无机稳定剂处理重金属污染土壤

以重金属污染土壤为研究对象,比较了铁屑、蒙脱石、碳酸钙和羟基磷灰石4种稳定剂对土壤中Pb,Zn,Cd,Cu 4种重金属的稳定效果。实验结果表明,4种稳定剂稳定效率的大小顺序为:羟基磷灰石碳酸钙蒙脱石铁屑。当稳定剂质量分数为10%时,羟基磷灰石、碳酸钙、蒙脱石和铁屑对Pb,Zn,Cd,Cu 4种重金属的平均稳定效率分别为99.63%,98.53%,97.15%,86.95%。未加稳定剂时,土壤中的Pb以残渣态为主,Zn以残渣态和可交换态为主,Cd以残渣态为主,Cu以残渣态和可交换态为主;加入稳定剂后,土壤中4种金属可交换态的所占比例(简称占比)均显著降低,还原态的占比明显增大,残渣态的占比略有增大,氧化态的占比基本保持不变。     

无机稳定剂处理重金属污染土壤

以重金属污染土壤为研究对象，比较了铁屑、蒙脱石、碳酸钙和羟基磷灰石4种稳定剂对土壤中Pb，Zn，Cd，Cu 4种重金属的稳定效果。实验结果表明，4种稳定剂稳定效率的大小顺序为：羟基磷灰石﹥碳酸钙﹥蒙脱石﹥铁屑。当稳定剂质量分数为10%时，羟基磷灰石、碳酸钙、蒙脱石和铁屑对Pb，Zn，Cd，Cu 4种重金属的平均稳定效率分别为99.63%，98.53%，97.15%，86.95 %。未加稳定剂时，土壤中的Pb以残渣态为主，Zn以残渣态和可交换态为主，Cd以残渣态为主，Cu以残渣态和可交换态为主；加入稳定剂后，土壤中4种金属可交换态的所占比例（简称占比）均显著降低，还原态的占比明显增大，残渣态的占比略有增大，氧化态的占比基本保持不变。     

添加CaO对燃煤重金属元素富集效果的影响

选取CaO作为吸附剂,探究了不同燃烧温度下添加CaO对重金属元素在燃煤灰渣中富集效果的影响规律。实验结果表明:添加CaO对重金属元素Cr未起到富集作用,而对Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb 7种重金属元素的富集效果显著;随燃烧温度的升高,CaO对各赋存形态的Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As的富集效果先变好而后变差,对各赋存形态的Cd和Pb的富集效果越来越好;CaO添加比(预处理后的CaO颗粒与预处理后的原煤的质量比)越大,CaO对Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb的富集效果越好,燃烧温度为850℃时的最佳CaO添加比为4%。     

柠檬酸淋洗去除电子垃圾污染土壤中的重金属

采用柠檬酸溶液对模拟电子垃圾污染土壤（简称污染土壤）中Cu,Pb,Cd 3种重金属进行淋洗实验,考察了柠檬酸溶液的浓度、柠檬酸溶液的pH、淋洗时间等对污染土壤中Cu,Pb,Cd的淋洗效果,探讨了柠檬酸溶液淋洗前后污染土壤中Cu,Pb,Cd 3种重金属各形态含量的变化。研究结果表明,在柠檬酸溶液的浓度0.100 mol/L、柠檬酸溶液的pH 5、淋洗时间1 440 min的适宜条件下,对污染土壤中Cu,Pb,Cd的去除率分别达到89.37%,72.11%,86.39%。柠檬酸溶液对3种重金属的去除主要是通过洗出酸可提取态（R1）和酸可还原态（R2）来实现的,每种重金属的R1和R2之和均占到其淋出总量的95%以上,而酸可氧化态（R3）和残渣态（R4）的含量淋洗前后基本无变化。     

