results are discussed in relation to the assumed metabolic function of the red muscle in fishes.     

纳米TiO2催化声化学降解酸性红B的研究

以经过高温活化处理的锐钛型纳米TiO2为催化剂,考察了各种因素对酸性红B溶液超声降解反应的影响。结果表明:锐钛型纳米TiO2对酸性红B溶液超声降解反应具有明显的催化作用,其降解效果明显好于单纯使用超声波降解。超声频率40 kHz,输出功率50 W,催化剂用量0.5 g/L,pH=3.0,酸性红B溶液的初始浓度20 mg/L的条件下,60 min降解率即可达80%左右,120 min基本降解完全。因此,纳米锐钛型TiO2催化超声降解偶氮染料的方法切实可行,而且具有良好的应用前景。     

Least auklet ornaments: do they function as quality indicators?

Summary In the monogamous least auklet (Aethia pusilla, Alcidae) both males and females have three highly variable ornamental traits (facial plumes, a colourful bill and a knob-like bill ornament) and both sexes perform courtship displays. To assess whether mating preferences could be related to the expression of these ornaments, we performed model presentation experiments in which we varied the bill colour and the size of both the bill ornament and the facial plumes. Auklets reacted to models that had brighter red bills and accentuated facial plumes with more frequent sexual displays than to models with average bills and plumes. We conclude that these two ornamental traits are likely to be favoured by sexual selection through mating preferences. In general, however, ornaments were weak predictors of individual quality. Multiple regression indicated that all ornaments taken together explained a small (R ² = 0.07) but significant proportion of the variability in adult body condition but only in a poor year for reproduction when the birds were in relatively poor body condition and a small proportion of the population bred successfully. The degree of ornamentation was also not related to timing of breeding, chick feeding rate or reproductive success and there was no relationship between adult survival and ornaments. We conclude, therefore, that least auklet ornaments are, at best, weak indicators of quality that may be the result of sexual selection operating only in years when breeding conditions are poor. Offprint requests to: R. Montgomerie