土壤污染防治行动计划：二、推进土壤污染防治立法，建立健全法规标准体系

（四）加快推进立法进程。配合完成土壤污染防治法起草工作。适时修订污染防治、城乡规划、土地管理、农产品质量安全相关法律法规，增加土壤污染防治有关内容。2016年底前，完成农药管理条例修订工作，发布污染地块土壤环境管理办法、农用地土壤环境管理办法。2017年底前，出台农药包装废弃物回收处理、工矿用地土壤环境管理、废弃农膜回收利用等部门规章。到2020年，土壤污染防治法律法规体系基本建立。各地可结合实际，研究制定土壤污染防治地方性法规。     

双碱法脱硫技术研究

燃煤锅炉有大型和中小型之分。大型锅炉多为火电厂应用，中小型锅炉多为工业和民用。各类燃煤锅炉烟气之中SO2控制技术见表1。本文主要研究中小型锅炉烟气除尘脱硫技术。从表14看，目前国内中小型燃煤锅炉除尘脱硫多选用湿法处理工艺。     

特大型双曲线自然通风冷却塔噪声治理方案及效果

火力发电厂闭式循环冷却水系统多数是采用钢筋混凝土结构自然通风冷却塔。其噪声污染治理是一个难题。以上海吴泾第二发电有限责任公司八期1、2号机组所用特大型双曲线自然通风冷却塔为例。介绍其噪声特性、控制措施及治理效果。可供同类冷却塔噪声控制作参考。     

火电厂噪声预测方法

本文参考国外和国内一些噪声预测方法。根据火电厂噪声特点。推出一套适合火电厂噪声的预测方法。包括源强、传播过程各种衰减量和电厂流动线源(火车)噪声计算。     

微波消解法测定水中总氮

总氮是衡量水质的重要指标之一。目前,总氮的标准测定方法是过硫酸钾氧化－紫外分光光度法。该法需要进行高温高压消解,不但消解过程耗时较长,而且操作比较繁琐。微波消解技术是近年来发展起来的新的消解方法。本法是用微波炉对水样进行消解,可缩短消解时间。本法与标准方法相比,总氮的测定结果相近。取总氮浓度已知的水样,分别在２～１５ｍｉｎ内进行微波消解试验,确定消解效果与时间的关系。结果表明,采用微波消解５ｍｉｎ即可消解完全。为确保各种水样消解彻底,本试验选择的消解时间为１０ｍｉｎ。取水样２份,分别进行６次平行…     

黄磷生产废水的处理和循环使用

本文介绍了电炉法黄磷生产废水的处理和循环使用系统。该系统分为三个部分。废水处理采用过滤、沉降、电解氧化等方法。经过处理,废水可重新循环使用,水质达到工艺要求。磷泥回收烧制磷酸。     

粉煤灰砌块的应用与发展

随着电力工业的发展,燃煤火电厂不断建成投产。作为电厂排放物的粉煤灰也随之大量增加。黑龙江省1987年排灰量就达277.55万吨。如何变废为宝,实现粉煤灰的综合利用,已成为关系国计民生的当务之急。     

电厂过热蒸汽制备微细粉煤灰的试验研究

以热电厂过热蒸汽作介质，采用改进后带有立式涡轮分级机的流化床，对喷式气流磨进行过热蒸汽加工超细粉煤灰的试验研究。结果表明。以过热蒸汽为介质的气流磨能耗低、粉碎力大。粉碎分级、收集过程在全干法下完成。是一种低成本、规模化加工超细粉煤灰的理想设备。     

浮选水中PPb级α—松油醇的热导气相色谱法

作者使用自行设计的V型浓缩器,以石油醚萃取浓缩浮选水中α-松油醇。整个分析操作中用正辛醇作内标物。在大量使用盐析剂的条件下,相比可达40,一次萃取收率达95％,实际富集比可达8000—20000倍。经浓缩富集的样品以热导气相色谱法定量。该方法的最低检测浓度为2ppb。在50ppb处的相对标准偏差为2—3％。     

循环经济建设中的政府职能与企业社会责任

《中华人民共和国循环经济促进法》的颁布和实施，标志着我国经济发展进入了一个新的阶段。对政府职能提出了。些新的要求漫企业也将承担相应的社会责任。承担社会责任的能力也将成为企业核心竞争力的一部分。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Selection of Autochthonous Plant Species from SE Spain for Soil Lead Phytoremediation Purposes

Mining activity in SE of Spain, in the west Mediterranean coast, originated more than two millenniums ago. It has generated huge areas affected by heavy metals contamination, especially of lead, which is possibly one of the most important. Investigations related to the selection of autochthonous plant taxa from a typical Spanish Mediterranean area, useful for phytoextraction and phytostabilization purposes in these polluted areas are shown. Under these edaphoclimatic conditions 12 interesting species were considered, from them six taxa were chosen for further studies. Some plant species have been proposed either for phytoextraction or phytostabilization purposes. Recommendations for further research have been discussed.     

