雅鲁藏布江流域嘎贡沟巨型滑坡变形破坏模式及演化过程研究

中国西藏雅鲁藏布江流域嘎贡沟左岸发育巨型滑坡,滑坡堆积体堵塞河谷,形成高约130m的堰塞体。通过滑坡现场实地调查,室内滑坡区域地质资料收集、滑坡遥感影像解译、滑坡三维地质建模、滑源区斜坡持平投影分析和滑源区斜坡变形破坏模式研究,得到以下结论:河水对河谷凹岸的侵蚀作用不仅加剧了嘎贡沟滑坡的孕育和形成,而且控制了滑坡堆积体后期改造演化;嘎贡沟滑坡变形破坏模式为顺坡内J1优势结构面的滑移-拉裂;嘎贡沟滑坡主要经历三个演化阶段,即滑坡孕育阶段、滑移堵江阶段和堰塞体溃决阶段。最后提出了以"滑坡-堵江-淹没-洪水"为主线的滑坡演化地质灾害链。以期对青藏高原地区,特别是对高原大河大江河谷区巨型滑坡的演化过程研究和地质灾害防治提供一定的参考。     

北天山东段阜康断裂吉木萨尔段古地震事件研究

阜康断裂带是北天山东段博格达弧形推覆构造一条重要的地质地貌构造分界线,吉木萨尔段位于阜康断裂带最东部,晚第四纪以来断裂活动性明显,地表形成一系列的地质地貌现象。通过在吉木萨尔段开展详细的地质地貌调查、断裂陡坎测量以及探槽剖面分析等工作,从探槽发现8次古地震事件,由老到新发生年代分别为:E1(257±24~376±22)ka B.P.;E2(2271±193~257±24)ka B.P.;E3(155±04~227±09)ka B.P.;E4(133±04~1359±116)ka B.P.;E5(87±05~133±04)ka B.P.;E6(65±15~675±057)ka B.P.;E7(20±10~35±08)ka B.P.;E8(?~20±10)ka B.P.。最新一次古地震为距今约(20±10)ka,古地震事件复发周期为(24-745)ka。吉木萨尔东南探槽有两条平行断层陡坎F1-7-1及F1-7-2。根据测年结果显示:最新活动时代分别为(87±05)ka和(20±10)ka,F_(1-7-1)早于F_(1-7-2)形成。     

单元世界—逸度模型

一、基本概念 (一)单元世界单元世界模型由6个区域构成(图1)。平面积为1平方公里,大气厚度为6公里。其中,大气(1)体积为6×10~9m~3;水区(2)占模型面积的70％,平均深度为10m,体积为7×10~6m~3,并假设其全是淡水;陆地(3)面积为3×10~5m~2,     

上海城市表土磁性特征对重金属污染的指示作用

选取上海市城市表土作为研究对象,结合磁学方法与传统化学方法,研究了上海市192件表土样品的磁性特征和重金属含量,并探讨了磁学参数指示重金属污染的可行性.结果表明,上海市表土磁化率平均值为187.66×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1),亚铁磁性矿物占主导地位,颗粒较粗.上海市表土重金属Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Ni、Mn、Fe含量均超过背景值,属于轻度污染.重金属和磁学参数(磁化率、饱和等温剩磁)具有相似的空间分布,高值集中在宝山区和闵行区,低值集中在崇明区.工业生产和交通活动是上海市表土重金属、磁性矿物的主要来源.磁化率χlf指示污染负荷指数的半定量结果为:χlf38.90×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤属于清洁状态,无污染;38.90×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)≤χlf258.69×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受轻度污染;258.69×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)≤χlf793.45×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受中度污染;χlf≥793.45×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受重度污染.因此,磁学参数对城市表土重金属污染有着一定的指示意义.     

郑州市碳素行业无组织VOCs排放特征分析及健康风险评价

选择郑州市3家典型碳素企业,研究了不同功能区的挥发性有机污染物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)的排放特征及其臭氧生成潜势(ozone formation potential,OFP),并利用美国环保署(EPA)的健康风险评价模型对碳素行业排放的VOCs的健康风险进行了初步评价.结果表明,3家企业生产区VOCs质量浓度在89. 77～964. 60μg·m~(-3)之间,管理区在51. 46～121. 59μg·m~(-3)之间,萘和二硫化碳是碳素企业厂区内浓度最高的污染物;生产区VOCs的臭氧生成潜势在75. 42～1 416. 73μg·m~(-3)之间,管理区在65. 32～202. 42μg·m~(-3)之间,主要来自于芳香烃和烯烃的贡献.生产区VOCs致癌健康风险(Risk)为3. 5×10~(-5)～2. 8×10~(-3),管理区为2. 0×10~(-5)～9. 4×10~(-5),高于EPA推荐的最大可接受水平(10~(-6));生产区VOCs非致癌健康风险危害指数(hazard index,HI)为3. 2～1. 4×10~2,管理区为4. 3×10~(-1)～3. 8,除企业甲的管理区外均大于1,可能会对暴露人群的健康造成致癌和非致癌危害.     

