Life cycle assessment of an industrial symbiosis based on energy recovery from dried sludge and used oil

Recovering energy from wastes is a useful strategy for integrated waste and energy management in an eco-industrial park (EIP) and gives promising reduction of wastes, total energy consumption and operation cost. In Jinqiao EIP, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, an industrial symbiosis, based on the energy recovery from municipal sewage sludge and re-refined oil, was proposed in the central heat-supplying company of Jinqiao EIP. It is expected that hot off-gas or part of the steam from the central heat-supplying company could be used for sludge drying and used oil re-refining while the dried sludge and refined oil can be partial substitution for fossil fuel. For the purpose of assessing the environmental performance of this industrial symbiosis, life cycle assessment (LCA) was used and different scenarios were set up in this study to evaluate the Global warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Eutrophication Potential (EP), Human toxicity air (HTA) and Total Environmental Impact Potential (TEIP) of the system. Results indicate that when the substitute ratio of coal by sludge is 14%, the proposed industrial symbiosis has the least environmental impact. Compared with the current situation (sludge is landfilled), co-combustion of dried sludge and re-refined oil with coal at optimal scale will release less CO₂, CH₄, NO_x, N₂O and CO, but more SO₂, H₂S, NH₃, HCl, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and heavy metals.     

废铁屑强化污泥厌氧消化产甲烷可行性分析

有关全球气候变化的《巴黎协定》落槌,预示着污水处理追求碳中和运行的时代已经来临.碳中和狭义理解即能源自给自足,这就要求污水处理厂应最大程度转化污水中有机物或产生的剩余污泥所蕴含的有机能源,并将其生成可再生能源——甲烷.然而,剩余污泥能源转化率较低一直都是限制厌氧消化技术广为应用的瓶颈.在污泥预处理技术之外,向厌氧消化系统中投加废铁屑强化甲烷生产有望成为另一个提高能源转化率的突破口,继而实现"以废促能、变废为宝"的目的.本综述从铁腐蚀析氢现象入手,在描述铁腐蚀析氢原理、析出H2对产CH4过程影响的基础上,对铁在厌氧系统ORP减少方面的作用、对厌氧微生物生理、生化特性的影响、对涉及微生物酶活的影响等进行了全面的介绍.最后,还通过生命周期评估(LCA)评价了基于废铁屑的污泥厌氧消化技术对环境的影响及经济合理性.     

Co-production of heat and power: an anchor tenant of a regional industrial ecosystem

The resource basis of industrial energy production is still, to a large extent, in non-renewable fossil fuels, the use of which creates emissions that the ecosystem has difficulty in tolerating. The goal of industrial ecology is to substitute the non-renewable stocks with renewable flows. In this paper, a regional industrial ecosystem that relies on a power plant as its key organisation, as an anchor tenant, is considered in the context of energy production and consumption. The co-production method of heat and electricity (CHP, co-production of heat and power) is implemented in the local power plant. This method uses the waste energy from electricity production for district heat and industrial heat/steam. The fuel basis in a CHP plant can include heterogeneous waste fuels. The method has been applied, to a large extent, in only three countries in the world; Denmark, The Netherlands and Finland. Examples of CHP-based industrial ecosystems from Finland are considered. CHP is reflected upon from the viewpoint of industrial ecosystem principles.     

含金属元素化合物和压力对工业污泥燃烧特性的影响

为了更好地利用工业污泥,有必要对它的燃烧特性进行研究,因而利用热重法研究了由3种典型的工业污泥按质量比1∶1∶1混合后的多组分试样在掺混含不同金属元素混合物、不同升温速率以及加压下的燃烧特性.实验结果表明,含金属元素化合物对污泥的燃烧能起到一定的催化作用,有助于改善工业污泥的着火性能,提高工业污泥的燃烧放热量和燃尽水平.含不同金属元素化合物对于污泥燃烧的催化机制和作用有所差异.实验中各种含金属元素化合物促进污泥燃烧过程的作用次序由大到小依次为:K2CO3、NaCl、Al2O3.随着压力的增大,污泥试样燃烧反应区间向低温区移动,各特征温度均呈下降趋势,综合燃烧特性指数有所提高;而随着升温速率的增大,污泥试样燃烧反应区间向高温区移动,各特征温度均有所增大,但综合燃烧特性愈好,对污泥燃烧越有利.     

