土壤全氮测定方法的比较

土壤样品用H2SO4-H2O2消解后，分别用土壤肥力测定仪和TOC-VCPN测定仪测定全氮，将测定结果与半微量开氏法进行对照，通过样品测试数据的比较，证明所测全氮结果基本一致。应用土壤肥力测定仪测定硫酸铵，回收率达99．0％～99．6％，而且用土壤肥力测定仪和TOC-VCPN测定仪批量分析，操作简便，数据可靠。     

修正的凯氏法测定土壤中的总氮

文章通过对土壤总氮测定方法中催化剂、硝基化试剂、样品消解时间及消解温度等对样品测定值影响的试验,对土壤中总氮含量的测定方法进行了研究。结果表明,用修正的凯氏法消解、凯氏定氮仪定氮、滴定法测定土壤中的总氮,测定不同含氮土壤样品时,相对标准偏差在2．87％～8．11％之间,加标回收率在86．5％～102．7％之间,方法的检出限为0．014g／kg,有较好的准确度和精密度。     

合成生物柴油排放特性的研究

介绍了合成生物柴油的组成，并将1#、2#合成生物柴油与0#柴油在5种不同的工况条件下．分别进行了污染物排放特性的对比试验。结果表明，与0#柴油相比，在相同的工况条件下，使用合成生物柴油排放的尾气中污染物平均降低程度为：CO14．33％．HC7％、NOx19．4％、PM37．6％。分析了使用合成生物柴油排放尾气中污染物下降的因素，并确认柴油-水-生物质能添加剂混合而成的合成生物柴油是今后柴油机代用燃料的发展趋势。     

不同品质燃油对公交车道路颗粒排放特征的影响

以国Ⅳ排放柴油公交车为样车,研究了3种燃油公交车的颗粒数量排放特性. 3种燃油分别为纯柴油、B20燃油〔V(生物柴油)∶V(纯柴油)=2∶8〕和G20燃油〔V(天然气制油)∶V(纯柴油)=2∶8〕. 结果表明:公交车燃用3种燃油的排气颗粒数量随粒径变化均呈双峰对数分布,其中核态颗粒数量峰值粒径均为10.8 nm;聚集态颗粒数量峰值粒径则因燃料差异而不同,其中纯柴油、B20燃油和G20燃油分别为80.6、69.8和60.4 nm. 对于不同类型道路,在公交车燃用纯柴油时,其快速路下的排气颗粒数量(7.35×1015 km-1)最低,分别比主干道和次干道低47.7%和55.1%. 对于不同品质燃油而言,在全程测试线路内,燃用G20燃油的公交车排气颗粒总数量(6.92×1015 km-1)最低,较纯柴油和B20燃油分别降低了42.5%和32.4%. 其中,G20燃油排气中核态颗粒数量为1.81×1015 km-1,较纯柴油和B20燃油分别降低了3.1%和15.4%,而聚集态颗粒数量则分别降低了49.7%和37.0%. 表明公交车燃用天然气制油可有效降低颗粒排放.      

柴油轿车颗粒多环芳烃的排放特性

以一辆柴油轿车为研究样车,分别使用纯柴油、生物柴油掺混比例为10%的B10燃油,进行了NEDC整车循环工况试验,测取了该车HC、CO、NOx、颗粒等法规限制的排放,利用气相色谱-质谱法对采集的排气颗粒样品进行了分析,重点研究了颗粒中多环芳烃的排放特性.结果表明,与柴油相比,燃用B10燃油的HC、CO、NOx和颗粒等常规排放均有所降低;两种燃料产生的颗粒多环芳烃排放中均以荧蒽和芘最多,与纯柴油相比,燃用B10燃油产生的低环数PAHs排放略有增加,中高环数的PAHs排放降幅明显.苯并[a]芘等效毒性分析结果显示燃用B10燃油的BEQs值比纯柴油降低了21.6%,表明柴油轿车燃用生物柴油后,排气颗粒的多环芳烃毒性有所下降.     

公交车基于不同燃油的实际道路排放性与燃油经济性

使用便携式车载排放测试系统测试了2辆国VI公交车和2辆国III公交车燃用不同燃料的实际道路排放特性和经济性.结果表明,相比于燃用京VI车用柴油,国VI公交车燃用B5生物柴油(柴油中掺混5%生物柴油)的CO比排放降低了33.1%,NO_x比排放增加了15.6%,颗粒物数量(PN)比排放降低了13.1%.4辆公交车燃用B5生物柴油的CO排放因子较京VI车用柴油平均降低了29.5%,NO_x排放因子增加了12.7%,PN排放因子降低了9.1%.通过对CO_2的分析发现,燃用B5生物柴油的排放因子较燃用京VI车用柴油增加了11.3%,运用碳平衡计算方法计算油耗,并考虑燃油密度的影响,结果发现,燃用B5生物柴油的百公里油耗较燃用京VI车用柴油增加了11.51%,相差较大,后续需深入研究油品热值等其他理化指标对燃油经济性的影响.     

利用铜矿废水制取硫酸铜新工艺

铜矿矿坑水及铜矿废石滤沥水中含有溶出的铜离子．采用铁屑置换方法可制取海棉铜，海棉铜一般含铜58％～60％，铁20％，泥砂和水20％～22％左右．再利用海棉铜制取硫酸铜．首先用稀硫酸除去铁．将100kg海棉铜置于耐酸釜中，加入20％～25％稀硫酸200～250kg，升温至75～80℃，搅拌，酸洗3～4h，放料过滤、水洗，滤饼送氧化工序．母液中加入铁屑与过量硫酸反应，过滤后，滤液经浓缩、冷却结晶，生产硫酸亚铁付产品．结晶母液可循环使用．再将浓度为2～3mol／L的NaCl、铜离子初始浓度为0.5mol／L、pH为1—3．5的氧化液加入反应器中，缓缓加入…     

火焰原子吸收法测定空气中微量铬

本文采用HNO3－HClO4－H2SO4消解样品，用火焰原子吸收法直接测定大气和车间空气中微量铬。方法精密度为1．6～3．0％，加标回收率在98．5％～105％之间。     

液相络合-铁粉还原酸吸收回收法脱除烟气中NOx的机理研究

提出了“Fe^2 螯合剂吸收．铁粉还原．酸吸收”回收法脱除烟气中NOx的新工艺．通过对脱氮后气、液相组成的分析，重点研究了脱氮的反应机理．结果表明，处理后气体中没有产生N2O，脱氮液中也没有NO2^-和NO3^-形成，脱氮过程中NO全部被铁粉还原成了氨；在无氧的条件下，脱氮量与铁粉消耗量的比值(摩尔比)为2／1，在有氧的条件下，脱氮量与铁粉消耗量的比值为1／2，在此基础上提出了脱氮的化学反应．同时还确定了本实验的在反应条件下脱氮液中氨的平衡浓度。     

海水中硝酸盐氮的离子色谱分析

介绍了离子色谱法测定海水中硝酸盐氮的分析方法。该方法利用2．7mMNa2CO3＋0．3mMNaHCO3的缓冲液作为淋洗液，在方法设置的色谱条件下，测定了海水中添加硝酸盐氮标准波度分别为0．15、0．5、2．5mg/L的回收率，其结果为94.7±7．3％，变异系数为7．7％。本方法的最低检出浓度为0．05mg/L.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.