组合式空气过滤器性能试验研究

针对集中式空调系统使用的空气过滤器普遍存在过滤效率低、阻力高的问题。通过试验,对比研究了单体涤纶粗效G4过滤器、驻极体袋式空气过滤器(300,450,600 mm袋深)及两者组合的过滤器的性能。结果表明:对于驻极体袋式空气过滤器,过滤效率随风量增加呈现逐渐减小的趋势,但在低风量范围存在效率较低的点;对于袋式空气过滤器在袋数相同的情况下,阻力随袋深增加逐渐减小,当减小至某一值时阻力会随袋深增加增大,即存在最优袋深,为450~600 mm。对于组合式空气过滤器,其阻力小于相同风量下相应单体空气过滤器阻力值的计算和,在测试风量下,其计数效率大于等于95%;单位面积容尘量是相应风量下单体空气过滤器计算和的1.7~8.5倍。     

空气过滤技术研究综述

文章分别从空气过滤材料、空气过滤器、空气过滤理论及空气过滤技术的应用等四个方面,对空气过滤技术进行了详细阐述.总结了空气过滤材料、空气过滤器的分类及研究进展、空气过滤器的过滤机理及过滤理论的发展.介绍了空气过滤技术的主要应用,并指出了空气过滤技术的发展动向和市场趋势.     

针对PM_(2.5)的家用空气净化器HEPA滤网材料选择

作为空气净化器的核心部件,高效空气过滤器滤网材料的性能直接影响空气净化器的过滤效果。为了达到除去家居环境空气中PM_(2.5)污染物的目标,需要先确定过滤材料的选用要求,包括过滤精度、过滤效率、过滤阻力、容尘量等。之后对棉纤维、聚酯纤维、聚丙烯纤维等13种常用的过滤材料的性能指标对比分析,得出聚酯纤维、聚丙烯纤维及玻璃纤维是符合要求的3种理想过滤材料。     

膜的微观结构对空气过滤的影响

覆膜过滤技术现已广泛地应用于空气过滤过程,这种技术是在支撑材料的表面覆盖一层瞑。在过滤的开始阶段,过滤的阻力主要集中在膜上,因此,膜的微观结构(如膜的厚度,孔径大小和膜的孔隙率等)将会对过滤阻力产生巨大的影响。本文选用了几种不同结构和不同孔隙率的膨化聚四氟乙烯膜作为研究对象,在不同操作条件下进行试验,以更深入地了解膜过滤技术的性质。同时,利用空气渗透和膜污染理论,讨论了膜的微观结构对过滤阻力的影响。     

基于Voronoi-Random算法微观结构褶型过滤介质过滤性能

在利用数值模拟研究褶型纤维过滤介质过滤性能时,为了克服层状结构纤维层与层之间不连贯及孔状结构纤维规整分布的不足,本文基于Voronoi-Random算法建立了褶型纤维过滤介质模型,并通过加密或减少纤维数量改变其固体体积分数(SVF).采用“Caught on first touch”和“Hamker”两种碰撞模型对褶型纤维过滤介质的气-固两相流动进行数值模拟.结果表明:压力损失和过滤效率数值计算值与经验关联式计算值吻合较好,误差在15%之内;将采用两种碰撞模型得到的过滤效率与经验关联式计算值进行比较,得出采用“Hamker”碰撞模型得到的过滤效率符合实际;在过滤介质上的沉积颗粒并不完全是纤维捕集,大多数颗粒是由形成的树枝状结构捕集;压降和单位面积沉积量随过滤时间的增长呈现指数增长趋势.     

