核事件分级

国际原子能机构国际核事件分级表1990年施行,分为7级。1级——异常。核设施出现涉及安全的微小问题,但尚有相当大＂安全余地＂。2级——事件。核设施一处运行区域放射水平超过每小时50毫希沃特。公众所受辐射水平超过10希沃特。3级——严重事件。核设施仅有最后一层纵深防御仍然有效,和（或）设施内一处区域出现严重放射污染,     

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美国洛杉矶通过限塑令

人民网消息洛杉矶已经成为美国限制超市使用塑料袋的最大城市。这是环保主义者通过艰苦努力获得的成功,并有望改变洛杉矶人购物的方式。近日,洛杉矶市议会以13票赞成、1票反对通过限塑令,即未来16个月里在7 500家商店禁止使用塑料袋。这将意味着购物者需要自带可再利用购物袋或花10美分(约为0.63元人民币,下同)购买一个纸袋。洛杉矶是加州实施限塑令城市的最新成员。其他实施限塑令的城市还包括圣何塞、旧金山和长滩。     

乌鲁木齐市大气微生物浓度变化规律

真菌在市区不同区域浓度分布及日动态变化无明显规律。细菌浓度分布与ＴＳＰ呈正相关，其日动态变化规律呈二个明显的波峰和二个明显的低谷。不同垂直高度细菌和真菌浓度分布有显著差异。微生物总数变化规律与细菌一致。     

微波消解—原子吸收/原子荧光光度法测定活性污泥中的Cd、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr、K、As、Hg

通过实验,建立了活性污泥中金属和重金属的测定方法。活性污泥样品经硝酸—氢氟酸或硝酸—高氯酸微波消解处理后,Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr、K选用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定,Cd用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定,As、Hg用原子荧光光度法测定。该方法操作简单,结果准确,重现性好。样品加标回收率为93%-108%,相对标准偏差〈5%。     

联合国商讨出台规定控制海运碳排放

据英国BBC报道,联合国目前正在商讨控制海运活动日渐增长的碳排放的相关规定。国际海事组织的环境委员会正在起草政策,并着手设计相关的标准,以期海运船只能够更加有效地运行。相关的标准研究工作包括制定船只操作运行标准,从而使船只能够提高燃油效率。但是,在对船只征收燃料税的提议上,研究工作可能不会取得太大的进展。     

烟台西港倾倒区海域浮游生物的群落特征

分析了倾倒活动结束后烟台西港倾倒区海域浮游生物的群落结构特征。结果表明,浮游植物群落具有硅藻为主、甲藻为次的特征,生态性质以温带近岸性物种为主。倾倒区停用后,硅藻数量大幅增加。桡足类、浮游幼虫及毛颚类的强壮箭虫是浮游动物群落的主要组成。浮游动物丰度、生物量与浮游植物丰度变化趋势大体一致。多样性分析表明,浮游生物群落结构比较稳定,倾倒区海域生态环境质量尚好。     

中国环境规划的探析

阐明了环境规划与国民经济和气候变化的关系。通过中美环境规划差异的比较和分析,指出健全和完善环境规划制度的重要性。对旧的环境规划体系进行改革,建立新的科学的环境规划体系是中国环境规划发展的必然趋势。     

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An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Use of Central Stonerollers (Cyprinidae: Campostoma anomalum) from Tennessee as a Bioindicator of Metal Contamination

We compared the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury and selenium in a small species of fish (Central stonerollers, Campostoma anomalum) collected from East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) and a reference site in eastern Tennessee. Stonerollers are minnows in the Cyprinidae family that serve as prey for many carnivores in aquatic systems. Fish were collected from East Fork Poplar Creek within the U.S. Department of Energy's Y-12 National Security Complex, part of the Oak Ridge Reservation, and from a reference stretch of the Little River in East Tennessee. Whole fish were homogenized for analysis. Concentrations of all metals (except arsenic) were significantly higher in stonerollers from EFPC compared to the reference site. Mercury levels in minnows from EFPC averaged 0.4 ppm (μg/g), four times higher than the average for fish in the U.S. in general. This was higher than levels in fish from the nearby Clinch River and higher than fillets of white bass (Morone chrysops) from the same creek. Most metal levels were inversely related to size and weight of the stonerollers, perhaps due to growth dilution.     

