环境生物技术信息学进展

环境生物技术信息学通过计算机将生物信息学的技术与成果用于环境生物技术，控制污染，降解污染物基因DNA的碱基组成－结构－功能的核酸信息，降解污染物酶的氨基酸组成－结构－功能的蛋白多肽信息，为应用环境生物技术控制污染，注入了新的灵魂与力量，构建遗传工程特效菌株，高效降解危险有机污染物；创造高效工艺系统，去除危险有机污染物；有效降低或消除污染物对人体健康的危害，维护生态环境安全；是环境生物技术信息学的基本任务和光辉前景。     

物理场协同作用降解有机污染物研究进展

有机污染物是环境污染物的主要类型,通过物理场外加能量的作用可实现各种有机污染物的高效降解.对微波、超声波、紫外光、电场、磁场、等离子体这几类主要物理场相互协同降解有机污染物的研究现状进行综述,重点介绍了物理场协同作用降解有机污染物的机制、效果、影响因素及污染物类型,并展望了该类研究今后的应用前景和发展趋势.     

芦苇湿地对造纸废水中有机污染物的去除效果及机理

为了对芦苇湿地对造纸废水中有机污染物的去除效果及降解机理进行研究,本文采用GC-MS联用仪对经芦苇湿地处理前后造纸废水中有机污染物的组成和含量进行测定,并通过叠放色谱图的方法对造纸废水中有机污染物的降解效果进行分析。结果表明:(1)经芦苇湿地处理前造纸废水中共测出30种有机污染物,其中8种被列入美国EPA环境优先控制污染物黑名单。(2)纸浆造纸废水生物塘-芦苇湿地复合处理系统对有毒有机污染物基本上达到了较好的去除效果:有机污染物总量减少80%以上,且降解后的产物多为毒性较小的烷烃类。(3)利用质谱手段对有机污染物的降解规律进行了初步研究。该研究为造纸废水处理和资源化利用提供了科学依据,为"造纸废水-芦苇-造纸"生态纸业循环经济模式的进一步推广应用奠定了基础。     

单环硝基芳香化合物好氧生物降解及其遗传学研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难降解的有机污染物之一 ,对环境的污染日益严重 ,利用生物技术对这类有机物进行降解是行之有效的新途径。针对几种单环硝基芳香化合物好氧降解的微生物、降解途径以及降解过程中的主要酶、降解性质粒、基因定位等分子遗传学的研究进展进行了综述     

土壤中多环芳烃菲的自然降解特性

自然降解是去除环境中有机污染物的一种重要手段。为了解土壤中多环芳烃的自然降解规律,选择陕北风沙滩地区风积砂为典型土壤,多环芳烃菲为典型污染质,探讨了菲在风积砂中的自然降解规律;建立了菲的降解动力学模型;进一步考察了污染浓度、温度、pH值、含氧量等环境因素对降解的影响。结果表明,风积砂中菲的自然降解符合准一级反应动力学,降解半衰期为17 d;菲的降解率与生物量呈正相关;污染浓度对菲的自然降解影响不显著;25~35℃、中性条件能够促进风积砂中菲的降解;好氧微生物是降解的关键,氧的存在对于土壤中菲的降解具有重要的作用。     

单环硝基芳香化合物好氧生物降解及其遗传学研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难降解的有机污染物之一，对环境的污染日益严重，利用生物技术对这类有机物进行降解是行之有效的新途径。针对几种单环硝基芳香化合物好氧降解的微生物、降解途径以及降解过程中的主要酶、降解性质粒、基因定位等分子遗传学的研究进展进行了综述。     

环糊精在环境科学中的应用

本文从环糊精对有机污染物的增溶作用：环糊精用于环境中有机污染物的富集和去除;环糊精对有机污染物降解过程的影响;环糊精衍生物去除土壤中的重金属;环糊精对污染物生物活性的影响等几个方面讨论了环糊精在环境科学方面的应用。     

有机配体对铁电絮凝体系中羟基自由基氧化降解苯胺的影响

铁电絮凝(Fe-EC)是一种高效的水处理方法,但其中有机污染物的去除机制尚不明晰。为研究有机废水中常见的有机配体对铁电絮凝过程中羟基自由基(·OH)产生以及有机污染物降解的影响,采用了对照实验、淬灭实验和电子自旋共振(ESR)等测试方法。结果表明:草酸(H_2C_2O_4)和乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)能有效促进铁电絮凝对苯胺(AN)的氧化降解,而·OH是起主要作用的活性氧化物;草酸和EDTA体系中主要存在的Fe(Ⅱ)络合物浓度与羟基自由基产率成正相关关系,1 mol的Fe(Ⅱ)-EDTA~(2-)会产生235 mmol的·OH,是草酸的9倍;EDTA会与污染物竞争羟基自由基。进一步分析可知,在铁电絮凝体系中,EDTA的浓度为0.05 mmol·L~(-1)时,对苯胺氧化降解的促进效果最佳。以上研究结果可为认识铁电絮凝中污染物的去除机制提供参考。     

环境胁迫因子对固定菌修复污染土壤效果的研究

通过对环境胁迫因子参数的不同设定,对固定菌修复污染土壤效果进行了研究.结果显示,当环境胁迫因子温度(高温40 ℃和低温15 ℃)、酸碱度(pH＝4和pH＝9)及重金属(Cd和Pb)存在时,对固定菌降解污染物的影响并不大,而游离菌降解率却有一定的下降趋势.进一步观察了固定化载体内部微观结构,为固定菌用于有机污染土壤的异位修复提供了一定的理论基础.     

