包头南海湖浮游植物优势种生态位及种间联结性季节分析

为了解寒旱区浮游植物群落年内结构变化和演替规律及其优势种的联结性,于2017年12月~2018年11月对包头市南海湖的浮游植物群落进行了调查分析.共鉴定出浮游植物7门66属151种,其中浮游植物优势种有4门15属15种,其种类和丰度随季节而变化.运用改进的Levins公式和Petraitis指数测定浮游植物优势种的生态位量度,发现不同季节各优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠不尽相同,各优势种对环境因子的适应能力也存在较大差异,在年内各种生境条件下,微小平裂藻生态位变化幅度最显著,依此认为微小平裂藻可作为南海湖水体污染状态指示种,且有可靠的生态学依据.生态位重叠值中ΔSO_ij值表示物种发展趋势,可第一时间反映南海湖水质是否受到外来因素干扰.群落物种相关性、种间联结性检验结果显示,南海湖浮游植物种间联结性总体上呈正关联关系,128对优势种对中仅有10对显现显著联结性,可见南海湖群落种间联结不紧密,群落结构不稳定,处于演替的初、中期阶段.     

三峡水库澎溪河消落带植物群落物种丰富度格局

通过样地调查和Spearman相关分析,研究了澎溪河消落带植物群落物种丰富度格局. 结果表明:沿河流纵向梯度,总物种丰富度、灌木层和草本层物种丰富度均表现出抛物线型,乔木层物种丰富度表现出直线型;沿河流侧向梯度,总物种丰富度和草本层物种丰富度随高程的增加先升高后降低;乔木层和灌木层物种丰富度随高程的升高而增加. 在纵向梯度上,底质类型与物种丰富度显著相关,距河口的空间距离对物种丰富度有重要的控制作用;在侧向梯度上,淹水时间、土壤含水量、底质异质性对群落空间格局有重要影响. 总体来说,消落带植物物种丰富度格局仍受原河流地貌及洪水格局的影响,但由于水位季节性变动,已形成与水位变动相适应的分布格局.      

玉环国家级海洋公园夏季潮间带大型底栖生物群落结构研究

通过2017年8月对玉环国家级海洋公园5条潮间带断面的调查分析,鉴定出潮间带大型底栖生物113种,其中软体动物38种,甲壳类和多毛类各25种,大型藻类11种,刺胞动物7种,其他生物7种。优势种为日本笠藤壶、条纹隔贻贝、鳞笠藤壶、俄勒冈外团水虱、火奴鲁玻璃钩虾、克氏旋鳃虫和豆形凯利蛤。平均栖息密度为3772 ind/m2,平均生物量为2853.32 g/m2;各断面Shannon-Wiener（H'）多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数（d）和Pielou均匀度指数（J）的平均值分别为1.89、1.30和0.48。与邻近其他海岛岩相潮间带大型底栖动物比较,玉环国家海洋公园的潮间带大型底栖动物种类数和生物量均处于较高水平,栖息密度处于中等水平。     

Meta-networks for the study of biogeographical traits in ecological networks: the Mexican hummingbird-plant assemblage

Recent studies on ecological networks have quantified the contribution of ecological, historical, and evolutionary factors on the structure of local communities of interacting species. However, the influence of species’ biogeographical traits, such as migratory habits or phylogeographical history, on ecological networks is poorly understood. Meta-networks, i.e., networks that cover large spatial extensions and include species not co-occurring locally, enable us to investigate mechanisms that operate at larger spatial scales such as migratory patterns or phylogeographical distributions, as well as indirect relationships among species through shared partners. Using a meta-network of hummingbird-plant interaction across Mexico, we illustrate the usefulness of this approach by investigating (1) how biogeographical and morphological factors associate with observed interactions and (2) how species-specific biogeographical characteristics associate with species’ network roles. Our results show that all studied hummingbird and plant species in the meta-network were interrelated, either directly or through shared partners. The meta-network was structured into modules, resulting from hummingbirds and plants interacting preferentially with subsets of species, which differed in biogeographical, and, to a lesser extent, morphological traits. Furthermore, migrants and hummingbirds from Nearctic, Transition, and widespread regions had a higher topological importance in the meta-network. Our study illustrates how meta-networks may contribute to our current knowledge on species’ biogeographical traits and biotic interactions, providing a perspective complementary to local-scale networks.     

