朝阳凤凰山古土壤序列粒度特征与成因分析

朝阳地区古土壤广泛分布,正确的认识该区古土壤的成因有助于我们进一步探讨该区的古气候变化。本文对辽宁省朝阳市凤凰山古土壤剖面进行系统地粒度分析,并结合剖面形态特征,对该剖面各层次进行成因探讨。研究结果表明:凤凰山剖面上部含有砾石,粗粒组分含量较高,且垂向变化均较大,分选性较差,但同时颗粒组成仍以风成沉积的两个主要粒级为主,为经流水作用改造的次生黄土。剖面下部粒度细小而均匀,砂粒含量低,风尘"基本粒组"相对富集,平均含量在60%~70%之间,各粒度指标均与典型的风成古土壤序列的相近,表现出明显的风成沉积特征。在上、下两部分之间,存在较薄的一个过渡层次。颜色上与剖面下部土层相近,但粒度特征与剖面上部土层相近。     

岷江上游营盘山遗址土壤理化特征及指示意义

古遗址地层土壤理化特征研究有助于古环境重建。以岷江上游营盘山遗址文化剖面和黄土剖面为研究对象,分析了土壤粒度、磁化率、有机质和碳酸盐含量及元素地球化学等物理化学指标及其影响因素。结果表明古人类活动影响了土壤粒度、磁化率、有机质、碳酸盐及元素迁移等特征,灰烬层土壤出现了环境指标不一致的现象。位于灰烬层上部的古土壤保留了与成壤强度一致的环境信息,指示出岷江上游干旱河谷区在全新世中晚期曾出现相对温暖湿润的气候特征。利用遗址区文化层剖面重建古环境需多指标对比研究,剔除人类活动的干扰信息。     

末次冰期以来青州黄土光释光测年及其对古气候的指示

黄河下游湿润-半湿润地区的鲁中黄土-古土壤沉积,是记录东亚季风气候变化的良好载体。山东青州邵庄黄土剖面粗颗粒石英（63—90 µm）光释光年代和磁化率、粒度、色度以及主量元素测试结果表明：（1）邵庄黄土末次冰期以来（(51.3±2.5)— (8.1±1.1) ka）沉积连续;（2）与粒度、磁化率和色度指标相比,化学蚀变指数能够更灵敏地反映冰期-间冰期沉积旋回;（3）粒度结果表明“古土壤”层中值粒径（16.9—24.6 μm）明显高于下伏黄土层中值粒径（11.8—22.7 μm）,主要是因为近源沉积在总的沉积通量中所占比例在冰期-间冰期尺度上的变化;（4）灰黑色“古土壤”层底界年龄为(19.1±1.6) ka,明显老于黄土高原全新世古土壤层底界年代（约10—11 ka）,其既包含全新世沉积的加积型土壤,也包含下伏末次冰期黄土层基础上受风化、淋溶形成的非加积型土壤。虽然研究区的“古土壤”包含非加积型土壤,记录了间冰期风化成壤过程,但依然能够反映冰期-间冰期气候旋回,是东亚乃至全球气候变化的产物。     

三江源地区高寒草地土壤功能的水平分异特征及其沿发生层的垂直变化

三江源地区是研究土壤生态系统功能响应气候变化的热点区域.为了研究三江源地区高寒草地土壤剖面功能特征和驱动机制沿发生层的差异,分析了高寒草地土壤剖面不同发生层的土壤功能指标(包括呼吸、氮转化速率和酶活等)以及与环境因子之间的相关关系.结果表明,土壤功能特征在高寒草甸和高寒草原之间不存在显著差异,表层土相比于深层土具有更高的呼吸、氮转化速率和酶活.土壤理化性质中全氮含量是不同发生层土壤功能特征的关键驱动因子,分别解释了土壤功能特征18.3%、21.4%和27.5%的水平分异.气候和植被因子主要在表层土中通过改变土壤理化性质间接影响土壤功能,但是大气氮沉降在深层土中对土壤功能仍存在影响.结果显示,三江源地区高寒草地土壤表现出显著的氮受限特征,为全球气候变化背景下土壤功能多样性的维持和对气候变化的响应提供了新的见解.     

天山北麓黄土沉积粒度及磁化率的差异性研究

本文分析了天山北麓不同海拔高度的两个黄土剖面粒度、磁化率特征及其古气候意义的差异性。结果表明,位于海拔2074m的鹿角湾剖面与海拔527m处的大佛寺剖面黄土粒度特征比较相近,但鹿角湾剖面黄土整体细于大佛寺黄土,并且其细颗粒分布范围也大于大佛寺剖面,而粗颗粒的则相反。鹿角湾剖面中全新世以来地层磁化率与成壤作用相关,显示成壤增强模式,其下末次冰期地层磁化率及大佛寺剖面磁化率与粗颗粒沉积相关,显示风速论模式。造成两个剖面粒度及磁化率差异的原因主要是地形导致的沉积颗粒分选及降水量不同引发的成壤作用差异。全新世中期以来大佛寺剖面记录的气候整体处于干旱状态,而鹿角湾剖面同时期地层受地形影响则记录了相对湿润的气候。     

青藏高原东缘黄土与环境变化研究进展

系统分析了青藏高原东缘黄土地层研究的主要内容和方法,指出了该区黄土与环境变化研究中存在的问题及未来研究方向.青藏高原东缘山原峡谷地带呈不连续分布的黄土地层,是1.15 MaB.P.以来冰缘物质风成沉积的结果.黄土沉积和成壤特征反映了沉积以来的古气候演变特征,也为青藏高原隆升和冰川研究提供了证据.黄土台地的形成与早期人类...     