Cleaner production and industrial ecosystems, a Dutch experience

This article opens briefly with the recent discussions about the effectiveness of pollution prevention. As pollution prevention and cleaner production are important elements of industrial ecology, the different definitions and approaches of industrial ecology as a term also need clarity. The major part of this article reflects the first results of the cleaner production and industrial ecology concepts, applied in an industrial ecosystem project (INES) in the Rotterdam harbour area. In this industrial area with many refineries and (petro)chemical facilities, the possibilities for companies to reuse waste streams, by-products and energy from each other was researched. The project was initiated by an industrial association. Sixty-nine members of the industrial association joined the INES project and provided confidential information about their resources, products and waste streams to the research team. Based on this information, 15 projects were designed. The selected three projects for further feasibility studies showed the potency to reduce the use of energy, water and bio sludge significantly.     

东北地区工业污染时空格局演变研究

基于东北地区2003—2015年地市层面工业废水、工业SO2排放数据,采用标准差椭圆、地理集中度指数,从宏观及微观两个角度分析东北地区工业污染时空格局演变特征,并对工业发展与工业污染演变协同关系展开研究.结果表明,2003—2015年间东北地区两种工业污染排放量及占全国比重均有所提升,工业污染尤其是工业SO2污染对生态环境胁迫逐渐增大;标准差椭圆结果显示,工业污染在空间上均呈南(偏西)-北(偏东)方向分布,工业污染重心轨迹迁移存在相似性,工业SO2污染空间集聚程度高于工业废水;工业污染地理集中度显示,地市层面工业污染集聚情况呈南高北低的空间分布特征,研究期内工业污染集中度高值区分布范围明显收缩,空间特征得到强化;东北地区工业发展与工业污染空间形态演变存在相似性,空间形态上的差异逐渐减弱.分地区看,东北地区中部工业环境绩效最高,而工业污染集中度较低的北部工业环境绩效偏低,局部上表现出工业发展与工业污染变化不一致的特点.最后分析了工业及工业污染空间格局演变趋势及北部地区工业发展与工业污染变化不一致的原因.     

钢铁企业低碳技术评价选择与应用

钢铁行业作为最大的工业CO₂排放源之一,已成为我国实现“双碳”目标的重要领域,而低碳技术在其中起基础性和导向性作用. 本文在综合国内外低碳技术的基础上,先梳理并形成初步的钢铁行业低碳技术清单,然后通过参考相关技术评价文献、温室气体排放核算方法与报告指南,经过实地调研及Delphi法咨询专家意见构建钢铁企业低碳技术评价指标体系,并采用层次分析法确定各项指标权重,评价了湖南省钢铁企业已应用的13项低碳技术,从多角度揭示了低碳技术选择的优先排序,为钢铁企业低碳技术选择提供参考. 结果表明:若只评价碳减排效果,焦炉上升管荒煤气余热利用技术、废钢循环利用技术、富含一氧化碳的气态二次能源综合利用技术、加热炉黑体强化辐射节能技术得分较高;若只评价技术投资成本、成熟度和普适性,得分较高的是余热余压利用等节能技术. 从综合评价来看,高炉煤气余压透平发电装置、废钢循环利用技术得分较高,分别为83.129、82.982分,智能化炼钢技术、富含一氧化碳的气态二次能源综合利用得分较低,分别为74.040、72.991分,处于中等水平的技术属于余热余压利用等节能技术.      

The study of ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization process applied to the utilization of pyrolysis oil from waste tires

In recent years, the increasing world population and rapid industrial development has increased the consumption of fossil fuel-derived oils. In response to the resulting exhaustion of fossil fuel energy, many countries around the world are investigating methods of waste energy recovery and reuse, including oil recovery from the pyrolysis process of waste tires. This study investigates the efficiency of an ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD) process in sulfur reduction from diesel oil and the pyrolysis oil from waste tires treatment. The results indicate that the oxidation efficiency increases as the doses of transition metal catalyst are increased. Longer sonication time also enhances the oxidation process, apparently through the biphasic transfer of oxidants, which results in a high yield of organic sulfur oxidation products. The best desulfurization efficiency was 99.7% (2.67 ppm sulfur remaining) and 89% (800 ppm sulfur remaining) for diesel and pyrolysis oils, respectively, via a process executed by two UAOD units connected in series and combined with solid adsorption using 30 g of Al₂O₃ in 6 cm columns. These batch experiment results demonstrate clean waste energy recovery and utilization, while fulfilling the requirements of Taiwan EPA environmental regulations (sulfur concentrations less than 5000 ppm).     