有机化学毒物对环境的污染及其控制

一、前言 有毒无机污染物、特别是重金属对环境的污染曾是六十年代各国面临的严竣挑战和突出的难题.但随着重金属污染而逐步控制与渐趋缓和,有毒有机污染物对环境的污染又提到重要议事日程,并成为八十年代世界上日益尖锐的矛盾和迫切需要认真对待的课题.     

酶体外定向分子进化技术:环境生物污染治理中的新星

环境生物技术在环境控制与污染治理中的应用主要是利用微生物降解和转换污染物.一些人类合成的化学物质由于具有高毒性,且难以被自然界微生物降解,已经严重威胁生态环境和人类的健康.生物治理以其低成本、完成矿质化和实现原位处理等特点,成为较好的治理技术.体外定向分子进化技术是一种发现新的生物表型和新酶的好方法,DNA改组是重要的体外分子进化技术,成功地改造了许多在医药、工业和环境保护等的商业酶.综述了近年来体外定向分子进化技术在环境生物污染治理中的研究进展和应用.     

Data Analysis Procedures for the Ozone NAAQS Statistical Format

The Clear Air Act of 1970 established the authority to control hazardous air pollutants. Section 112 of the legislation requires the Administrator to publish, and from time to time revise, a list of hazardous air pollutants for which he intends to establish emission standards, and to establish emission standards for those pollutants. These national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants are commonly referred to as “NESHAP” standards. All of the NESHAP that have been promulgated as of April 1984 are summarized in the table which accompanies this article. Two types of references are included in the table. The first reference identifies the issue of the Federal Register in which the NESHAP is explained in detail. The second reference identifies the background information document (BID) which contains the technical and economic information developed to support the NESHAP.     

Electrochemical advanced oxidation and biological processes for wastewater treatment: a review of the combined approaches

As pollution becomes one of the biggest environmental challenges of the twenty-first century, pollution of water threatens the very existence of humanity, making immediate action a priority. The most persistent and hazardous pollutants come from industrial and agricultural activities; therefore, effective treatment of this wastewater prior to discharge into the natural environment is the solution. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have caused increased interest due to their ability to degrade hazardous substances in contrast to other methods, which mainly only transfer pollution from wastewater to sludge, a membrane filter, or an adsorbent. Among a great variety of different AOPs, a group of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs), including electro-Fenton, is emerging as an environmental-friendly and effective treatment process for the destruction of persistent hazardous contaminants. The only concern that slows down a large-scale implementation is energy consumption and related investment and operational costs. A combination of EAOPs with biological treatment is an interesting solution. In such a synergetic way, removal efficiency is maximized, while minimizing operational costs. The goal of this review is to present cutting-edge research for treatment of three common and problematic pollutants and effluents: dyes and textile wastewater, olive processing wastewater, and pharmaceuticals and hospital wastewater. Each of these types is regarded in terms of recent scientific research on individual electrochemical, individual biological and a combined synergetic treatment.     

水体中卤代芳烃污染状况及降解途径研究进展

介绍了卤代芳烃对水环境所造成的污染和危害 ,并对水体中该类污染物降解技术研究进展进行了综述。着重介绍了光降解及光催化技术、化学氧化法、氢解还原和辐射降解等技术在该领域的有关研究。     

Federal Regulations for New Source Performance Standards

Section 111 of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 authorizes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to impose emission standards (NSPS) on those stationary sources that are determined to be significant contributors to air pollution and that consequently endanger the public health or welfare. In five years EPA promulgated 19 final and 1 proposed NSPS for stationary sources. Section 112 of the Act authorizes EPA to promulgate national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAPS). EPA promulgated three final and 1 proposed regulation under Section 112. In addition, EPA promulgated NSPS for three "designated" pollutants from specific sources under Section Hid. EPA’s use of Section 111 and 112 authority provides for a quick response emission control program compared to the relatively slow process of establishing additional ambient air quality standards and having the states adopt implementation plans (Section 109). Three court cases, argued in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, established basic guidelines for future promulgation of NSPS although certain legal actions are still pending. Proposed amendments to the Clean Air Act would further broaden and strengthen EPA’s direct regulatory authority.     