南方季节性河流河道内生态需水研究——以长江荆南三口为例

考虑南方季节性河流年内径流分布严重不均的问题,依据1951—2015年长江荆南三口5站实测原型年径流量序列,采用Mann-Kendall等方法检测其径流序列的突变年份,通过GEV概率密度最大流量、汛期最小输沙量等方法分别计算了荆南三口河道内生态需水量、输沙需水量和水质净化需水量。结果表明:(1)水文序列的突变年份判别为1970年,由此将水文序列划分为变异前(1951—1970年)和变异后(1971—2015年)两段。(2)水文变异前,河道内年生态需水量、输沙需水量和水质净化需水量分别为1239.27×10~8m~3、910.01×10~8m~3、425.70×10~8m~3;水文变异后,河道内年生态需水量、输沙需水量和水质净化需水量分别为563.32×10~8m~3、501.13×10~8m~3、111.54×10~8m~3。(3)在季节上,为保障季节性河流河道内全年均满足生态流量,1、2、3、4、11、12月份应满足的生态需水量为1647.28m~3/s,5—10月份应满足的生态需水量分别为873.87m~3/s、2499.59m~3/s、5812.76m~3/s、4346.89m~3/s、3901.18m~3/s、1721.70m~3/s。(4)从综合角度考虑,水文变异下长江荆南三口季节性河流河道内年生态需水量为752.71×10~8m~3,年输沙需水量为910.01×10~8m~3,年水质净化需水量为425.70×10~8m~3。     

上海市大气中非甲烷烃行为研究

经1993年7月～1994年4月对上海市区大气中非甲烷烃(NMHC)的测定,探讨了上海市大气中NMHC的浓度水平、浓度时间变化、浓度分布等状况。实验结果表明,上海市大气中NMHC的浓度日变化有比较明显的双峰形规律,即8:00～10:00和15:00～17:00各出现一次浓度高峰。上海市区大气中NMHC浓度,春季平均值为1.31×10~(-3)mg/m~3,夏季为2.00×10~(-3)mg/m~3,秋季为1.31×10~(-3)mg/m~3,冬季为1.29×10~(-3)mg/m~3,全年平均值为1.49×10~(-3)mg/m~3。根据对数正态分布检验的结果可以看出,上海市大气中NMHC并非来自单一类型的污染,而是多种类型的总体污染。     

Cu_xO(CuO-Cu_2O)纳米球催化剂制备及对CO_2电化学还原性能影响的研究

通过水热合成法制备Cu_xO(CuO-Cu2_O)纳米球催化剂,控制水热温度为180℃,合成时间为2h时,制备的催化活性最佳,CO_2还原的起峰电位可达-0.55V(vs.SHE),在-1.25V(vs.SHE)电位下的最大电流密度可达-20.5mA/cm~2。测试电容能达到800μF/cm~2,是同样的测试条件下的气体扩散电极(GDL)电容的4.7倍左右。SEM分析结果表明,其具有特殊的三维纳米球结构。BET分析结果表明,其比表面积达到约63.50m~2/g。Cu_xO180~(-2)/GDL电极的交换电流密度约为1.6×10~(-5)A/cm~2,高出同类研究的i0值(-10~(-10)A/cm~2)约5个数量级。     

武汉市道路尘埃污染中磁学指标与重金属含量对比

对武汉市不同功能区的道路尘埃进行环境磁学和化学分析的综合研究.结果显示:尘埃中的磁性矿物含量在空间分布上具有较大的差异,平均磁化率为工业区(7.36×10~(-6)m~3/kg)交通沿线(5.38×10~(-6)m~3/kg)商业区(3.76×10~(-6)m~3/kg)开发区(2.26×10~(-6)m~3/kg)和风景区(2.48×10~(-6)m~3/kg).工业活动和交通因素是造成区域尘埃中磁性矿物含量升高的主要原因,地理位置和人口密度对尘埃中磁性矿物的含量也有一定的影响.岩石磁学研究结果表明:尘埃中的磁性载体以亚铁磁性矿物为主,部分样品中含有不完整反铁磁性矿物.扫描电镜和能谱分析显示:人类活动产生的磁性颗粒(铁的氧化物和铁的硅铝酸盐)一般呈球形,自然成土过程中形成的不规则状磁性颗粒(磁赤铁矿).污染负荷指数与磁化率(R~2=0.870)、饱和等温剩磁(R~2=0.665)等表征磁性矿物含量的参数呈显著正相关.因此,尘埃的磁学参数可以作为重金属含量的参考指标.     

漯河市浅层地热能资源量及开发利用潜力评价

根据漯河市浅层地热能分布特点及赋存条件,对漯河市浅层地热能资源量和开发利用潜力进行了评价,提出了相应的开发利用建议。结果表明:适宜浅层地温能开发利用的地区总面积为523.87 km~2,浅层地热能总储存量为318.89×10~(12)kJ/℃;在考虑土地利用系数的情况下,地下水地源热泵系统适宜区和较适宜区总面积为249.12 km~2;地下水地源热泵系统可利用的浅层地热能资源量74.63×10~(12)kJ/a;夏季可制冷面积6 397.94×10~4m~2/a,冬季可供暖面积4 798.45×10~4m~2/a;各区夏季制冷潜力(23.52～26.09)×10~4m~2/km~2,冬季供暖潜力(17.64～19.57)×10~4m~2/km~2;地埋管地源热泵系统可利用的浅层地温能资源量为211.00×10~(12)kJ/a;夏季可制冷面积17 157.43×10~4m~2/a,冬季可供暖面积14 966.10×10~4m~2/a;各区夏季制冷潜力135.12×10~4m~2/km,冬季供暖潜力118.63×10~4m~2/km~2。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.