The influence of operational flexibility on the exploitation of CO2 reduction potential in industrial energy production

Energy conservation is a key measure for reducing CO₂ emissions. However, realising the emission reduction potential of an energy conservation investment depends on many factors, such as energy prices. The EU emissions trading scheme has made the investment analysis more complicated and increased the economic value of operational flexibility under fluctuating carbon prices. The different operational options in industrial energy production complicate the estimation of CO₂ reduction potential in the investment phase. Increasing operational flexibility enables optimisation in the economic dimension, which may lead to less than optimum CO₂ reduction. In our case study, which analysed the effects of an energy conservation investment made in the pulp and paper industry, the deviation from the expected emission reduction was around 30% over the period from 2000 to 2007. However, it seems that with high carbon prices, increasing operational flexibility has no significant effect on the carbon emissions. In policy-making, the freedom of action that is made possible by increasing operational flexibility should be taken into account when evaluating the contribution of an individual energy efficiency investment towards meeting the national targets for energy efficiency improvement and CO₂ emission reduction.     

Recovery of Cu and Fe from Printed Circuit Board waste sludge by ultrasound: Evaluation of industrial application

The paper presents a novel cleaner process for metal recovery from the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) waste sludge by assistance of ultrasound. The process can effectively recover heavy metals at low cost with high separation and recovery efficiency, produce high quality products and also achieve zero waste discharge with operation at industrial scale. With the PCB waste sludge containing (wet content) 3.14–4.85% copper and 3.71–4.23% iron, copper recovery efficiency of 95.2–97.5% and iron recovery efficiency of 97.1–98.5% were achieved, while the purity of copper sulfate produced by the process was 98.0% and the produced ferric chloride had a satisfied quality for using as a coagulant material for the plant on-site wastewater treatment. The process had been successfully scaled up to the industrial scaled applications in a heavy metal recovery plant in city of Huizhou, China for more than two years. The novel cleaner heavy metal recovery process has a great prospect on the applications of resources recovery and environmental protection practices.     

专业化、多样性与中国省域工业污染排放的关系

集聚外部性是集聚影响工业污染排放的重要机制,不同的集聚方式对应不同的污染排放行为。以中国31个省市工业废水、工业废气、工业固废为例,基于集聚外部性理论,将工业集聚分为专业化、多样性、相关多样性和非相关多样性等4种类型,在分析工业污染排放强度空间格局特征的基础上构建计量模型考察工业集聚与工业污染排放的关系,结果表明：（1）工业废水、废气、固废污染强度的省域差异显著,空间分布上均有不断集中的趋向。（2）多样性集聚比专业化集聚更有利于降低工业污染排放强度。多样性集聚对工业废水强度下降的作用最大,对废气和固废污染的减排作用较小。产业关联是多样性集聚发挥环境“自净”效应的重要条件,相关多样性有利于降低工业污染排放强度,而非相关多样性会加剧污染排放。（3）从不同污染型产业看,废水污染型产业的专业化集聚有利于污染强度下降,而废气和固废污染型产业专业化集聚会加剧污染排放,污染型产业多样性发展均有利于污染强度下降。（4）不同集聚类型对工业污染的影响存在着区域和污染类型的异质性。（5）要进一步降低工业污染,应提高集聚产业的多样化水平,强化产业间的内在关联。同时,应根据不同区域、不同污染型产业、不同工业污染物制定差异化防治措施。     

中国工业碳排放的因素分解与脱钩效应

采用广义迪氏指数分解法（GDIM）分析2000~2016年中国工业碳排放的驱动因素,并在此基础上,创新性地结合DPSIR框架构建脱钩努力模型测度工业碳排放的脱钩效应.研究结果表明：产出规模效应、技术进步效应、能源消费规模效应和人均碳排放效应是导致工业碳排放增加的主要因素,而产出碳强度效应与技术进步碳强度效应是减少工业碳排放的关键因素;工业碳排放的脱钩效应呈"未脱钩~弱脱钩~强脱钩"的阶段性特点;产出碳强度效应与技术进步碳强度效应是工业碳排放实现强脱钩的决定性因素,同时更需要调整能源结构、降低能源强度与碳排放强度来实现工业碳排放强脱钩.     