突发环境污染事件对湖泊浮游动物的影响

中国北方某地空难对某湖泊浮游动物的种类、群落结构、优势种和个体密度及其空间分布产生了重要影响.基于浮游动物的水质生物学评价显示:①该湖泊有浮游动物24种,其中原生动物9种,优势种为累枝虫;轮虫7种,优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫;枝角类4种,优势种为直额裸腹;桡足类4种,优势种为直刺北镖水蚤;浮游动物优势种多为α-中污带或β-中污带的指示种类和富营养化指示种类. ②浮游动物个体密度(4 770 L-1)较小且分布不均匀,空难事故发生地及其附近区域的种类数和个体密度均为最低值,桡足类在其中4个样点没有出现. ③浮游动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数略高于1,结合浮游动物个体密度、群落结构、优势门类和种类,可以认为该湖泊水体污染和富营养化程度比较严重,这一结果与该湖泊水质理化评价结果(1.030 5)基本一致.      

大兴安岭5种乔木树种燃烧释放PM2.5中水溶性元素特性

采用自主设计的生物质燃烧实验装置,在不同燃烧状态（明燃、阴燃）下,对大兴安岭林区5种典型乔木树种的不同部位（枝、叶、皮）燃烧释放PM_2.5中的水溶性元素特性进行研究.结果显示,不同树种间PM_2.5的排放因子差异显著,排放范围为（2.408±0.854）~（9.227±1.172）g/kg.5种乔木树种燃烧释放PM_2.5中主要检测到Mg、Ca、K等16 种元素,其中Ca、K、Zn、Mg 4种元素的排放因子明显大于其它元素.不同树种间元素排放因子差异较大,针叶树的排放因子一般高于阔叶树.除Cd元素外,不同器官间排放的元素总量无明显差异.不同树种不同器官燃烧释放PM_2.5中水溶性元素的占比顺序较为一致,其中Ca、K、Zn和Mg 4种元素的排放因子在枝、叶、皮中均较高.此外,燃烧状态对元素排放特征影响较大,Li、Mg、Ca等7种元素的排放因子均表现为明燃显著高于阴燃.     

黄河三角洲生物多样性保护与可持续利用的研究

根据1996-1998年对黄河三角洲环境质量、生物多样性等进行的全面、系统的调查与监测结果.重点研究了该区域大气、河流、湖泊、水库、浅海滩涂环境质量,海洋生物多样性、淡水生物多样性、陆生和海岛高等植物多样性、陆栖动物多样性与特点,分析了其破坏状况和原因,提出了生物多样性保护对策和可持续利用途径.黄河三角洲生物多样性调查研究结果显示:近海海域共鉴定出浮游植物116种、浮游动物79种、底栖动物222种、潮间带动物192种、鱼类112种,其他重要海洋动物11种;淡水水域共鉴定出浮游植物291种、浮游动物144种、底栖动物69种、鱼类102种;陆域和海岛共鉴定出高等植物608种、无脊椎动物922种、脊椎动物325种,有4种动物为山东新记录种.该区域湿地植被群丛多样,鸟类多样性丰富,重点保护鸟类种类多、种群数量大.      

古夫河着生藻类优势种体积与水质因子的相关性研究

通过研究长江三峡库区古夫河着生藻类优势种体积的变化,探索影响其体积的主要水质因子,为河流水质评价提供依据.于2010年12月至2012年2月,对古夫河着生藻类和地表水采样11次,共鉴定着生藻类197种,检测水质指标10项.选取Mcnaughton优势度指数(Y)>0.02的着生藻类(共30种)作为优势种并计算体积;利用主成分分析(PCA)分析优势种藻类在不同月份的体积变化.结果显示,硅藻门对冷暖季的变化较为敏感.将水质因子与优势种藻类体积进行典范对应分析(CCA),结果显示水质因子与藻类体积相关性大小为:溶解氧>氨氮>叶绿素a>酸碱度>硝态氮>总磷>水温>总氮>总有机碳>化学需氧量.Monte Carlo显著性检验结果为溶解氧和氨氮对着生藻类体积的影响最大,其次为叶绿素a、酸碱度和硝态氮.硅藻门藻类体积的变化可以判断古夫河水体中溶解氧、氨氮、叶绿素a、酸碱度、硝态氮的含量与变化.     

上海苏州河大型底栖动物的研究

苏州河白鹤至浙江路段6个采样断面大型底栖动物隶属于环节动物门（Annelida）、软体动物门（Mollusca）及节肢动物门（Arthropoda）.其中寡毛纲（Oligochaeta）4种、蛭纲（Hirudinea）2种、腹足纲（Gastropoda）5种、双壳纲（Bivalvia）2种及昆虫纲摇蚊科幼虫-（Chironomidae）与潜蝇蛹（Agromyzigae）-未定种-.随着底质污染的加重,群落结构趋于简化.种类少、高度耐污是存活大型底栖动物的显著特点.从白鹤至华槽断面,高度耐污的霍甫水丝蚓-（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)数量趋于增加,并在华槽断面形成明显数量高峰;北新泾、武宁路河段底质污染严重,环节动物、软体动物消失;浙江路断面受黄浦江“逆流”影响,寡毛纲动物再度出现,并形成一定数量.     

