王哥庄湾陆源硝酸盐氮输送通量研究

以汇水区域相对独立的崂山王哥庄地区为例 ,通过研究该区的水文地质条件、分析地表水和地下水中的硝酸盐氮 (NO3 N) ,采用流量法和断面法分别对河流和地下水向王哥庄湾的NO3 N输送量进行了计算。结果表明 ,1999年 5月下旬地下水向海洋输送的NO3 N占整个陆源输入量的 30 .0 6 % ,说明地下水向海洋的营养盐输送量是海洋环境评估的重要边界条件。     

胶州湾表层海水NO的分布特征及其影响因素

为了解近海海水中NO的时空分布特征及其影响因素,采用化学发光法对2010—2011年胶州湾内表层海水中的c(NO)进行了观测,并结合水文、生物等要素的同步观测资料,探讨了该海域NO分布特征及影响因素.结果表明:胶州湾内表层海水c(NO)春季最低,为(11.8±4.6) pmol/L;秋季最高,为(471.3±106.3) pmol/L;夏季和冬季差别不大.该海域c(NO)的水平分[JP+1]布呈湾中心及湾口部分较低、河口较高的特点.湾口部分c(NO)春季最低,为2.0 pmol/L;湾中心部分c(NO)秋季最高,达356.0 pmol/L.c(NO)与温度、盐度及c(NO₂-)表现出相关性,陆地径流输入对海水中NO的分布也有影响,大沽河下游丰水季c(NO)达到348.1 pmol/L,枯水季c(NO)仅为119.8 pmol/L.研究显示,胶州湾表层海水为大气NO的源,2010—2011年胶州湾表层海水NO的海-气通量为3.8×10-15 mol/(cm2·s),胶州湾年NO释放量(以N计)约为5.8×106 g.      

胶州湾潮滩沉积物-水界面交换对海湾营养盐的影响

2004年9月在胶州湾红石崖(HSY)和河套(HT)潮滩进行了沉积物-海水界面的营养盐交换通量培养实验,结果表明:DIN 在胶州湾沉积物-海水界面的交换以NH4-N的扩散为主,交换方向是由上覆水向沉积物迁移,NO3-N 的扩散方向与NH4-N的相反;SiO3-Si的交换和PO4-P的相似在潮滩各站位均是由上覆水向沉积物的方向迁移,表明潮滩沉积物是水体中营养盐的汇.NO2-N、NH4-N、PO4-P、SiO3-Si在沉积物-海水界面的交换通量为净吸收,分别为河流输入通量的25、7、9、2倍.但NO3-N的交换是由沉积物向海水方向,通量仅为河流输入通量的20%.潮滩沉积物-海水界面受到大量底栖动物的生理活动及其它作用的影响,因此营养盐培养实验得到的通量与利用间隙水浓度梯度法估算的结果存在明显差异.     

福清平原地下水可采资源量及应急开采量评价

根据福清平原地下水系统的水文地质机制,在概化该区地下水系统水文地质概念模型的基础上,首次建立福清平原地下水可采资源量评价三维数值模型。根据福清平原地下水含水层水位控制要求,预测该区地下水可采资源量,在相对富水区域圈定地下水应急水源地,并评价水源地的应急开采量。结果表明,福清平原地下水可采资源量为1 189.35×10~4 m~3/a,并圈定出洋梓村谢厝山山前水源地和龙山街道塘头村北侧水源地2处地下水应急水源地,2处应急水源地应急可开采资源量为246.375×10~4 m~3/a,为福清平原地下水应急水源地建设提供参考。     

三沙湾水质分布特征对陆源污染、湾内养殖的响应

根据福建三沙湾海域2018年洪季一个定点站和12个走航站的5项营养盐及水文资料,研究发现:（1）三沙湾沿岸城市排放水是主要的污染源。其中,蕉城区外大金溪湾的硝酸盐、氨盐、悬沙含量、硅酸盐和磷酸盐浓度,在落潮盐度最小时期（宁德城区排放水）分别是涨潮盐度最大时期（海水）水质浓度的1.2倍、3.6倍、6倍、2.5倍和2倍。（2）三沙湾营养盐从陆向海的变化既受陆域河流排放的影响,也受湾内养殖排放的影响。其中NO₃-N和SiO₃-Si浓度受陆源排放影响较大,从陆向海分别下降了31%和50%。而NO₂-N、NH₄-N和PO₄-P浓度变化受湾内养殖的影响,从陆向海下降的趋势不明显。（3）12个走航站无机氮（DIN）的平均值为57.33 μmol/L,大于21.41 μmol/L;PO₄-P平均值为2.28 μmol/L,大于1.45 μmol/L;DIN/DIP基本为8~30。这些参数表明三沙湾水质已经超四类海水水质标准,并达到富营养化状态。     