Quantification of energy related industrial eco-efficiency of China

Improving eco-efficiency is propitious for saving resources and reducing emissions, and has become a popular route to sustainable development. We define two energy-related eco-efficiencies: energy efficiency (ENE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission-related eco-efficiency (GEE) using energy consumption and the associated GHG emissions as the environmental impacts. Using statistical data, we analyze China’s energy consumption and GHG emissions by industrial subsystem and sector, and estimate the ENE and GEE values for China in 2007 as 4.871×10⁷ US/PJ and 4.26×10 < sup > 8 < /sup > US/PJ and 4.26×10⁸ US/TgCO₂eq, respectively. Industry is the primary contributing subsystem of China’s economy, contributing 45.2% to the total economic production, using 79.6% of the energy consumed, and generating 91.4% of the total GHG emissions. We distinguish the individual contributions of the 39 industrial sectors to the national economy, overall energy consumption, and GHG emissions, and estimate their energyrelated eco-efficiencies. The results show that although ferrous metal production contributes only 3.5% to the national industrial economy, it consumes the most industrial energy (20% of total), contributes 16% to the total industrial global warming potential (GWP), and ranks third in GHG emissions. The power and heat sector ranks first in GHG emissions and contributes one-third of the total industrial GWP, although it only consumes about 8% of total industrial energy and, like ferrous metal production, contributes 3.5% to the national economy. The ENE of the ferrous metal and power and heat sectors are only 8 and 2.1×10⁷ US/PJ, while the GEE for these two sectors are 9 and 4×10 < sup > 4 < /sup > US/PJ, while the GEE for these two sectors are 9 and 4×10⁴ US/GgCO₂eq, respectively; these are nearly the lowest ENE and GEE values among all 39 industry sectors. Finally, we discuss the possibility of ecoefficiency improvement through a comparison with other countries.     

基于物质平衡模型的工业汞污染防治环境经济手段分析

我国以行政命令手段为主的环境管理措施并不能完全有效控制环境汞污染,因而有必要引入环境经济手段。本文基于汞在采掘、冶炼和产品生产三个生产环节中的利用、处置与排放特征,构建了经济系统及行业部门的汞物质平衡模型,并发现,单个污染源的汞污染物治理难以保证消除汞的环境危害。因而,采取环境经济手段控制工业汞污染,尽可能少的向环境中排放汞,在涉汞工业系统的层面上提高汞的利用效率和再资源化率。我国工业汞污染防治的环境经济手段包括环境污染价格、税费以及绿色金融两大类,但仅对生产环节高浓度汞排放发挥作用,对于堆存、再提取和处置环节的汞排放则作用不大。对此,应从扩大环境税(排污费)的征收范围,建立长效的绿色金融机制和推进第三方治理低含量含汞废物,这三个方面加以改进。     

青岛市工业危险废物处理现状分析与评价

自2006年青岛市工业产业结构调整以来,城市经济快速发展与人民生活水平日益提高,商品消费量不断增加,由此导致工业危险废物的产生量与排放量加速增长,且废物种类繁多、性质复杂、产生源数量分布广泛．管理难度大,因而带来了极大的环境安全隐患。在调查和分析2005—2007年青岛市工业危险废物产生现状的基础上,指出：（1）产生量最大危险废物类别为无机氰化物、无机氟化物、含铬废物和染料涂料等4大类;（2）产生量大小排序依次为平度市、莱西市和李沧区。同时,在分析废物产生特性和污染特性的基础上,提出青岛市在工业危险废物管理过程中存在的问题已成为青岛绿色经济发展的严重壁垒。针对工业经济发展规划和废物产生特征,提出了相关的管理对策和建议,对青岛市工业危险废物的有效管理和促进循环经济的发展具有一定的指导意义。     

Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Strategies in Mitigating the Greenhouse Impact of Waste Management in Three Communities of Different Size

Waste management is a significant source of methane (CH₄) emissions. CH₄ is second to carbon dioxide (CO₂) the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas. In this article the methodology and results from a study on the reduction potential of alternative waste treatment strategies in mitigating the greenhouse impact are presented. The objective is to provide information to decision makers so that the greenhouse issue can be included in the decision making on waste management strategies. The potential cost-effectiveness of reducing the greenhouse impact of alternative waste treatment strategies in three communities of different size in Finland is assessed. The estimation of the greenhouse impact includes estimates of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the amount of carbon (C) stored at landfills (Csink) and the emission savings that can be achieved by using waste for energy production (assumed decrease in the use of fossil fuels). Landfill gas recovery with energy production was found to be the most-efficient way in reducing the greenhouse impact from large landfills. Burning of all the waste or the combustible fraction in municipal solid waste (MSW) was also an efficient method to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially if the energy produced can reduce the burning of fossil fuels. Emissions from transportation of waste are small compared with the emissions from landfills. Even if the transportion mileage is doubled due to increasing separation and recycling the greenhouse impact of transportation would be only 3–4 percent of the impact of landfilling the waste.     