黄河入海口潮间带大型底栖动物群落组成及次级生产力

为了解黄河入海口潮间带大型底栖生物现状,于2008年和2009年黄河枯水期的5月和丰水期的8月分别对黄河入海口5条潮间带断面大型底栖动物进行了采样调查。结果表明,采集到大型底栖动物65种,其中软体动物26种、甲壳动物22种、多毛类12种、腔肠动物2种、腕足动物、棘皮动物和鱼类各1种。软体动物和甲壳动物是构成潮间带底栖动物的主要类群。黄河入海口潮间带大型底栖动物平均栖息密度为(929.60±356.53)/m2,平均生物量(湿重)为(169.92±7.31)g/m2。在栖息密度组成中,软体动物占绝对优势,其次甲壳动物和多毛类,其他类群较低。Shannon-Weiner多样性指数为1.44±0.44,Margalef物种丰富度指数1.57±0.15,Pielou均匀度指数0.42±0.11。年平均去灰干重(13.96±0.61)g(AFDW)/m2,年次级生产力(11.26±0.62)g(AFDW)/(m2.a),P/B值平均(0.89±0.11)/a,表明黄河入海口潮间带个体较大、生活史较长的大型底栖动物种类所占比例较高。     

黄河三角洲湿地水域底栖动物群落结构及其时空差异

2009年5月、8月和11月调查了黄河三角洲河流、水库、养殖池塘等水域14个采样点的大型底栖动物群落多样性及其时空差异,并用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数对环境进行了评价。共采集底栖动物35种,隶属4门8纲25科31属,其中环节动物11种、软体动物7种、节肢动物16种和脊索动物1种;物种数均较少,3/4次少于3种,且近1/3次未采集到底栖动物,优势种及物种数均随季节波动而变化;栖息密度为0～22 000个/m2,平均为1 111个/m2;生物量为0～146 g/m2,平均为12.30 g/m2。结果表明,Shannon-Wiener指数均较低,仅9号站在8月>3(3.15),2/42次为2～3、8/42次为1～2、14/42次为0～1、5/42为0,且12/42次未采集到底栖动物,表明黄河三角洲湿地水域底栖动物群落比较脆弱,水质均受到不同程度的污染影响。     

洪泽湖西部湖滨的生物多样性保护与可持续利用

洪泽湖湿地共鉴定出浮游植物165种、水生高等植物81种、浮游动物91种、底栖动物69种、鱼类102种、鸟类194种。在对洪泽湖西部湖滨的范围、自然特征、社会经济特征和环境质量进行简要介绍后，分析了影响洪泽湖西部湖滨生物多样性的主要因素，重点提出了洪泽湖西部湖滨生物多样性保护的措施：加强保护区建设、湖滨生态工程建设和区域环境综合整治。最后对洪泽湖西部湖滨生物多样性保护的资金来源进行了筹划。     

Electric Signals in the Social Behavior of Sympatric Elephantfish (Mormyridae, Teleostei) from the Upper Zambezi River

 Electrocommunication in mormyrid fish from African freshwaters is a challenging research field in neuroethology (Turner et al. 1999). However, virtually nothing is known about electrocommunication within natural mormyrid populations involving sympatric, syntopic species. Here we report on the nocturnal activities and electrocommunication among three syntopic species in a spacious laboratory setting resembling the natural one. Petrocephalus catostoma, Cyphomyrus discorhynchus, and Hippopotamyrus sp. nov. differ characteristically in their behavior, such as in territorial defense, schooling, and joining members of other species during foraging. Comparing social encounters within and between species, the first evidence for interspecific electrocommunication among syntopic species was found. Received: 27 September 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 22 December 1999     

Biodiversity below ground: probing the subterranean ant fauna of Amazonia

Ants are abundant, diverse, and ecologically dominant in tropical forests. Subterranean ants in particular are thought to have a significant environmental impact, although difficulties associated with collecting ants underground and examining their ecology and behavior have limited research. In this paper, we present the results of a study of subterranean ant diversity in Amazonian Ecuador that employs a novel probe to facilitate the discovery of species inhabiting the soil horizon. Forty-seven species of ants in 19 genera, including new and apparently rare species, were collected in probes. Approximately 19% of the species collected at different depths in the soil were unique to probe samples. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) results showed that the species composition of ants collected with the probe was significantly different from samples collected using other techniques. Additionally, ANOSIM computations indicated the species assemblage of ants collected 12.5 cm below the surface was significantly different from those found at 25, 37.5, and 50 cm. Ant diversity and species accumulation rates decreased with increasing depth. There were no species unique to the lowest depths, suggesting that subterranean ants may not be distributed deep in the soil in Amazonia due to the high water table. The technique we describe could be used to gain new insights into the distribution and biology of subterranean ant species and other members of the species-rich soil invertebrate macrofauna.     

