Density and nutritional condition of carabid beetles in wildflower areas of different age

Density and nutritional condition of the five carabid beetle species Agonum mülleri, Anchomenus dorsalis, Anisodactylus binotatus, Pterostichus vernalis and Poecilus cupreus was studied. Carabids were caught in sixteen 1–4-year-old wildflower areas, identified and counted, their nutritional condition was calculated and calculations were related to habitat parameters (i.e. wildflower area age, vegetation cover, soil water content, habitat size, surrounding landscape composition) and sex.Whereas the number of Anisodactylus binotatus caught responded positively to succession in wildflower areas, A. mülleri numbers tended to decrease and the other three species were unaffected. In a stepwise multiple regression species affiliation, sex and age of wildflower area explained together 98.5% of the variance in the pooled nutritional condition of Anchomenus dorsalis, Anisodactylus binotatus, A. mülleri and P. vernalis. Age of wildflower area alone explained 61.7% of the variance and age increased the nutritional condition of carabids. Correspondingly, nutritional condition of Poecilus cupreus was positively correlated with the age of wildflower area. Overall, the nutritional condition of the carabid assemblage studied increased from the first to the second year and then remained stable. To keep the proportion of 1-year-old wildflower areas low, wildflower areas should therefore be maintained for several years to improve the life conditions of carabid beetles and to enhance their beneficial effects in agroecosystems.     

凤眼莲对富营养化水体中氨氧化和反硝化微生物的影响

凤眼莲近年来广泛应用于富营养化淡水湖泊的生态修复中,但其对微生物的相互作用和对水体中氮素的去除鲜有报道.本研究在氮素去除过程中对比凤眼莲和细菌的相对重要性,并且检测浮游植物对硝化细菌和反硝化细菌相对丰度及多样性的影响.水体中氮素的去除率以及硝化和反硝化作用的潜在能力使用定量聚合酶链式反应(qPCRs)对硝化作用基因amoA和反硝化作用基因nirS/K进行检测,从微观角度研究富营养化水体中是否会受到凤眼莲存在的影响.结果表明,TN的减少在70d的实验周期中所有处理组表现较为一致,但凤眼莲存在的实验组在24h内TN和NH_4~+-N的去除上有显著的降低,并且amoA的丰度有所增加,nirS/K的丰度有所降低.T-RFLP结果表明亚硝化单胞菌在氨氧化微生物中占优势.凤眼莲的种植可以实现富营养化水体中NH_4~+-N的快速有效减少,且微生物的相互作用可以充分利用到淡水生态系统的修复中.     

Augmentation of tribenuron methyl removal from polluted soil with Bacillus sp. strain BS2 and indigenous earthworms

Tribenuron methyl (TBM) is a member of the sulfonylurea herbicide family and is widely used worldwide. In this study, TBM-degrading bacteria were enriched with TBM as potential carbon, nitrogen or sulfur source, and 44 bacterial isolates were obtained. These isolates were phylogenetically diverse, and were grouped into 25 operational taxonomic units and 14 currently known genera. Three representatives, Bacillus sp. strain BS2, Microbacterium sp. strain BS3, and Cellulosimicrobium sp. strain BS11, were selected, and their growth and TBM removal from culture broth were investigated. In addition, indigenous earthworms were collected and applied to augment TBM degradation in lab-scale soil column experiments. Results demonstrated that Bacillus sp. strain BS2 and earthworms significantly increased TBM removal during soil column experiments.     

绿狐尾藻对铜绿微囊藻和羊角月牙藻的抑藻效应

分别将不同起始浓度(10~5、10~6、10~7、10~8和10~9ind.·L~(-1))的铜绿微囊藻和羊角月牙藻分组与绿狐尾藻进行共培养,连续10 d,每天测定各组铜绿微囊藻或羊角月牙藻的光密度值,用以确定绿狐尾藻对两种藻类不同浓度的生长抑制情况.结果表明,2. 5 g·(200 m L)~(-1)的绿狐尾藻对起始浓度为10~7ind.·L~(-1)和10~8ind.·L~(-1)的铜绿微囊藻具有明显的抑制作用;而对实验所设的所有起始浓度的羊角月牙藻生长均没有显著的抑制作用.并且,采用溶剂浸提与气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)测定的方法,分析了绿狐尾藻粉末浸提液和绿狐尾藻生长液中可能存在的化感物质,通过分析,确定棕榈酸是绿狐尾藻分泌的化感物质之一,并且发现了3种可能是绿狐尾藻分泌的新型化感物质:3-乙基-3-甲基庚烷、磷酸三乙酯和酞酸二丁酯.     

