山东淄博佛村黄土沉积多指标记录的气候环境演变过程

对山东省淄博市寨里镇佛村黄土剖面(FC剖面)进行粒度、磁化率及色度等沉积学指标分析,结果表明:(1)FC剖面6个光释光样品年龄结果介于3.02±0.45—100.99±13.58 ka,说明FC剖面是末次间冰期以来的沉积物;(2)根据沉积物粒度频率分布曲线和粒度组成特征,并与伊犁黄土、黄土高原黄土对比,可判知FC剖面为风成沉积物;(3)FC剖面磁化率与色度曲线具有相似的变化趋势,较好指示了黄土沉积时的冷暖干湿变化;(4)根据粒度中值粒径(Md)、低频磁化率(χlf)、土壤颜色(L~*,a~*)、环境敏感组分(56.23—112.20μm)等气候代用指标并结合光释光测年结果,将FC剖面划分为5个部分,分别对应于深海同位素MIS1—MIS5时期。1、3、5部分分别对应MIS1、MIS3早期、MIS5阶段,夏季风强盛,气候较暖湿,发育古土壤;2部分对应MIS2和MIS3中晚期阶段,4部分对应MIS4阶段,冬季风强盛,气候较干冷,堆积黄土。     

辽南黄土光释光年代地层探讨

本文依托辽南地区七顶山黄土沉积剖面,对黄土年代地层进行光释光(OSL)测年研究,结合古地磁数据资料,并与东部丘陵平原区已有释光年代比较,结果表明,七顶山黄土堆积的开始时代为中更新世早期。相当于黄土高原的马兰黄土堆积时代为晚更新世,离石黄土与马兰黄土的分界年代为100～110ka左右,这与黄土高原的研究结论相一致,反映地球轨道参数控制的气候变化。马兰黄土的堆积时间集中在末次冰期的早期(MIS4-5d)和晚期(MIS2),对应时代分别为86～113ka和22～31ka,而在末次冰期中期(MIS3),由于较高的气温和丰沛的降水及地势条件的影响,造成本区大约4～5万年的地层缺失。中国东部丘陵平原区年代地层学研究显示马兰黄土堆积是比较连续的,具体原因有待进一步深入探讨。     

青海湖黑马河黄土的高密度光释光测年

西风环流与亚洲季风交互控制下的青海湖流域,对气候变化响应敏感。该区广泛分布的黄土记录了古环境古气候信息,但其在不同时间尺度上的沉积模式和沉积连续性尚不明晰。本文以青海湖西南的黑马河黄土剖面（HMHW）为研究对象,通过高密度光释光（optically stimulated luminescence,OSL）测年,结合粒度、磁化率和色度指标探讨其环境演变特征。结果表明：（1）黑马河黄土的沉积模式以快速堆积为主,集中于较冷的末次冰消期（13—12 ka）和晚全新世（~2 ka）;（2）早中全新世（11—4 ka）存在~7 ka的沉积间断;（3）黑马河黄土剖面（HMHW）的土壤粒度组分,以体积占68.68%的粉砂为主,砂次之,黏粒最少;整个剖面的平均粒径和亮度低值对应古土壤层,高值对应黄土层;磁化率的最大值在115 cm处为74.30×10 ^?8 m ³·kg ^?1,110 cm处的OSL年代为(1.52±0.16) ka,指示晚全新世（~2 ka）有古土壤发育。     

末次冰期以来青州黄土光释光测年及其对古气候的指示

黄河下游湿润-半湿润地区的鲁中黄土-古土壤沉积,是记录东亚季风气候变化的良好载体。山东青州邵庄黄土剖面粗颗粒石英（63—90 µm）光释光年代和磁化率、粒度、色度以及主量元素测试结果表明：（1）邵庄黄土末次冰期以来（(51.3±2.5)— (8.1±1.1) ka）沉积连续;（2）与粒度、磁化率和色度指标相比,化学蚀变指数能够更灵敏地反映冰期-间冰期沉积旋回;（3）粒度结果表明“古土壤”层中值粒径（16.9—24.6 μm）明显高于下伏黄土层中值粒径（11.8—22.7 μm）,主要是因为近源沉积在总的沉积通量中所占比例在冰期-间冰期尺度上的变化;（4）灰黑色“古土壤”层底界年龄为(19.1±1.6) ka,明显老于黄土高原全新世古土壤层底界年代（约10—11 ka）,其既包含全新世沉积的加积型土壤,也包含下伏末次冰期黄土层基础上受风化、淋溶形成的非加积型土壤。虽然研究区的“古土壤”包含非加积型土壤,记录了间冰期风化成壤过程,但依然能够反映冰期-间冰期气候旋回,是东亚乃至全球气候变化的产物。     

浑善达克沙地末次冰期晚期到全新世的环境转型

对浑善达克沙地7个晚更新世末期风成砂－全新世黑色砂质土壤序列剖面进行了光释光年代测试，并对26个野外风成剖面进行了考察及粒度、磁化率测量。通过对黑色砂质土壤层之下砂层粒度、磁化率指标分析，砂层OSL测年，确定了末次冰期晚期浑善达克沙地活动砂丘分布范围。目前浑善达克沙地为砂质草原，主要为固定砂丘，面积约52000 km2...     