莱州湾海洋浮游和底栖生物多样性分析

利用莱州湾海域历年综合调查和生态监测资料,综合分析了莱州湾浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖生物等主要海洋生物类群的多样性状况及其长期变化特征。结果表明,莱州湾浮游植物种类繁多,不同航次调查物种数在几十至上百种不等,优势种周年变动和年际变化具有群落演替的特征,总细胞丰度在季节和年际间均呈指数变化,多样性指数H' (log2)平均值为2.64,秋季相对高于春季和夏季,且1959年显著高于20世纪80年代后的年份。莱州湾浮游动物种类以桡足类为主,单航次调查物种数相对浮游植物较少,优势种组成相对稳定,个体密度近几年有下降的趋势,多样性指数H'在1.74~2.52之间波动。莱州湾底栖生物种类众多,单航次调查大型底栖动物物种数一般就超百种,优势种以多毛类和双壳类为主,近几年呈现高丰度和低生物量的特点,多样性指数H'近几年监测结果有升高趋势,但相对20世纪80年代仍属低值。     

重金属污染对土壤动物群落生态影响的研究

研究结果表明,污染区土壤动物种类计有３１类,蜱螨类和弹尾类为优势类群,其它２９类为常见类群和希有类群;土壤动物种类和数量随着污染影响程度的增加而减少,土壤物数量变化主要由于优势类群的数量消长,土壤动物种类的减少则由于污染敏感种类的减少或消失。大型土壤动物蚯蚓和蜘蛛对重金属元素有强的富集能力,体现人的Ｃｄ,ＰｈＡｓ含量与土壤中Ｃｄ,Ｐｈ,Ａｓ含量叶明显地正相关,而蜈蚣对重金属的富集明显减弱。     

糖厂废水对博斯腾湖藻类影响研究

采用围隔式生态系现场模拟糖厂生产废水排放对博斯腾湖藻类种群结构和生长的影响,结果表明,藻类种群结构和生物量均会受到影响,藻类种群数随废水浓度提高而趋于减少,藻类优势种发生变化,低浓度废水会促进藻类生长,高浓度废水则会抑制藻类生长,结论是糖厂废水排放对博斯腾湖藻类种群结构和生长存在影响。      

Estimating the magnitude of morphoscapes: how to measure the morphological component of biodiversity in relation to habitats using geometric morphometrics

Ecological indicators are currently developed to account for the different facets of loss of biological diversity due to direct or indirect effects of human activities. Most ecological indicators include species richness as a metric. Others, such as functional traits and phylogenetic diversity, account for differences in species, even when species richness is the same. Here, we describe and apply a different indicator, called morphoscape dimension, accounting for morphological variability across habitats in a geographical region. We use the case of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in four different habitats in the Po Plain in Northern Italy to exemplify how to quantify the magnitude of the morphological space (i.e. the dimension of the morphoscape) occupied by the species in each habitat using geometric morphometrics. To this aim, we employed a variety of metrics of morphological disparity related to univariate size, and more complex multivariate shape and form. Our ‘proof of concept’ suggests that metrics assessing size and form might largely tend to simply mirror the information provided by species richness, whereas shape morphoscape disparity may be able to account for non-trivial differences in species traits amongst habitats. This is indicated by the woodland morphoscape being on average bigger than that of crops, the most species-rich habitat, despite having almost 20% less species. We conclude suggesting that the analysis of morphoscape dimension has the potential to become a new additional and complimentary tool in the hands of conservation biologists and ecologists to explore and quantify habitat complexity and inform decisions on management and conservation based on a wide set of ecological indicators.     

空难对湿地底栖大型无脊椎动物的影响

探讨了包头"11·21"空难对南海子底栖大型无脊椎动物的种类、数量和空间分布以及水质的重要影响.研究发现:南海子底栖大型无脊椎动物有6种,其中寡毛类有2种、摇蚊幼虫有4种;摇蚊幼虫在数量和生物量上均占绝对优势,是南海子的优势种.南海子底栖大型无脊椎动物的种类多样性指数为1.262 9,Shnnon-Wiener多样性指数为0.614 5.南海子底栖大型无脊椎动物的分布率为92%,事故发生地附近没有底栖大型无脊椎动物出现;底栖大型无脊椎动物的数量和生物量以及种类多样性指数随着与事故发生地距离的增加而增加.空难事故后南海子水体已出现严重富营养化.