生物炭对华北农田土壤N2O通量及相关功能基因丰度的影响

为了探寻施用生物炭对农田土壤氧化亚氮(N_2O)的减排效果和机制,于2015年3月27日至6月5日,利用盆栽实验研究了施用生物炭(CK,C1:5%,C2:10%,C3:15%,C4:30%)(质量分数)对华北农田土壤N_2O通量、氨单加氧酶(amo A)、亚硝酸盐还原酶(nir S、nir K)以及氧化亚氮还原酶(nos Z)基因丰度的影响.结果表明:(1)施用低量生物炭(5%)能够促进N_2O排放,施用中、高量生物炭可以起到抑制N_2O排放的效果,且生物炭用量为15%时减排效果最佳.(2)实验初期,施用生物炭对土壤硝化反硝化基因丰度影响较大,AOA和nir S基因丰度与生物炭施用量呈极显著正相关关系,nir K基因丰度与生物炭施用量呈显著正相关关系,AOB和nos Z基因丰度与生物炭施用量呈显著负相关关系;实验末期,AOA丰度与生物炭施用量表现为显著负相关关系,AOB丰度与生物炭施用量表现为显著正相关关系.(3)实验初期,N_2O排放通量与AOA、nir S基因呈现极显著的负相关关系,说明在土壤含水量较高的条件下,N_2O的产生受AOA、nir S基因丰度控制调节;实验末期,N_2O排放通量与nos Z基因呈现极显著正相关关系,说明在土壤含水量较低的条件下,N_2O的产生受nos Z基因丰度控制调节.本研究结果表明施用生物炭能够增加硝化反硝化功能基因丰度,并降低N_2O的排放,为华北农田合理施用生物炭提供了一定的理论依据.     

江苏陆地海岸线绿潮藻种类组成及分布特征

2012年12月—2013年5月对江苏启东蒿枝港至连云港西大堤长约730 km岸线内的69个岸滩堤坝站点进行了绿潮藻种类组成及数量分布调查.结果表明:绿潮藻出现的站点占总设置站点的26.09%,出现绿潮藻岸线长度约占整个江苏调查岸线长度的22.83%;岸滩上绿潮藻主要生长在沿岸石堤、养殖围坝和植被较浅相对稀疏的草滩上,绿潮藻种类组成主要有浒苔(Ulva prolifera)、曲浒苔(Ulva flexuosa)和缘管浒苔(Ulva linza).1—3月浒苔为主要优势种,4—5月曲浒苔为主要优势种,缘管浒苔在历次调查中其湿重生物量均很低.5月岸滩上固着绿潮藻量约36.7 t,不及海上飘来附着在岸滩上绿潮藻量的1/10,岸滩上固着绿潮藻中浒苔的量约为同期海上飘来浒苔湿重生物量的0.6%,岸滩堤坝不会是引起绿潮暴发的主要源头.     

芦竹和木本植物间种修复重金属污染土壤

通过温室盆栽实验,研究草本植物芦竹与木本植物构树、桑树间种修复重金属污染土壤的潜力.结果表明,重金属污染土壤上芦竹与构树、桑树间种有利于植物的生长,提高植物对污染土壤中重金属的富集能力,并有效改善土壤酶活性.重金属污染土壤上单种芦竹、构树和桑树的叶片光合色素含量随着修复时间的延长呈下降趋势,而芦竹与构树、桑树间种修复270 d后,构树叶片叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量,桑树叶片叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均与修复初期(90 d)相比无显著差异;桑树叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及类胡萝卜素含量较单种桑树分别显著(P 0. 05)提高99. 1%、177. 1%和119. 9%,且整株生物量显著(P 0. 05)提高26. 1%.芦竹-构树间种下植物地上部分Pb和Zn总量较单种芦竹分别显著(P 0. 05)提高171%和124%;芦竹-桑树间种下植物地上部分As和Pb总量较单种桑树和芦竹修复分别显著(P 0. 05)提高150%和76. 5%.芦竹与构树、桑树间种修复270 d后,污染土壤中As、Cd、Pb和Zn的赋存形态无明显变化,而且土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和总磷酸酶活性明显优于部分单一植物修复.上述结果表明,芦竹与构树、桑树间种可有效用于重金属污染土壤修复,还可改善污染土壤的环境质量.     