表面活性剂与柠檬酸联合洗涤高黏性土壤中的重金属

以一水合柠檬酸（CA）为洗涤剂,分别采用吐温80（TW80）、十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS）、β-环糊精（BCD）和腐植酸（HA）4种表面活性剂与CA联合洗涤高黏性土壤中的重金属,考察表面活性剂与CA的联合洗脱效果。实验结果表明：添加4种表面活性剂均可提高CA对Cu、Zn和Pb的去除率;处理时无需调节体系pH;在表面活性剂与CA的混合液与土壤的液固比为10:1（mL/g）的条件下,采用一次洗涤即可。经4种表面活性剂与CA联合洗涤后,土壤中Cu、Zn和Pb的离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化结合态的占比均下降,而硫化物及有机结合态和残渣态的占比有所提升。     

气化炉渣的重金属浸出特性及化学形态分析

分别采用硫酸硝酸法、水平振荡法和醋酸缓冲溶液法制取气化炉渣的浸出液，考察了不同提取方式对浸出液中重金属质量浓度的影响。采用改进BCR连续提取法对气化炉渣中的重金属Cr，Zn，Cu，Pb，Ni，As，Cd的化学形态进行了分析。实验结果表明：煤气化工艺中的气化炉渣属第Ⅰ类一般工业固体废物;在3种提取方式中，醋酸缓冲溶液法的重金属浸出种类最多，且浸出量最大;Cd和Cr对环境具有较高的潜在危害性，Cu次之，Zn，Pb，Ni，As主要以残渣态形式存在，对环境的直接危害性较低。     

无患子皂苷与柠檬酸协同洗脱污染土壤中镉铅

以某废弃铅锌矿区重金属污染土壤为研究对象,采用无患子皂苷与柠檬酸（CA）协同洗脱污染土壤中的Cd和Pb。以无患子果皮投加量为20 g/L所得水浸提液和浓度为0.3 mol/L的CA配制复配淋洗剂。在浸提液中添加CA后,能有效提高对土壤中Pb的去除率。在浸提液和CA的体积比为1∶3、淋洗剂pH为5、淋洗时间为12.0 h的条件下,复配淋洗剂对Cd和Pb的去除率分别为75.2%和41.6%。双常数方程和Elovich方程均可较好描述复配淋洗剂对污染土壤中Cd和Pb的淋洗过程,表明Cd和Pb的解吸主要为非均相扩散过程。复合淋洗剂能有效降低土壤中Cd的可交换态和Pb的铁锰氧化态含量,并可促进重金属形态的转变。     

赤泥中重金属元素的浸出性与结合形态

采用等离子体质谱仪分析了拜耳法赤泥(BRM)和烧结法赤泥(SRM)中Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Cs,Pb等8种重金属元素的含量。采用逐级提取的方法分析了BRM和SRM中8种重金属元素的浸出情况和形态分布差异。实验结果表明:SRM中水溶态As的质量浓度达到17.3μg/L,BRM和SRM中可交换态Cr的质量浓度均在2 300μg/L以上,对水环境可能存在潜在危害;两种赤泥中不同形态重金属的浸出率有较大差异,SRM中Ni和BRM中Zn的总浸出率分别在60%和50%以上。     

改进电动力技术去除铅锌矿尾砂中的重金属

采用改进的电动力技术去除铅锌矿尾砂中的Pb，Zn，Cu。研究了铅锌矿尾砂中重金属在改进电动力技术处理情况下的去除情况。实验结果表明，经过7d的电动力实验，Pb、Zn和Cu的总去除率分别为34％，33％，37％，其中酸溶态去除效果显著，分别达到66％，86％，81％。Pb和Cu的铁锰氧化物结合态去除率为39％和42％，其他形态去除率较低，在10％左右。     

废旧锌锰电池的残渣成分分析

以浓酸溶解废旧锌锰电池剩余残渣为研究对象,采用原子吸收分光光度计、XRD、TG等手段对残渣成分进行了分析.实验表明:普通废旧锌锰电池残渣中各种成分含量为:Mn 27.036%、Zn 0.156%、Fe 9.713%、Pb 0.330%、Cd 0.003%、Mg 0.039%、C 24.615%、SiO2 18.524%.     