末次冰期东海嵊山岛黄土元素地球化学特征及其古气候意义

以东部季风区浙江省舟山群岛嵊山岛黄土沉积为研究对象,在光释光测年基础上,探讨黄土沉积的元素地球化学等特征并揭示其记录的古气候意义。光释光年代结果显示,嵊山岛黄土堆积于末次冰期时期。黄土中地球化学成分以SiO_2、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃为主,占比90.22%,与黄土高原洛川剖面中黄土层和古土壤层以及镇江下蜀黄土样品相比,嵊山岛黄土常量元素中的铝、铁元素表现为相对富集,钙、钠和钾元素相对亏损,化学蚀变指数CIA为85.1。从东部嵊山岛到西北黄土高原洛川,不同区域黄土风化强度差异显著,总体表现为：嵊山岛黄土>镇江下蜀黄土>陆源页岩>洛川古土壤>洛川黄土>上陆壳(UCC)。嵊山岛黄土沉积剖面磁化率平均值为70.9×10^-8 m³/kg,磁化率随剖面深度变化明显。结合磁化率指标,嵊山岛黄土地球化学记录揭示了末次冰期间冰阶时期气候大体呈现由暖湿至冷干再至暖湿的波动特征,这与会宁黄土、下蜀黄土等所反映的MIS3时段气候变...     

河南三杨庄剖面光释光年代学研究

河南省安阳市内黄县三杨庄遗址是由于黄河下游洪水快速掩埋而保存的汉代文化遗址,是研究黄河流域历史气候变化与古河道变迁的理想载体。近年来,石英的光释光（OSL）测年技术广泛应用于水成沉积物的定年。本文选取三杨庄文化遗址区的一个深度为10.40 m 的剖面,使用细颗粒石英单片再生剂量（SAR）法OSL 技术测量了该剖面的8个样品的年龄,建立了剖面年代标尺,并与前人测得的加速器质谱（AMS）¹⁴C年龄进行了对比,结果显示：（1）三杨庄剖面年龄分布在约12.43 — 1.21 ka,沉积于整个全新世时期,剖面沉积速率波动幅度较大,在约3.91 — 3.15 ka（深度9.60 — 5.00 m）沉积速率很快,而3.91 ka 之前的早 — 中全新世时沉积速率较慢;（2）剖面深度8.60 — 5.00 m,¹⁴C年代相对OSL 年代出现严重高估,高估值随深度增加而增大,由约2 ka 变化到约7 ka,推断三杨庄剖面¹⁴C年代的高估可能是由于碳库效应的影响;（3）三杨庄剖面细颗粒石英OSL 测年结果指示细颗粒石英在河流-洪积相沉积物测定中的潜力。     

天山北麓黄土沉积粒度及磁化率的差异性研究

本文分析了天山北麓不同海拔高度的两个黄土剖面粒度、磁化率特征及其古气候意义的差异性。结果表明,位于海拔2074m的鹿角湾剖面与海拔527m处的大佛寺剖面黄土粒度特征比较相近,但鹿角湾剖面黄土整体细于大佛寺黄土,并且其细颗粒分布范围也大于大佛寺剖面,而粗颗粒的则相反。鹿角湾剖面中全新世以来地层磁化率与成壤作用相关,显示成壤增强模式,其下末次冰期地层磁化率及大佛寺剖面磁化率与粗颗粒沉积相关,显示风速论模式。造成两个剖面粒度及磁化率差异的原因主要是地形导致的沉积颗粒分选及降水量不同引发的成壤作用差异。全新世中期以来大佛寺剖面记录的气候整体处于干旱状态,而鹿角湾剖面同时期地层受地形影响则记录了相对湿润的气候。     

金丁剖面MIS3阶段黄土地层记录的温湿气候特征初步研究

通过对黄土高原中北部金丁镇马兰黄土中磁化率、Rb/Sr、全铁含量(TFe)与化学蚀变指数(CIA)等气候指标测试分析,并结合光释光年代学数据,着重地探讨了金丁剖面黄土地层记录的MIS3阶段气候变化特征。研究表明,金丁剖面MIS3阶段总体气候特征温湿,冷暖气候频繁波动,可进一步划分为5个阶段:51.6~44.9ka B.P.,弱温湿;42.0~39.9ka B.P.,中等温湿;37.4~27.8ka B.P.,相对强温湿;以及44.9~42.0ka B.P.和39.9~37.4ka B.P.两个冷干期。金丁剖面MIS3温湿气候成因机制的初步探讨认为北半球太阳辐射量增加导致的增温作用更直接,而高纬驱动与低纬过程耦合作用机制尚待开展进一步研究工作。     

中亚则克台黄土剖面记录的末次冰期以来的环境演变

选取位于中亚伊犁盆地中东部的则克台（ZKT）黄土剖面作为研究对象,基于13 个光释 光年代构建了ZKT 剖面的年代框架,利用黄土沉积速率、粒度以及总有机碳含量重建了伊犁地区 末次冰期以来的环境演变记录。结果表明：（1）伊犁地区末次冰期以来的气候演化阶段可划分为 寒冷期（74.5~60 ka）、温湿期（60~30 ka）、寒冷期（30~11.5 ka）以及11.5 ka 以来的暖湿期, 该气候演化特征与深海氧同位素不同阶段气候特征较为一致;（2）MIS4 至MIS1 阶段则克台剖 面沉积速率呈递减趋势,分别为49 cm·ka^-1、32 cm·ka^-1、13 cm·ka^-1 和8 cm·ka^-1;（3）ZKT 剖面 代表的伊利地区环境演变特征可与格陵兰冰芯进行良好对比,北大西洋地区的快速气候波动信号 在伊犁地区气候记录相对清晰,在时间上呈同步变化。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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