Spatial heterogeneity of cyanobacterial communities and genetic variation of Microcystis populations within large, shallow eutrophic lakes (Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu, China)

Cyanobacteria, specifically Microcystis, usually form massive blooms in eutrophic freshwater lakes. Cyanobacterial samples were collected from eight sites of both Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu in late summer to determine the diversity and distribution pattern of cyanobacteria and Microcystis in large, shallow, entropic lakes with significant spatial heterogeneity and long-term Microcystis bloom. Molecular methods based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and clone library analysis were used. A similar heterogeneous distribution pattern of cyanobacteria in both lakes was observed. Most parts of these two lakes with high trophic level were dominated by Microcystis. However, in the regions with low trophic levels as well as low concentrations of chlorophyll a, Synechococcus occupied a considerable percentage. Different morphospecies and genotypes dominated the bloom-forming Microcystis populations in these two lakes. Microcystis viridis and Microcystis novacekii were dominant in Lake Chaohu, whereas Microcystis flos-aquae was dominant in Lake Taihu. Only 2 of the13 Microcystis operational taxonomic units were shared between these two lakes. Analysis of molecular variance based on 16S to 23S internal transcribed spacer sequences indicated the significant genetic differentiation of Microcystis between these two lakes (F_st = 0.19, p < 0.001). However, only 19.46% of the genetic variability was explained by the population variation between lakes, whereas most (80.54%) of the genetic variability occurred within the lakes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed no phylogeographic structure of Microcystis population in these two lakes, as illustrated by their cosmopolitan nature. Our results revealed that spatial heterogeneity within lakes has more impact on the cyanobacterial diversity than geographical isolation in a local scale.     

城市污水再生处理过程中病原性原虫的去除特性

通过定期监测北京市某城市污水再生处理过程各单元出水中的隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫(两虫)浓度,系统考察了污水再生处理系统对两虫的去除特性.结果表明,原污水、初沉池出水、二沉池出水、絮凝沉淀池出水和砂滤池出水中隐孢子虫的平均检出量分别为238、179、6、1、0.3个·L-1,贾第鞭毛虫的平均检出量分别为1 568、1048、22、4、0.6个·L-1.污水再生处理系统对隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫的总去除率分别为2.98log(99.895%)和3.46log(99.965%).一级处理工艺对污水中两虫的去除效果并不理想,去除率分别只有0.13log和0.18log.二级生物处理对两虫的去除贡献最大,去除率分别达1.50log和1.67log.污水深度处理工艺(絮凝-沉淀-砂滤)能有效提高两虫的去除效果.污水厂进水中的两虫检出量随季节变化,雨季较低,旱季较高.     

Vegetation dynamics after compost amendment in a Mediterranean post-fire ecosystem

On Mediterranean calcareous soils, high fire frequency induces soil impoverishment and the development of stable Quercus coccifera garrigues. Organic amendment could increase soil fertility levels, and could alter the vegetation dynamics and the established dominance relationships. In this study, the plant cover evolution is monitored in an amended burnt shrub during two years. Three treatments are studied: control (D0), 50 t ha⁻¹ (D50) and 100 t ha⁻¹ (D100) of fresh co-composted sewage sludge and greenwastes.First, the spreading process leads to the squashing of the vegetation, whose intensity reaches a threshold on D100 and limits the woody species’ recovery after amendment. Consequently, the dominant herb Brachypodium retusum is favoured. On D50, woody species are favoured compared to herbs, probably due to the space colonization strategy of Q. coccifera after squashing. Thus, compost at both rates favours the two dominant resprouter species until they have colonized all the free space created by squashing.Secondly, compost has some fertilizing effects on Rosmarinus officinalis and Ulex parviflorus, that improves their cover on D50. However, compost also increases U. parviflorus’ sensitivity to drought.At the end of the experiment, a third compost effect appears, as seeder cover becomes greater than D0 on D50. After amendment, compost covers rocky stones, which creates a new territory where species with superficial rooting can establish (mulch effect).     

长期施用氮肥对土壤细菌硝化基因多样性及组成的影响

以中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站水稻长期定位试验为平台(28°55′49.8″N,111°26′25.7″E),运用PCR、克隆文库构建等分子生物学技术研究长期单施氮肥(尿素)对亚硝化基因(amoA和hao)多样性及其群落结构的影响.结果表明,长期单施氮肥使amoA基因多样性降低(Shannon指数减少了11%),而ha...     

化感物质对小球藻抗氧化体系酶活性的影响

利用水生植物产生的化感物质抑制有害藻类是1种藻类控制新技术.研究了选择性抑藻化感物质EMA对蛋白核小球藻和普通小球藻抗氧化酶体系活性的影响.结果显示,化感物质浓度为0.25 mg/L时,2种藻类的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性都高于对照组.但随着化感物质浓度的升高,蛋白核小球藻3种酶活性都逐渐下降,当化感物质浓度为4 mg/L时,SOD活性为0;而普通小球藻的酶活性随着化感物质浓度升高持续升高,都达到对照组的3～4倍.     