Chemical properties of heavy metals in typical hospital waste incinerator ashes in China

Incineration has become the main mechanism for hospital waste (HW) disposal in China after the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003. However, little information is available on the chemical properties of the resulting ashes. In the present study, 22HW ash samples, including 14 samples of bottom ash and eight samples of fly ash, were collected from four typical HW incineration plants located across China. Chemical analysis indicated that the HW ashes contained large amounts of metal salts of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na with a concentration range of 1.8-315gkg(-1). Furthermore, the ashes contained high concentrations of heavy metals such as Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, Sb, Sn, Sr, Zn with a vast range of 1.1-121,411mgkg(-1), with higher concentrations found in the fly ash samples. Sequential extraction results showed that Ba, Cr, Ni and Sn are present in the residual fraction, while Cd existed in the exchangeable and carbonate fractions. As, Mn, Zn existed in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction, Pb was present in the Fe-Mn oxide and residual fractions, and Cu was present in the organic matter fraction. Furthermore, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results indicated that leached amounts of Cd, Cu and Pb from almost all fly ash samples exceeded the USEPA regulated levels. A comparison between the HW ashes and municipal solid waste (MSW) ash showed that both HW bottom ash and fly ash contained higher concentrations of Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ti, and Zn. This research provides critical information for appropriate HW incineration ash management plans.     

Metal fractionation in soil profiles at automobile mechanic waste dumps.

Soil profiles at five automobile mechanic waste dumps in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria were investigated to assess the spatial distribution, chemical speciation, and likely mobility of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Ni in the soil as a function of the soil properties. A sequential fractionation protocol was used that generated six different fractions into which soil metal could partition. Cadmium was associated with non-residual fractions at surface horizons, but at lower depths it was in the residual fractions. Copper and Cr partitioned into organic and residual fractions, while Pb was associated with an Fe-Mn oxide fraction and the residual fractions. Zinc in surface horizons partitioned into an Fe-Mn oxide fraction and a fraction that captured carbonate-bound species, but in subsurface horizons, it was mainly in the residual fractions. Ni was predominantly found in the residual fractions. Mobility factors were calculated, and their values tended to decrease with increasing profile depth, indicating that these metals are relatively mobile in the surface horizons compared the subsurface except for chromium in the 15-30 cm depths. The mobility factors for the heavy metals follow the order: Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Ni. The results suggest that there is serious contamination hazard with Cd, Pb, and Zn in the soil profiles.     

Variations of metal distribution in sewage sludge composting

In the study, the variations of heavy metal distributions (of Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn) during the sewage sludge composting process were investigated by sequential extraction procedures. The total content of Cu and Zn in the composted mixture increased after the composting process. Mn and Zn were mainly found in mobile fractions (exchangeable fraction (F1), carbonate fraction (F2), and Fe/Mn oxide fraction (F3)). Cu and Pb were strongly associated with the stable fractions (organic matter/sulfides fraction (F4) and residual fraction (F5)). These five metal fractions were used to calculate the metal mobility (bioavailability) in the sewage sludge and composted mixture. The mobility (bioavailability) of Mn, Pb, and Zn (but not Cu) increased during the composting process. The metal mobility in the composted mixture ranked in the following order: Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu.     

Characterization of trace elements in chicken and duck litter ash

For safe and sustainable management of poultry litter, it is important to evaluate and understand the chemical forms and concentrations of their constituent trace elements during treatment for disposal. This experiment was carried out to compare changes in metal (Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb and Ni) fractions in chicken and duck litter after incineration at temperatures ranging from 200 to 900 degrees C. The metals were stepwise fractionated into exchangeable, adsorbed, organically bound, carbonate precipitated and residual forms by extracting with 0.5M KNO3, de-ionized water, 0.5M NaOH, 0.05M Na2 EDTA and 4M HNO3, respectively. The content of total metal and other elements (i.e., Ca, Mg and K) were was also determined. Results showed an increasing trend in the total concentrations of metals with increasing temperature with higher amounts in chicken litter ash (CLA) than duck litter ash (DLA). Higher temperatures significantly reduced the levels of H2O-soluble Mn, Zn and Ni and enhanced those of Cu and Pb. The metal fractions extracted by EDTA and HNO3 increased directly with increasing temperature while the fraction extracted with KNO3 and NaOH decreased with ashing. For Cu, Mn, Pb and Ni, the amount extracted varied in the order EDTA>HNO3>NaOH>KNO3>H2O, but the absolute amounts differed between CLA and DLA. Peak concentrations of the total metals were achieved at the highest burning temperature. The amount of H2O soluble Ca and Mg decreased and K increased in both CLA and DLA with temperature. Total and exchangeable forms of cations increased with increasing temperature. Total Ca was highest in DLA, whereas total Mg and K were higher in CLA. This study indicated that incinerating poultry litter before soil application may have mixed effects on the vulnerable metal fractions by increasing or decreasing some fractions, depending on poultry type.     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