有机固废燃烧烟气中PM2.5的过滤比较研究

垃圾焚烧是PM_2.5的重要来源之一,目前焚烧烟气系统中无有效去除PM_2.5的控制单元.在实验室探究了几种过滤介质对木屑、猪五花肉、污泥这3种有机质固体废物燃烧产生的PM_2.5的去除效果.这几种过滤介质包括：涤纶针刺毡、聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）覆膜滤料、偏聚氟乙烯（PVDF）微滤膜、石墨烯及其组合.PTFE覆膜滤料+PVDF微滤膜的组合对木屑燃烧产生的PM_2.5的过滤效果最好,可以达到97.45%.双层PVDF微滤膜对猪五花肉和污泥燃烧产生的PM_2.5过滤效果都最好,分别为99.39%和98.03%.根据实验结果和SEM-EDS分析,PVDF微滤膜对碳组成的颗粒有较高的选择性截留效果.叠加使用过滤介质可以提高对PM_2.5的过滤效率,但双层过滤可能会增加阻力,不利于对大量废气进行除尘处理.     

某海洋平台上海水篮式过滤器事故分析

目的研究分析东海某一海上平台海水用篮式过滤器发生的腐蚀和堵塞事故原因。方法从海洋平台海水系统用篮式过滤器的原理、工艺流程、材料选择、滤网精度,滤芯设计、人工操作等多方面进行分析。结果受内压滤芯结构要优于受外压滤芯结构,如果过滤精度选择过高,会增加压差,造成滤芯堵塞。结论篮式过滤器滤芯单元应采用多滤芯的受内压结构,过滤精度应根据下游用户要求来确定。     

传统过滤器改造连续动态过滤器的研究

结合国外先进的连续过滤技术,针对原有的传统过滤器进行设备改造,过滤过程改为"上向流过滤",滤料清洗技术采用"气提洗砂"技术.与改造前相比,该滤塔结构简单,维护和检修方便,工艺处理效率增加50%,效果稳定,运行成本降低50%.在相关的滤料过滤器系统中,连续动态过滤器改造技术符合我国水处理过滤行业现状,并充分利用原有设备和设施,通过最小投资获得新技术革新,使过滤工艺简单化,更适用于小型再生水回用系统.      

石油焦超细粉碎工艺中的脉冲袋式除尘器试验

利用超细粉碎分级设备,分别测试粉碎工艺中除尘器在不同过滤面积、过滤风速、入口粉尘浓度时,喷吹后的除尘器阻力、过滤风速、喷吹时的除尘器阻力波动情况;测试脉冲宽度对喷吹后除尘器阻力和喷吹时除尘器阻力波动的影响。结果表明:由于石油焦的轻质和黏附性特性,过滤风速不应超过2.17 m/min,考虑到除尘效率和经济效益,最好控制在1.3 m/min以内;除尘器入口粉尘浓度的高低对喷吹后除尘器阻力和喷吹时除尘器阻力波动均存在较大影响,入口粉尘浓度低时,阻力和阻力波动都较小;脉冲宽度对喷吹后除尘器阻力和喷吹时除尘器阻力波动有一定影响,该实验系统最佳脉冲宽度为0.08 s。     

建筑室内健康环境中不同过滤单元净化PM2.5特性

针对后疫情时代下建筑室内净化问题,选取6种过滤单元（1号—G4夹碳布,2号—G4涤纶,3号—F7玻纤,4号—F7静电熔喷布,5号—G4涤纶+F7玻纤,6号—微静电荷电模块+G4涤纶）,试验探究其PM_2.5净化性能。试验测试了不同过滤单元的一次过滤效率、PM_2.5净化效率、阻力、洁净空气量（CADR）与净化能效（CEE）。结果表明：1)5号和6号的组合过滤单元可有效提高一次过滤效率和PM_2.5净化效率。2)额定风速下,2号过滤单元阻力最小,5号过滤单元的阻力最大。3)在最大风量工况下,4号过滤单元的CADR和CEE最大,2号过滤单元的CADR和CEE最小,分别约为4号过滤单元的7.13%与6.54%。6号过滤单元相比2号过滤单元的CADR和CEE分别提升约150%与247%,表明微静电荷电模块在不增加过滤单元阻力的情况下,能够提高一次过滤效率和PM_2.5净化效率,有效缩短相同工况下的净化时间。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.