豆瓣菜有机提取物对铜绿微囊藻的抑制及成分初步分离

探讨了豆瓣菜(Nasturtium officinale)有机提取物对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的影响,从总氮、总磷、叶绿素a含量、类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、多糖含量、藻胆蛋白含量、抗氧化系酶(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性的变化研究了其抑制机理,随后比较了不同分离相的抑藻活性.结果表明,豆瓣菜有机提取物对铜绿微囊藻具有较强的抑制效应,2 g·L~(-1)组在第10 d的抑藻率为67.62%;排出了营养的影响,认为抑制作用主要是由化感作用引起的.培养过程中,藻体中叶绿素a含量、类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、多糖含量和藻胆蛋白含量下降,藻体中SOD、CAT、POD、GS和ACP活性和MDA含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势.豆瓣菜有机提取物可显著抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,其中存在的弱极性物质可能是其抑制藻类生长的主要原因.     

松属植物地质历史及生物地理演变

松属（Pinus L.）约113种,是松科现代属中最原始的类群。松属植物种类丰富且研究领域广泛,对其已经积累的资料数据进行系统梳理总结十分必要。本文通过总结国内外松属大化石资料,结合分子系统发育、地质背景和地理隔离事件讨论了其地史分布及植物地理学意义;该属化石在早白垩世至全新世地层中均有记录。化石证据表明松属很可能在早白垩世（之前）起源于西欧地区,从这一起源地通过北大西洋陆桥扩散到北美洲东部,而东亚的类群可能是从北美洲西部经过白令陆桥散布的。在晚白垩世分化出双维管束松亚属Subgenus Pinus L.及单维管束松亚属Subgenus Strobus (D. Don) Lemmon,前者更接近祖先类群。古新世由于全球显著增温以及白垩纪末期大灭绝等地质事件的影响使松属数量急剧减少,在晚始新世至中新世时期随着气温转凉转冷再次分化扩散,中新世达到其发展高峰且分布面貌与现代类群近似。松属多样性时空历史可能和新生代气候变迁及晚新生代构造运动塑造的山地隆升等环境变化紧密相关。     

甲烷丝菌混养促进螺旋藻自发酵产氢

采用只消耗乙酸盐而不消耗氢气的甲烷丝菌与螺旋藻混合培养,以提高螺旋藻利用自身多糖在自身氢酶作用下暗发酵产氢量.通过培养基调控提高了螺旋藻生长富集的总糖产量,当Na Cl浓度由239 mmol·L~(-1)增加到739 mmol·L~(-1),螺旋藻总糖产量提高了107.7%,达到0.54g·L~(-1).螺旋藻在黑暗厌氧条件下加入甲烷丝菌混养后的自发酵产氢量提高了33.8%,达到43.8 m L·g-1;液相主要代谢产物乙酸盐则提高了69.2%,达到1639.1μmol·g-1.同时,螺旋藻加入甲烷丝菌混养后自发酵过程的能量转换效率由6.7%提高到11.6%.甲烷丝菌通过消耗乙酸盐促进了螺旋藻自发酵产氢的乙酸途径反应正向进行,从而提高了氢气产量和能量转换效率.     

光倒刺鲃、白鲢协同投放抑制丝状藻(水绵)藻华围隔研究

为探究高效与安全抑制丝状藻藻华的方法,利用光倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus hollandi)、白鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)的食性特点,研究了不同密度(低密度(L)40 g·m-3、高密度(H)80 g·m-3)与不同投放比例(光倒刺鲃∶白鲢=3∶1、1∶1、1∶3)协同作用下,对围隔内水体丝状藻水绵(Spirogyra sp.)的抑制效果,以及对水生植物和水质的影响.结果表明,光倒刺鲃可以显著摄食丝状藻水绵,且在低密度、高比例(3∶1)时,即对丝状藻的生长具有明显抑制作用.高密度(80 g·m-3)投放光倒刺鲃、白鲢,无论比例如何,都会引起水体水质下降,引起轻微富营养化,并导致浮游藻类生物量上升,不适用于本试验水体.在本试验条件下,高密度(80 g·m-3)投放条件下,白鲢可以抑制浮游生物总量,H(1∶3)、H(1∶1)组中,呈现藻类小型化的趋势;而在低密度(40 g·m-3)投放条件下,未发现浮游藻类有小型化趋势.本试验L(3∶1)组,即光倒刺鲃30 g·m-3、白鲢10 g·m-3,可以有效控制试验水体丝状藻水绵滋生,且能够兼顾改善水质.     