Analysis of target and nontarget pollutants in aqueous leachates from the hazardous waste site Stringfellow, California, via ion chromatography - particle beam and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Liquid chromatography particle beam mass spectrometry (PB/MS is a powerful tool for the analysis of target pollutants but complementary methods are required for nontarget compounds. Preliminary data are presented on an anion exchange chromatography PB/MS based method for the detection of the target compound 4-chlorobenzene sulfonic acid (a contamlnant found in hazardous waste leachates) and also for nontarget pollutants in aqueous leachate samples from the Stringfellow hazardous waste site in California. Anion exchange chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry yields qualitative and quantltative elemental analysis showing the presence or absence of key heteroatoms in organic pollutants including chlorine, other halogens, phosphorus and sulfur.     

Household hazardous waste disposal to landfill: using LandSim to model leachate migration

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate contains a number of aquatic pollutants. A specific MSW stream often referred to as household hazardous waste (HHW) can be considered to contribute a large proportion of these pollutants. This paper describes the use of the LandSim (Landfill Performance Simulation) modelling program to assess the environmental consequences of leachate release from a generic MSW landfill in receipt of co-disposed HHW. Heavy metals and organic pollutants were found to migrate into the zones beneath a model landfill site over a 20,000-year period. Arsenic and chromium were found to exceed European Union and US-EPA drinking water standards at the unsaturated zone/aquifer interface, with levels of mercury and cadmium exceeding minimum reporting values (MRVs). The findings demonstrate the pollution potential arising from HHW disposal with MSW.     

危险废物回转式流化冷渣多段焚烧系统焚烧特性研究

危险废物的处理和处置是摆在我国各级市政府面前的紧迫任务。然而我国已经运行的危险废物焚烧装置普遍存在回转窑挂壁结渣、热灼减率偏高和污染排放超标等问题,作者通过将回转窑和流化床特点相结合的方法提出了一种新型危险废物回转式流化冷渣多段焚烧处置装置。该装置采用回转窑(一燃室)、二燃室和流化床结合的热解-流化焚烧工艺,特别是采用控制窑头温度避免了回转窑挂壁结渣;采用流化冷渣装置延长未燃烬渣的焚烧时间,解决了热灼减率偏高问题;水冷式烟气急冷装置可以将烟气温度从1 100℃降到200℃,防止了二恶英的尾部低温再生成。该系统运行稳定可靠,可以处理医疗垃圾和大多数的固态和液态危险废物,实现了烟气污染物尤其是二恶英排放达到国家标准的目标。同时对该系统运行时窑头温度分布、二燃室炉膛出口氧量变化、回转窑和炉膛升温特性、燃烧室外壁温度分布等几方面运行数据都进行了详细的介绍,为危险废物焚烧炉的运行提供了宝贵的经验数据。     

Removal of indoor pollutants under UV irradiation by a composite TiO2-zeolite sheet prepared using a papermaking technique

Toluene and formaldehyde are malodorous and cause indoor pollution. These materials have received much attention as hazardous and malodorous substances. It is well known that long-term exposure to even fairly low levels of toluene and formaldehyde brings about the risk of asthma and eczema. In this study, a composite TiO2-zeolite (ZE) sheet prepared using a papermaking technique was applied to remove toluene and formaldehyde under UV irradiation. The optimum composition of the TiO2 (Ti)-ZE sheet was studied in detail with regard to the effective removal of various indoor pollutants. Gaseous toluene and formaldehyde were removed by a composite TiO2-ZE sheet with different efficiencies depending upon the ratio of Ti/ZE in the composite sheet. The composite sheets could decompose formaldehyde and toluene repeatedly after being recharged. It was shown that the sheets are potentially applicable as highly functional materials to be placed on walls and ceilings of houses for the removal of various indoor pollutants.     

Potential Air Emission Impacts of Cellulosic Ethanol Production at Seven Demonstration Refineries in the United States

Abstract

This paper reports on the estimated potential air emissions, as found in air permits and supporting documentation, for seven of the first group of precommercial or “demonstration” cellulosic ethanol refineries (7CEDF) currently operating or planning to operate in the United States in the near future. These seven refineries are designed to produce from 330,000 to 100 million gal of ethanol per year. The overall average estimated air emission rates for criteria, hazardous, and greenhouse gas pollutants at the 7CEDF are shown here in terms of tons per year and pounds per gallon of ethanol produced. Water use rates estimated for the cellulosic ethanol refineries are also noted. The air emissions are then compared with similar estimates from a U.S. cellulosic ethanol pilot plant, a commercial Canadian cellulosic ethanol refinery, four commercial U.S. corn ethanol refineries, and U.S. petroleum refineries producing gasoline. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) air pollution rules that may apply to cellulosic ethanol refineries are also discussed. Using the lowest estimated emission rates from these cellulosic ethanol demonstration facilities to project air emissions, EPA’s major source thresholds for criteria and hazardous air pollutants might not be exceeded by cellulosic ethanol refineries that produce as high as 25 million gal per year of ethanol (95 ML). Emissions are expected to decrease at cellulosic ethanol refineries as the process matures and becomes more commercially viable.