Historical Weathering Based on Chemical Analyses of Two Spodosols in Southern Sweden

Chemical weathering losses were calculated for two conifer stands in relation to ongoing studies on liming effects and ash amendments on chemical status, soil solution chemistry and soil genesis. Weathering losses were based on elemental depletion trends in soil profiles since deglaciation and exposure to the weathering environment. Gradients in total geochemical composition were assumed to reflect alteration over time. Study sites were Horröd and Hasslöv in southern Sweden. Both Horröd and Hasslöv sites are located on sandy loamy Weichselian till at an altitude of 85 and 190 m a.s.l., respectively. Aliquots from volume determined samples from a number of soil levels were fused with lithium metaborate, dissolved in HNO₃, and analysed by ICP – AES. Results indicated highest cumulative weathering losses at Hasslöv. The weathering losses for the elements are in the following order:Si > Al > K > Na > Ca > MgTotal annual losses for Ca+Mg+K+Na, expressed in mmol_c m^-2 yr^-1, amounted to c. 28 and 58 at Horröd and Hasslöv, respectively. Variations between study sites could not be explained by differences in bulk density, geochemistry or mineralogy. The accumulated weathering losses since deglaciation were larger in the uppermost 15 cm than in deeper B horizons for most elements studied.     

Heavy Metals Removal by Biosorption and Flotation

The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water.     

Impact of Atmospheric Long Range Transport of Lead,Mercury and Cadmium on the Swedish Forest Environment

Emissions of Hg, Pb, and Cd to air aretransported over wide areas in Europe and deposited far awayfrom their sources. About 80% of the atmospheric depositionof these metals in south Sweden originate from emissions inother countries. As a result of the increased anthropogenicdeposition the concentrations of Hg, Pb, and Cd in the morlayer of forest soils have increased considerably, mainlyduring the 20th century. Although the atmosphericdeposition of these elements has declined during the mostrecent decades, the reduction of the input of Hg and Pb isnot sufficient to prevent a further accumulation. Theconcentrations of Hg and Pb are still increasing by ca. 0.5and ca. 0.2% annually in the surface layer of forest soils.In contrast, the Cd concentration is currentlydecreasing in a large part of Sweden as a result of bothdeposition decreases and enhanced leaching induced by soilacidification. The accumulation factors of Hg and Pb,especially in the forest topsoils of south Sweden, arealready above those at which adverse effects on soilbiological processes and organisms have been demonstrated instudies of gradients from local emission sources andlaboratory assessment. There are also indications of sucheffects at the current regional concentrations of Hg and Pbin mor layers from south Sweden, judging from observationsin field and laboratory studies. There is an apparent riskof Pb induced reduction in microbial activity over parts ofsouth Sweden. This might cause increased accumulation oforganic matter and a reduced availability of soil nutrients.At current concentrations of Hg in Swedish forest soils,effects similar to those of Pb are likely. Increasedconcentrations of these elements in organs of mammals andbirds have also been measured, though decreases have beendemonstrated in recent years, related to changes inatmospheric deposition rates. As a result of current andpast deposition in south Sweden, concentrations of Hg infish have increased about fivefold during the 20thcentury. This implies risks for human health, when fish frominland waters are used for food. Although the concentrationof Hg in fish has decreased ca. 20% during the last decade,probably as a result of the reduced deposition, the levelstill exceeds the general limit (0.5 mg kg^-1) in about half(ca. 40 000) of the Swedish lakes. In order to reduceconcentrations in fish to the level recommended, and avoidfurther accumulation of Hg in soils, the atmosphericdeposition has to be reduced to ca. 20% of the current deposition rate. This can only be achieved by international co-operation.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

The Relative Influences of Primary and Secondary Particulates to Urban Air Quality in the United Kingdom

This study uses a combination of data from U.K. monitoringstations and from modelling undertaken with the U.K.Meteorological Office's NAME Model to investigate therelative influences of primary and secondary particulateson total PM₁₀ levels at sites in the United Kingdom. Co-located PM₁₀ and sulphate aerosol measurementsindicate that sulphate has a disproportionately largeinfluence on the variation of PM₁₀ levels incomparison to its contribution to their total mass.Comparisons of measured PM₁₀ at urban centre, roadsideand rural sites suggest that local primary sources havevery little influence on daily mean levels. NAME has beenused to model both primary particles and sulphate aerosolfrom sources across the whole of Europe. The discrepanciesbetween modelled and observed PM₁₀ suggest that coarseparticles, such as windblown dust and resuspended roaddust,may comprise a very large, if not dominant, proportion ofobserved PM₁₀ levels. The apparently minor role ofprimary particles (especially locally-sourced ones) raisesa number of issues regarding the suitability of current U.K.and European legislation to addressing the particle problem.     

Fish Stomachs as a Biomonitoring Tool in Studies of Invertebrate Recovery

High mortality rates due to predation from fish may reduce densities of preferred prey animals. Predation may also depress the rate of recovery from environmental stress. In an alpine ecosystem damaged by acidification, we compared three different techniques of monitoring the recovery of two large species of crustaceans, the amphipod Gammarus lacustris and the notostrachan Lepidurus arcticus. The methods used were: (1): benthic littoral kick samples, (2): artificial substrate in the form of jute bags, (3): examination of brown trout stomachs. The monitoring took place in two limed lakes at the Hardangervidda mountain plateau in Central Norway, L. Svartavatn and L. Svartavasstjørni. Brown trout, Salmo trutta, is the only fish species in the lakes. Liming as a water quality improvement measure was started in 1994. All stomach samples were negative with respect to Gammarus and Lepidurus during the period 1987–1998. In 1999, the first records of both species were done in trout stomachs collected from Lake Svartavatnet. In Lake Svartavasstjørni, Lepidurus and Gammarus reappeared in fish stomachs in 2001 and 2002, respectively. During the period of monitoring, no records of these crustaceans were done in benthic samples and on artificial substrate in any of the two lakes. In an unacidified reference site, Lake Skiftesjøen, both benthic samples and the jute bags indicated a dense population of Gammarus. Our results strongly indicate that studies of fish stomachs are the best method for monitoring low-density populations of attractive fish food animals.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.