典型磷矿区表层土壤重金属空间分布特征研究

以开阳磷矿区为对象,结合地统计学普通克里金插值法以及单因素分析法,研究了矿区表层土壤重金属的空间分布特征,并对其进行了污染评价。结果表明：以矿区当地土壤重金属背景值为标准,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,As含量均存在超标情况;5种元素含量的变异程度均为高度变异,Pb,Cd,As的变异系数远大于Cu,Zn的变异系数;土壤重金属空间分布特征为Cd,As含量在东北部的积累程度大于西南部,东北—东南方向Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,As的富集程度远大于西北—西南方向;不同土地利用类型对重金属的积累没有显著影响,这很可能与其他因素如背景值、风向、人类干扰（如化工产业）等有关。     

Heavy metal mobility and potential availability in animal manure: using a sequential extraction procedure

In this study, dairy cow manure, goat manure, and chicken manure were collected from three farms and analyzed to find out the concentration of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The concentration and potential of mobility and availability of heavy metals were studied in the animal manure samples. BCR Sequential extraction procedure was used to determine the binding forms of the metals. In this study, pseudo total concentrations of Mn and Zn were found out to be predominant in all the types of animal manure samples. According to the results, it was traced that Cr, Cu, and Ni were observed to be at the second highest level while Cd, Co, and Pb were seen at the lowest level in all the manure samples. When extractable amounts of heavy metals are taken into consideration, it is seen that the amount of the mobile fractions of heavy metals except for Cr and Ni are higher in comparison with that of immobile fraction in all the animal manure samples. It was also viewed that Mn, Cd, and Zn are more available in dairy cow manure and chicken manure whereas Cd, Co, and Mn are more available in goat manure.     

Fixation and partitioning of heavy metals in slag after incineration of sewage sludge

Fixation of heavy metals in the slag produced during incineration of sewage sludge will reduce emission of the metals to the atmosphere and make the incineration process more environmentally friendly. The effects of incineration conditions (incineration temperature 500-1100°C, furnace residence time 0-60min, mass fraction of water in the sludge 0-75%) on the fixation rates and species partitioning of Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn and Ni in slag were investigated. When the incineration temperature was increased from 500 to 1100°C, the fixation rate of Cd decreased from 87% to 49%, while the fixation rates of Cu and Mn were stable. The maximum fixation rates for Pb and Zn and for Ni and Cr were reached at 900 and 1100°C, respectively. The fixation rates of Cu, Ni, Cd, Cr and Zn decreased as the residence time increased. With a 20min residence time, the fixation rates of Pb and Mn were low. The maximum fixation rates of Ni, Mn, Zn, Cu and Cr were achieved when the mass fraction of water in the sludge was 55%. The fixation rate of Cd decreased as the water mass fraction increased, while the fixation rate of Pb increased. Partitioning analysis of the metals contained in the slag showed that increasing the incineration temperature and residence time promoted complete oxidation of the metals. This reduced the non-residual fractions of the metals, which would lower the bioavailability of the metals. The mass fraction of water in the sludge had little effect on the partitioning of the metals. Correlation analysis indicated that the fixation rates of heavy metals in the sludge and the forms of heavy metals in the incinerator slag could be controlled by optimization of the incineration conditions. These results show how the bioavailability of the metals can be reduced for environmentally friendly disposal of the incinerator slag.