夏、秋季北黄海营养盐的时空分布特征及其影响机制

基于2011年7月(夏季)和2011年10月(秋季)北黄海海域2个航次的调查资料,对北黄海夏、秋季营养盐的时空分布特征及其影响机制进行了探讨.结果表明,夏、秋季北黄海营养盐的平均浓度分别为:NO3- (1.57±1.71), (5.93±3.84) μmol/L,NO2- (0.22±0.18), (0.88±0.93) μmol/L,PO43- (0.22±0.13), (0.40±0.23) μmol/L,Si(OH)4 (4.98±2.23), (6.71±3.24) μmol/L,NH4+ (1.35±0.90), (1.23±0.69) μmol/L,夏、秋季北黄海NO3-分别占溶解无机氮的49%和74%.2个季节近岸海域表层营养盐浓度均高于中部海域,底层浓度高于表层,高值区是冷水团区.各断面营养盐的垂直分布层化现象明显,受冷水团以及水体交换混合的共同影响,浓度由表至底逐渐升高.夏、秋季表底层N/P、Si/N和Si/P比值的水平分布为近岸海域高于中部海域,且夏季北黄海浮游植物的生长繁殖受磷限制.     

春季桑沟湾海域贝类养殖对海水中营养盐的影响研究

根据2011年春季对桑沟湾海域8个监测点的营养盐的变化特征和历史资料的研究,分析了桑沟湾水域溶解性无机氮(DIN)、总氮(TN)、活性磷酸盐(PO34-)和总磷(TP)浓度变化及它们之间的相互关系,估算了贝类养殖的排泄物对海水污染的贡献率。结果表明,溶解性无机氮的平均浓度为0.106 1 mg/L,NO3-N为主要存在形式,占溶解性无机氮平均含量的78.3%,NH3-N、NO2-N分别占溶解性无机氮平均含量的14.2%和7.5%。总氮的平均浓度为0.234 7 mg/L,溶解性无机氮浓度占总氮浓度的45.2%。活性磷酸盐的平均浓度为0.013 3 mg/L,总磷的平均浓度为0.024 78 mg/L。春季桑沟湾贝类养殖对该海域海水磷含量的贡献率比氮的贡献率大,N/P为17.63,营养水平基本属于贫营养。     

桑沟湾和胶州湾夏季的沉积物-水界面营养盐通量研究

1999年8月通过原样培养研究了黄海的桑沟湾和胶州湾潮下带沉积物-海水界面的营养盐通量.结果表明,两个湾的沉积物均向水层释放NH4-N,通量为0.76(桑沟湾)和0.67 mmol/m2·d(胶州湾),对水层初级生产所需无机氮的贡献为14%(桑沟湾)和12%(胶州湾);桑沟湾的沉积物对PO4-P有净吸收,通量为-1.17mmol/m2·d,而胶州湾的沉积物释放PO4-P,通量为0.01 mmol/m2·d.与其他近岸浅海环境相比,桑沟湾和胶州湾的沉积物-水界面营养盐通量及对水层初级生产的贡献率均处于较低水平.回归统计分析表明,桑沟湾和胶州湾沉积物-水界面的NH4-N通量与沉积物表层的C、N含量正相关,PO4-P通量与沉积物耗氧率和上覆水PO4-P浓度相关.     

长江口营养盐浓度变化及分布特征

根据2003年11月(枯季)和2004年8月(洪季)对长江口的2次现场调查,分析探讨了长江口的营养盐浓度变化及分布特征.结果表明,长江口水体3种不同形态的溶解无机氮中,以NO3--N含量最高,洪、枯季分别占溶解态无机氮的92.8%～97.7%和84.3%～98.4%.洪季NO3--N和NH+-N含量高于枯季,洪季与枯季NO2--N含量接近.洪、枯季长江口ρ(PO43-P)平均值分别为0.014和0.016 mg/L,接近国家海水一类标准.洪、枯季N3--N和PO3-4P含量均是由长江口内向口外近海逐渐降低,而NH4+-N含量则表现出相反的空间分布规律,即口外高于口内.通过计算长江口营养盐比值发现,枯季长江口氮、磷供应充分,不存在磷受限的情况,而洪季长江口水体受到磷的限制.      

春季大亚湾海域沉积物-海水界面营养盐的交换速率

2007年4月应用实验室培养法研究了大亚湾海域沉积物-海水界面营养盐的交换速率(ν)和交换通量(F),并与间隙水分子扩散模型计算结果进行了对比。结果表明,νDIN变化范围为304.21~441.92μmol/m2.d,平均为368.05μmol/m2.d,νPO4-P变化范围为27.08~110.21μmol/m2.d,平均为48.64μmol/m2.d,νSiO3-Si变化范围为1878.10~6024.40μmol/m2.d,平均为3653.84μmol/m2.d。与间隙水分子扩散模型计算结果相比较,两者之间存在数量级的差异。产生差异的原因在于,间隙水分子扩散模型在浅水海湾中应用时没有考虑到沉积物底栖生物活动以及风浪扰动等因素的影响。大亚湾海域春季FDIN/SE为2.03×107mol,FPO4-Pi/SE为2.68×106mol,FSiO3-Si/SE为2.02×108mol,为维持大亚湾春季的初级生产力,沉积物交换过程可提供约10%的DIN、21%的PO4-P和98%的SiO3-Si。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.