Diagnosis and proposals for waste management in industrial areas in the service sector: case study in the metropolitan area of Granada (Spain)

Industrial parks play a significant role in the production and use of goods and services. However, this also means that the environmental problems of each company are concentrated in a relatively small area. One of these problems is solid waste disposal, which has become a critical issue because of its negative impacts as well as the resources consumed. Integrated solid waste management integrates cleaner and more sustainable production strategies by reducing resource consumption and applying mechanisms found in natural ecosystems to industrial systems. Nevertheless, one of the necessary conditions for the design of such a system is a preliminary study of waste generation management in the area. The study presented in this paper characterizes industrial waste production and management in the metropolitan area of Granada (Spain), and analyzes its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. A similar typology of industrial activities, mainly in the distribution and transportation sector, as well as the proximity of various industrial parks could facilitate their partnership in environmental management. The results obtained in our study point to significant weaknesses in the system, such as the lack of effective waste management tools and training for waste management personnel. Other weaknesses were, the low percentage of selective waste collection and the existence of unauthorized collectors. The paper concludes with specific proposals for waste collection. These recommendations include the creation of the following: (i) a community responsible for waste management; (ii) recycling points in industrial parks; (iii) energy recovery from the waste; (iv) a market to sell, buy, and/or exchange waste; (v) one authorized set of waste management agents that would provide the advantages of an economy of scale.     

城市污水污泥焚烧处理环境影响分析

以城市污水污泥为研究对象,应用生命周期评价方法分别对干化焚烧、污泥与煤混燃发电、污泥与生活垃圾掺烧发电3种焚烧处理方式的生命过程进行清单分析,以获得各处理方式的能耗及其对环境的影响.结果表明,处理1.0 t湿污泥,填埋处理的能耗和总环境负荷均最低,分别为2.24kg （以标准煤计）和46.55×10-3标准人当量(PET).污泥直接干化处理能源消耗最大,达到了111.12 kg（以标准煤计）.污泥与垃圾或者与煤掺烧发电由于利用固体废弃物化学内能,降低了化石燃料消耗.这两种掺烧处理方式的环境排放都以酸化和富营养化为主,对局地性的影响占据首位,因此,污泥焚烧处理仍需加强尾气净化设备的投入,以减少酸性气体及二噁英的排放.     

Development of a hybrid photo-bioreactor and nanoparticle adsorbent system for the removal of CO2 , and selected organic and metal co-pollutants

Fossil fuel combustion and many industrial processes generate gaseous emissions that contain a number of toxic organic pollutants and carbon dioxide (CO₂) which contribute to climate change and atmospheric pollution. There is a need for green and sustainable solutions to remove air pollutants, as opposed to conventional techniques which can be expensive, consume additional energy and generate further waste. We developed a novel integrated bioreactor combined with recyclable iron oxide nano/micro-particle adsorption interfaces, to remove CO_2, and undesired organic air pollutants using natural particles, while generating oxygen. This semi-continuous bench-scale photo-bioreactor was shown to successfully clean up simulated emission streams of up to 45% CO₂ with a conversion rate of approximately 4% CO₂ per hour, generating a steady supply of oxygen (6 mmol/hr), while nanoparticles effectively remove several undesired organic by-products. We also showed algal waste of the bioreactor can be used for mercury remediation. We estimated the potential CO₂ emissions that could be captured from our new method for three industrial cases in which, coal, oil and natural gas were used. With a 30% carbon capture system, the reduction of CO₂ was estimated to decrease by about 420,000, 320,000 and 240,000 metric tonnes, respectively for a typical 500 MW power plant. The cost analysis we conducted showed potential to scale-up, and the entire system is recyclable and sustainable. We further discuss the implications of usage of this complete system, or as individual units, that could provide a hybrid option to existing industrial setups.