游离羟胺对两种典型亚硝态氮氧化菌活性的影响

为考察羟胺对两种典型亚硝态氮氧化菌(NOB)活性的影响,分别以富含硝化杆菌(Nitrobacter)和富含硝化螺菌(Nitrospira)的污泥作为研究对象,基于批次试验,分别考察了相同pH、不同羟胺浓度梯度和相同羟胺浓度、不同pH梯度条件下,羟胺对两种NOB的抑制效果.结果表明在相同pH条件下,Nitrobacter的活性随羟胺浓度的升高而降低;在相同羟胺浓度(HA=5mg·L~(-1))条件下,羟胺在较高pH环境(pH≥7.5)中产生更多的游离羟胺(FHA),会对Nitrobacter产生更好的抑制效果,低pH环境(pH≤7)中离子态羟胺的存在可能会促进Nitrobacter的活性.羟胺对Nitrospira的抑制效果有限,当pH=7.5,羟胺浓度=45mg·L~(-1)时,Nitrospira的相对活性为82%.分别采用NOB生长速率动力学模型和非底物抑制线性方程描述FHA对Nitrobacter和Nitrospira活性的影响,其可决系数R~2分别为0.90和0.94,FHA可能是抑制Nitrobacter和Nitrospira活性的主要原因.     

Characteristics for the hybrid cell Foaz obtained from the  protoplast fusion between yeast and photosynthetic bacteria in soybean processing wastewater

The optimal pH and temperature, maximum specific degradation rate, half rate constant and flocculation rate for the hybrid cell Foaz were measured in the reaction for the degradation of soybean processing wastewater(SPW) in this study. The optimal pH and temperature for Foaz in SPW were the same as those of its parental strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y9407 and Rhodobacter sphaeroides P9479, but the flocculation rate, the maximum specific degradation rate and the half rate constant for Foaz were higher than those of its parental strains. The results suggest that the characteristics of the inter kingdom fusant Foaz constructed from the protoplast fusion between the eukaryote cell yeast S.cerevisiae and the prokaryote cell photosynthetic bacteriaR. sphaeroides may favor degrading organic pollutant in SPW and removing biomass from the effluent.     

交通污染暴露对DNA甲基化的影响

探讨交通污染现场暴露对DNA甲基化的影响.30只8周龄Wistar大鼠按随机数字表法随机分5组,每组6只.其中3组分别在隧道(高暴露组)、路口(中暴露组)、校园(对照组)暴露7 d,另外2组分别在隧道暴露14 d/28 d.在暴露过程中检测3个暴露地点PM_(10)、NO_2的浓度.暴露实验分别在春季、秋季各进行一次.暴露结束后,焦磷酸测序法检测肺组织和血液中DNA(p53、MGMT、MAGE-A4)甲基化水平,并分析比较不同暴露组间DNA甲基化水平的差异.结果表明,PM_(10)、NO_2浓度均为隧道(高暴露组)路口(中暴露组)校园(对照组),差异具有统计学意义.秋季暴露7 d后,与对照组相比,肺组织中p53(P_(路口)=0.016;P_(隧道)=0.019)、MGMT(P_(路口)=0.002;P_(隧道)=0.003)启动子甲基化水平显著降低,随着暴露时间的增加,甲基化水平进一步降低;MAGE-A4启动子区处于高度甲基化状态,在肺组织和血液中,均未发现MAGE-A4启动子甲基化水平在三暴露组间存在显著的统计学差异.7d暴露对肺组织中DNA甲基化水平的影响更大,但随着暴露时间的增加,肺组织和血液中DNA甲基化水平改变模式趋于一致.Spearman相关分析结果显示,在肺组织中,PM_(10)和p53甲基化水平呈负相关关系(r=-0.347;P=0.038);NO_2和p53、MGMT、MAGE-A4甲基化水平均存在负相关(r值分别为-0.482、-0.444、-0.346,P值均0.05).在血液中,MAGE-A4甲基化水平与PM_(10)、NO_2均呈正相关(r值分别为0.395、0.431,P值均0.05).交通污染暴露会引起p53、MGMT启动子低甲基化.     

凤眼莲入侵强度和水深对沉水植物生长及种间关系的影响

凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)是世界百大入侵植物之一,因其入侵扩展蔓延速度快,从而对原生湿地生态系统造成巨大破坏.目前关于凤眼莲入侵扩散机制已有一定研究,但关于在不同水深梯度下风眼莲入侵强度对沉水植物生长及种间关系影响的研究相对空白.因此,本研究以入侵植物凤眼莲和两种常见的沉水植物黑藻(Hydril...