Monitoring of Biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila on Different Substrata in Model Cooling Tower System

Cooling towers have the potential to develop infectious concentrations of Legionella pneumophila. Legionella counts increases where biofilm and warm water temperatures are present. In this study, biofilm associated L. pneumophila and heterotrophic bacteria were compared in terms of material dependence. Model cooling tower system was experimentally infected by L. pneumophila standard strain and monthly monitored. Different materials were tested for a period of 180 days. The lowest L. pneumophila and heterotrophic plate counts were measured on plastic polymers, whereas L. pneumophila and heterotrophic bacteria were accumulated rapidly on galvanized steel surfaces. It can be concluded that selection of plastic polymers, as a manufacturing material, are suitable for recirculating water systems.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Mercury in Tree Swallow Food, Eggs, Bodies, and Feathers at Acadia National Park, Maine, and an EPA Superfund Site, Ayer, Massachusetts

We monitored nest boxes during 1997–1999 at Acadia National Park, Mt. Desert Island, ME and at an old-field site in Orono, ME to determine mercury (Hg) uptake in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) eggs, tissues, and food boluses. Also, in 1998–1999 we monitored nest boxes at Grove Pond and Plow Shop Pond at a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site in Ayer, MA. We recorded breeding success at all locations. On average among locations, total mercury (THg) biomagnified 2 to 4-fold from food to eggs and 9 to 18-fold from food to feathers. These are minimum values because the proportion of transferable methyl mercury (MeHg) of the THg in insects varies (i.e., 35%–95% of THg) in food boluses. THg was highest in food boluses at Aunt Betty Pond at Acadia, whereas THg in eggs was highest at the Superfund site. A few eggs from nests at each of these locations exceeded the threshold (i.e., 800–1,000 ng/g, wet wt.) of embryotoxicity established for Hg. Hatching success was 88.9% to 100% among locations, but five eggs failed to hatch from 4 of the 11 clutches in which an egg exceeded this threshold. MeHg in feathers was highest in tree swallows at Aunt Betty Pond and the concentration of THg in bodies was related to the concentration in feathers. Transfer of an average of 80%–92% of the Hg in bodies to feathers may have enhanced nestling survival. Residues of Hg in tissues of tree swallows in the Northeast seem higher than those of the Midwest.     

地面水中氨,硝酸盐,亚硝酸盐,氯化物,正磷酸盐,总硬度和硅酸盐的同时测定

用AQUA800辨别分析仪同时测定地面水中的氨、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氯化物、正磷酸盐、总硬度和硅酸盐,是一种简便、迅速、准确、可靠的测定方法,样品无需预处理,精密度试验其变异系数分别为1．24％、2．18％、2．02％、2．67％、2．35％、3．57％、4．78％,加标回收率分别为103．5％、101．0％、95．0％、99．2％、97．6％、101．5％、98．0％,方法检测限分别为氨0．022mg／L,硝酸盐0．015mp／L,亚硝酸盐0．002tug／L,氯化物0．47mg／L,正磷酸盐0．015mg／L,总硬度17．6mg／L,硅酸盐0．55mg/L,能满足地面水中辨别分析仪同时测定氨、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐点化物、正磷酸盐、总硬度和硅酸盐分析测定的要求。     

Screening of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase from Pseudomonas strains as biosensor for lead and some other metals contamination

δ-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD; E.C. 4.2.1.24) is a metalloprotein and plays a crucial role in heme synthesis. Its sensitivity to toxic metals depends on the metallic co-factors. In this study the effects of some heavy metals on ALADs activity of five Pseudomonas isolates from Akar?ay stream (Afyonkarahisar) have been studied in order to determine whether their ALADs could be used as biosensor for lead and other heavy metals contamination. The data obtained from the study were analysed statistically by using SPSS 10.0 software for Windows. According to the results, Ni(II) increased the ALAD activity of Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes and Pseudomonas aureginosa ATTC 27853. Mn(II) also increased the enzymic activity in all strains examined except P. pseudoalcaligenes. These were found not to be statistically meaningful. P. aeruginosa 2’s enzymic activity was inhibited by Mg(II) and Zn(II), significantly (p’lt;’.05). There was a statistically meaningful relation between enzymic activity of both P. pseudoalcaligenes, P. putida and increasing Pb(II) concentration (p’lt;’.05). In addition, a formula was also deviced in order to determine the doses of metals in the environment of the organisms. As a result of the study, we can suggest that Pseudomonas ALADs can be used as a biosensor for lead and some other heavy metal exposure in aquatic environments.