一体化A_mO_n工艺BP神经网络数学模型研究

讨论基于BP神经网络一体化AmOn污水处理工艺数学模型的构建。在分析神经网络和一体化AmOn污水处理工艺各自特点的基础上,建立了具有11个输入层节点、5个输出层节点以及包含两层隐含层的BP神经网络,并确定了各隐含层的节点数、网络的权值和阈值。对模型的验证结果表明:BP神经网络模型基本反映了AmOn一体化工艺的主要特点,网络预测出水结果与实测结果相差不大,神经网络模型具有较好的泛化能力。     

基于BP神经网络与马尔可夫链的污水处理厂脱氮效果模拟预测

在实际污水处理厂运行过程中,其最终出水水质会受多种因素影响制约,而基于生物反应机理的活性污泥数学模型(ASM)并未将这些生物反应以外的因素考虑在内,由此带来一些不足.对此,本文提出可通过基于数据挖掘技术的黑箱模型对污水厂处理效果进行模拟预测.结合具体实际分析,提出可将BP神经网络与马尔可夫链组合应用于污水处理脱氮效果预测中.首先,通过BP神经网络模型对北京某大型污水处理厂实际进出水数据和工艺参数进行粗略拟合;其次,利用马尔可夫链对拟合结果及误差进行状态划分以进一步提高预测精确度;最后,运用基于BP神经网络与马尔可夫链的组合模型预测分析了该厂的实际出水水质.试验结果表明,BP神经网络适用于污水处理脱氮过程的拟合计算,而通过与马尔可夫链组合,可以提高模拟预测的精度和可靠性.     

污水处理中人工神经网络应用研究的探讨

针对污水处理系统的时变性、非线性、复杂性和不确定性的特点,提出应用人工神经网络技术对其控制,实现污水处理系统自动控制。简述了目前广泛应用于废水处理的神经网络以及建模原理。结合国内外研究动态,分析了人工神经网络在污水处理领域取得的成果,结果表明:在污水处理中引入神经网络智能控制是一种提高处理效率、降低运行成本的有效方法,国内在污水处理的神经网络智能控制的研究与国外有较大的差距,国内的研究及应用还处在发展阶段,应当加强。并对神经网络待解决的问题和发展趋势作了讨论。     

膜生物反应器(MBR)在污水处理过程中产生膜污染的研究现状及进展

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种新型的污水处理系统,具有占地面积小、工艺简单、操作方便、出水水质好等优点,在城市污水处理中的应用前景十分广阔。本文介绍了膜生物反应器在污水处理过程中产生膜污染的过程和机理,综述了膜污染的研究进展和现状,提出膜污染的有效防治措施,对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

基于遗传算法的改进BP神经网络模型在水质评价中的应用

为了确定水体类别，引入人工神经网络理论并通过建立BP神经网络模型对水体的质量、利用价值和处理要求进行评价。针对BP网络应用中存在的问题，建立了基于遗传算法的改进BP神经网络模型，并阐述了训练样本产生、数据归一化、构建网络拓扑结构、初始权重及阀值确定等应用过程。通过实例分析表明，该模型应用于水质评价具有客观性和实用性。     

RBF神经网络氧化沟系统出水氮磷预报模型

为定量模拟污水处理系统进水及出水水质参数数学关系,为污水处理系统的智能反馈控制奠定理论基础,文章以河南漯河市污水净化中心氧化沟系统为考察对象,采用径向基函数(RBF)神经网络对其模拟分析,建立了氧化沟系统出水TN、TP预报的RBF网络模型。建模过程采用的主成分分析与聚类分析有效挖掘了样本信息,采用的数据预处理方法缩减了模型误差。模型性能及灵敏度检验表明,建成的模型对出水TN、TP预报准确率分别达到90%、70%,相关性检验系数分别达到0.95和0.89,可用于该系统出水TN、TP预报,为系统在线控制提供指导。研究同时表明,RBF神经网络由于克服了误差反向传播(BP)网络收敛慢、局部极值等缺点,在水处理系统模拟及其反馈控制中,具有巨大的应用潜力。     

基于神经网络的生化池能耗预测模型研究

我国城市污水处理的能耗处于较高水平,直接能耗中电耗占60%~90%。为了合理利用电能,以A/O工艺为基础,选取BP神经网络建立能耗预测模型,由入水信息对溶解氧进行预测,为污水处理过程中曝气量的及时调度、有效利用能量提供可靠的决策依据。     

基于PCA和BP神经网络的中南公路岩质边坡稳定性预测

综合利用主成分分析法(Principle Component Analysis,PCA)对影响公路岩质边坡稳定性的6个因素进行主成分提取,提取的4个主成分作为BP神经网络的输入变量,边坡状态作为输出变量,并采用Levenberg-Marquardt(LM)算法优化BP神经网络,建立了基于PCA-LM-BP神经网络的公路边坡稳定预测模型。结合中南公路岩质边坡工程实例,将PCA-LM-BP神经网络模型的预测结果与LM-BP神经网络模型、BP神经网络模型预测结果进行对比。结果表明:基于PCA-LM-BP神经网络的预测模型精度较高,可为预测中南公路边坡稳定性提供一定的依据。     

基于粗集、遗传神经网络的环境质量评价

基于粗集、遗传神经网络的环境质量评价方法利用粗集对属性的归约功能将数据库中的数据进行归约，并将归约后的数据作为训练数据提供给BP神经网络；再用遗传算法和BP算法相结合的混合算法来训练网络预测模型的结构（在得到最优网络结构的同时也得到网络的最优权值和阈值）。通过实例表明该方法是有效的，为环境质量评价提供了一种新的研究思路和分析方法。     

用BP神经网络模型定量估算石化企业炼油废水处理中的VOCs

将BP神经网络理论引入石化企业炼油厂废水处理中的VOCs挥发量估算。在分析影响VOCs挥发因素的基础上,利用基于MATLAB神经网络工具箱的图形用户界面GUI,建立了石化企业炼油废水处理中VOCs挥发量估算的BP神经网络模型。用该模型对样本集进行了学习训练和仿真测试,并将训练好的神经网络应用于相关实例的估算。结果表明,应用BP神经网络方法进行石化企业炼油废水处理中VOCs挥发量估算结果与美国环保局推荐软件WATER9的计算结果误差在1.49%~17.46%之间,为石化企业炼油废水处理中VOCs挥发量估算提供了一种较为可靠的方法。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.