深圳土壤稀土元素的背景含量和影响因素研究

为研究深圳市土壤稀土元素的环境背景含量和空间分布特征,以不受或很少受人类活动影响的基本生态控制线区域作为调查范围,在深圳布设450个土壤表层点位、50个典型剖面点位,应用决策单元－多点增量采样方法采集土壤表层样品500个、土壤剖面样品100个.研究结果表明,深圳市表层土壤稀土元素的环境背景含量范围为23.66~1246.26mg/kg,算术平均值285.99mg/kg,高于中国土壤和广东省土壤;轻稀土元素相对于重稀土元素富集,稀土元素的环境背景含量在空间分布上呈现西高东低的特征.深圳市不同土类中稀土元素环境背景含量的95%分位值高低依次为赤红壤 > 红壤 > 黄壤.不同成土母质发育的土壤稀土元素环境背景含量95%分位值大小顺序为变质岩 > 花岗岩 > 片麻岩 > 凝灰熔岩 > 砂砾页岩 > 灰色灰岩.不同剖面层次的土壤稀土元素环境背景含量的95%分位值大小顺序为底层 > 中层 > 表层;随着深度的增加,深圳市土壤稀土元素的环境背景含量也逐渐增加,呈现底聚型特征.成土母质是影响土壤稀土元素环境背景含量的首要因素,花岗岩发育的土壤稀土元素环境背景含量要明显高于砂砾页岩;不同土类也会影响土壤稀土元素的环境背景含量分布,同一成土母质发育的赤红壤稀土元素环境背景含量要高于红壤.典型相关性分析表明,土壤铁、铝等元素与轻稀土元素,以及锰与重稀土元素的背景含量均呈现较强的正相关关系,土壤pH值、黏粒与稀土元素背景含量存在弱正相关,这也侧面反映了土壤稀土元素对成土母质的继承性.     

黄土-古土壤中蜗牛化石总数古气候意义探讨

本文通过研究黄土高原西北—东南断面上三个剖面(渭南、洛川、九州台)末次间冰期以来的蜗牛化石记录,探讨了黄土-古土壤序列中蜗牛化石个体总数可能保存的古气候信息。研究表明,黄土-古土壤中蜗牛化石总数主要受控于研究区域保存条件(温度、降水及相联系的成壤强度)和生存条件(气候环境条件是否适宜蜗牛的生存)。保存条件为黄土高原南部蜗牛化石总数的主要影响因素,而黄土高原北部主要受生存条件控制,黄土高原中部则同时受两个因素的影响。基于洛川蜗牛化石总数的变化特征指出,~400 ka前后冰期气候状况存在明显差异,400 ka前的冰期更加适宜蜗牛的生存,此后洛川地区冰期蜗牛生存的气候环境条件不断恶化。本研究为利用蜗牛化石探讨黄土高原古气候、古环境变化提供了重要参考。     

青海湖黑马河黄土的高密度光释光测年

西风环流与亚洲季风交互控制下的青海湖流域,对气候变化响应敏感。该区广泛分布的黄土记录了古环境古气候信息,但其在不同时间尺度上的沉积模式和沉积连续性尚不明晰。本文以青海湖西南的黑马河黄土剖面（HMHW）为研究对象,通过高密度光释光（optically stimulated luminescence,OSL）测年,结合粒度、磁化率和色度指标探讨其环境演变特征。结果表明：（1）黑马河黄土的沉积模式以快速堆积为主,集中于较冷的末次冰消期（13—12 ka）和晚全新世（~2 ka）;（2）早中全新世（11—4 ka）存在~7 ka的沉积间断;（3）黑马河黄土剖面（HMHW）的土壤粒度组分,以体积占68.68%的粉砂为主,砂次之,黏粒最少;整个剖面的平均粒径和亮度低值对应古土壤层,高值对应黄土层;磁化率的最大值在115 cm处为74.30×10 ^?8 m ³·kg ^?1,110 cm处的OSL年代为(1.52±0.16) ka,指示晚全新世（~2 ka）有古土壤发育。     

黄土-古土壤序列容重及氧化钙含量与气候关系研究

容重是土壤基本理化性质之一,土壤质地越粘重,土壤的容重值越大。钙是土壤中的常量元素之一,其在土壤中的迁移主要受到环境的影响。而黄土-古土壤序列是第四纪的土壤沉积物,是气候的良好记录者。本文测定了一个自然沉积的黄土-古土壤序列土壤剖面各层次容重值与氧化钙含量,分析二者与成土时期气候的关系。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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