污泥管道输送研究进展

污泥运输可为污泥处理处置其他环节稳定、高效的运行提供保障。在污泥运输的众多方式中,管道输送污泥相对于传统的汽车输送污泥具有密闭、安全和高效等特点,成为污泥运输行业研究的焦点。在设计污泥管道输送系统时,计算运送污泥所需的管道压力尤为重要,但是管道压力的计算容易受到污泥流变特性的影响。首先介绍了温度、含水率、pH值及剪切速率等参数对污泥流变特性的影响;总结了含水率>90%的污泥与含水率在60%~90%的污泥管道输送研究现状,并分析了污泥管道输送的能耗与成本,管道输送适用于城市中心地区地下污水处理厂污泥处理处置的输送;并指出通过改进污泥在管道内的输送方式、改善污泥的流动特性等措施来提高污泥管道输送效率及降低管道输送运行维护费用。     

城市污泥管道输送与处置结合的新技术

介绍我国城市污泥的处置现状,对国内外的污泥输送方式进行了比较,综合得出管道输送方式是结合污泥处置的最理想的输送方式。结合污泥焚烧处置与储存、装载技术应用实例,详细介绍了一种集污泥预处理、输送、处置于一体的新技术。     

造纸污泥的流变特性实验研究

造纸污泥是制浆造纸产生的废弃物,含有一定量的热值,将造纸污泥通过管道远距离输送到流化床锅炉焚烧是目前解决造纸污泥的最佳途径。造纸污泥作为高浓度黏稠物料进行管道远距离输送存在很多困难,其流变特性研究是管道输送的重要理论基础。从上述角度出发,介绍了造纸污泥的物理特性和实验仪器,通过对质量分数为28.84%~37.30%的造纸污泥进行系统地测试,绘制了黏度曲线和流变曲线,确定了造纸污泥的流变类型,得出了造纸污泥的流变方程。通过对造纸污泥的流变特性研究,为造纸污泥管道输送设备优化设计以及泵的吸入特性研究提供基本参数。     

剩余污泥处理处置过程中的流变学问题

城市污水处理厂的广泛建设和运营导致剩余污泥产生量急剧增加并引发了新的环境问题,而如何妥善处理处置剩余污泥则成了国内外环保届普遍关注的问题。由于剩余污泥非牛顿流体的属性,流变行为在其处理处置的过程中起着重要影响作用,特别是在污泥脱水、化学调理、厌氧消化和管道输送等环节。文章通过从剩余污泥处理处置所涉及到的流变学问题出发,分析了剩余污泥流变行为在优化"厌氧消化、管道运输、分形结构、污泥脱水"等环节的指导性作用,总结归纳了当前相关方面研究存在的问题,并提出进一步关注的研究方向。     

污泥流变特性及其变化规律的研究进展

随着我国污水处理厂污泥产量的急剧增加,污泥处理处置的效率亟待提高。传质是影响污泥处理效果最重要的因素之一,而污泥的流变特性对传质效果有决定性的作用,因此污泥的流变特性是污泥处理处置单元设计和运行的重要参数。通过分析不同的流体类型,明确了作为非牛顿流体的污泥既是假塑性流体又是触变性流体。在此基础上,对三种常用的非牛顿流体流变模型,即Ostwald de Vaele模型、Herschel-Bulkley模型和Bingham模型进行比较分析,并系统阐述了污泥流变特性及其变化规律性的国内外研究进展。     

城市污泥掺烧自动化搅拌输送系统的应用

对城市污泥掺烧自动化搅拌输送系统进行了详细介绍,这套系统在国内是首次将混凝土搅拌设备应用到污泥掺配上,提高了原煤与污泥搅拌的均匀性,减少了原煤掺配量,污泥运到电厂后直接进入搅拌输送系统,不需二次搬运。该系统对于改进城市污泥掺烧应用工艺方法,提高工作效率、减轻劳动强度、保护环境作用十分明显,有可观的推广价值。     

大庆市城市污水处理厂污泥处理现状与建议

通过对大庆市城市污水处理与污泥处理处置现况的分析,结合大庆市城市污泥的特性,参照国内外污泥处理处置技术,提出了大庆市的污泥处理处置技术方案与处理技术,为今后的其它北方城市污泥处置提供参考。     

污泥干化焚烧输送系统的优化改造研究

剩余污泥与其它可燃性物质有质的差异,给污泥干化系统的操作带来了较多难以控制的问题.干化污泥的输送决定着焚烧炉的进料,影响着炉膛内温度的控制以及污泥干化焚烧的运行效率.针对流化床污泥干化焚烧系统干化污泥的输送分析了在实际操作中存在的问题,也是污泥干化普遍存在的问题,提出了优化改造方案并实施设备改造.通过对输送系统的优化和改造,提高了运行效率,降低了设备故障率、检修强度和费用,方便了维护和检修.     

污水处理厂污泥处理技术

污泥处理系统产生的污泥，含水率很高，体积很大，输送、处理或处置都不方便。污泥浓缩可使污泥初步减容，使其体积减小为原来的几分之一，从而为后续处理或处置带来方便。文中详细介绍了三种污泥浓缩工艺形式、污泥浓缩的机理以及影响因素.     

磷石膏基充填料浆长距离管道输送特性研究

针对磷石膏基充填料浆在管道输送中易磨损等问题,测定了料浆的理化参数,确定了料浆流变模型,运用FLUENT软件对料浆的管道输送过程进行数值模拟,探究料浆输送过程中的压力、流速、剪切应力的分布规律,计算沿程阻力损失,并通过料浆在L型管道中的输送试验对数值模拟结果进行验证。结果表明:数值模拟结果与试验结果相差10%左右,说明利用数值模拟方法可以为矿山充填管路的设计提供依据。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.