成都市不同粒径大气颗粒物中水溶性酸性离子分析

大气颗粒物是成都目前大气环境主要污染物之一。文章通过Andersen分级采样器采样,对成都市东郊(原工业区)2006年下半年不同粒径的大气颗粒物及其水溶性酸性离子的含量进行了分析,在此基础上对比分析了雾天条件下的污染特征。结果表明,大气颗粒物及其酸性离子主要分布在0.65～3.3μm的粒径范围,颗粒物中水溶性酸性离子的平均含量大小关系为:[SO42-]>[NO3-]>[Cl-]>[F-]>[NO2-].雾天颗粒物的浓度水平是正常天气下的1～3倍。     

上海市大气颗粒物中有机碳（OC）与元素碳（EC）的粒径分布

分析了上海市嘉定区不同粒径大气颗粒物(0.49、0.49～0.95、0.95～1.50、1.50～3.00、3.00～7.20、7.20μm)中OC和EC质量浓度的粒径分布特征;讨论了不同粒径大气颗粒物中二次有机碳EC示踪法中(OC/EC)pri的选定方法,用改进后的EC示踪法估算出上海市嘉定区大气颗粒物中的二次有机碳(SOC)质量浓度的粒径分布;通过OC和EC的相关性定性分析了上海市嘉定区大气颗粒物的主要来源.上海市嘉定区大气颗粒物中OC和SOC的质量浓度呈双峰分布,峰值出现在0.49μm与3.00μm的粒径段,EC出现双峰或三峰分布,与OC相比,更集中在0.49μm的粒径段.细颗粒(3.00μm)中OC和EC分别占总OC和EC质量浓度的59.8%～80.0%和58.1%～82.4%,OC和EC的质量浓度主要集中在3.00μm的颗粒物中.不同粒径颗粒物中SOC占相应粒径段内OC浓度的15.7%～79.1%,其中细颗粒物(3.00μm)和粗颗粒物(3.00μm)中SOC质量浓度占相应粒径段中OC的41.4%和43.5%.OC、EC和SOC的粒径分布显现出明显的时间依存性.OC和EC的相关性分析表明,上海嘉定区大气颗粒物的污染源主要以轻型汽油车尾气为主.     

三江平原作物收获期大气颗粒物浓度特征

通过对2013年10月东北三江平原农作物收获期大气颗粒物的在线监测,结合卫星火点数据与后向轨迹模拟,分析了秸秆燃烧和作物收割等农业活动对大气颗粒物质量浓度及粒径分布的影响.结果表明:作物收获前期?中期和后期大气PM2.5的平均质量浓度分别为36.0,158.3,33.8μg/m3;现场观测表明,水稻收割(321.1μg/m3)和秸秆燃烧(2777.1μg/m3)时监测田块内PM2.5的平均浓度分别是收割前和燃烧前平均浓度的2.5倍和11.5倍;卫星火点及后向轨迹分析发现,观测期间PM2.5与该地区卫星火点数量的变化趋势比较一致,且气团轨迹经过火点较集中区域时测得较高的PM2.5浓度值;对不同粒径(<1μm,1~2.5μm,2.5~10μm)大气颗粒物质量浓度的观测表明,收获中期受大面积秸秆燃烧的影响,0~1 μm粒径组分明显增加,而收获后期由于降水过程对0~1μm粒径颗粒物的清除效率较低,故该粒径颗粒物仍维持较高比例.     

焦作市高新区冬季大气不同粒径颗粒物质量特征分析

用大流量冲击式分级采样器采集大气颗粒物样品,通过重量法求出不同粒径颗粒物的质量,研究不同粒径颗粒物的质量百分比.分析不同粒径颗粒物与风速、温度、湿度等气象条件的变化规律.结果表明:各级颗粒物整体与温度和风速呈负相关性,与湿度呈正相关性,且粒径小于2.1 μm的颗粒物与湿度相关性最大.大气颗粒物主要集中在2.1 μm以下...     

北方地区典型天气对城市森林内大气颗粒物的影响

以北京西山几种游憩型城市森林为例,在一年四季选择典型天气条件,对4种粒径的大气颗粒物浓度进行全天24h监测,研究北方地区不同季节典型天气因素白昼不同时段对不同结构的城市森林内不同粗细粒径的大气颗粒物浓度变化的影响.结果发现:降雨使大气颗粒物浓度减少,尤其粗颗粒物(TSP只为连续晴天的0.58~0.68),所以雨后晴天粒径较小的颗粒物所占比例会增加.不过,有时在雨后的夜间由于空气湿度大大气颗粒物浓度也会增加.雪能够降低大气颗粒物浓度,“雪后晴天”4种粒径颗粒物浓度均只有连续晴天的0.2倍.多云和雾霾天气使大气颗粒物污染加重,尤其在夜间;雾霾和多云对小粒径颗粒物浓度的增加效果明显.夏季高温高湿静风、闷热的“桑拿天”能使郁闭度较大的林地内大气颗粒物特别是细颗粒物浓度及其所占的比例显著增加,PM2.5的浓度是“连续晴天”的2.53倍.风在雨后能使大气颗粒物在一定程度上扩散减少,而在天气干燥时刮风会增加城市森林内大气颗粒物的浓度,且多云会加重干燥天气刮风后大气颗粒物的污染程度.春、冬季林地裸露的落叶阔叶树在刮风时大气颗粒物浓度较四季常绿、地表覆盖物多的针叶林高,夏、秋季桑拿天和雾霾天郁闭度大的侧柏林大气颗粒物浓度较林地结构开阔的黄栌林高.     

南京夏秋季大气颗粒物和PAHs 组成的粒径分布特征

采集南京市2007 年夏、秋季节灰霾天和非灰霾天不同粒径大气颗粒物,分析了6 月份农村秸秆焚烧对南京市大气中颗粒物和多环芳烃 (PAHs)的浓度、粒径分布和分子组成的影响.结果表明,南京市大气颗粒物在灰霾天呈单模态-积聚模分布,而在其他天气条件下呈积聚模和粗模双模态分布.秸秆焚烧释放出大量细粒子和低分子量PAHs,使低环数(3~4 环) PAHs 的粒径分布由非灰霾天不同粒径上的均匀分布转变为灰霾天的单模态分布,总量增加了约41%,且主要富集在0.4~2.1µm 的细颗粒物上;而高环数(5~6 环)PAHs 的粒径分布和浓度在秸秆焚烧前后均没有显著变化,呈积聚模分布.因秸秆焚烧形成的灰霾期,大气中细颗粒物和低分子量PAHs 的浓度均明显提高.     

深圳市大气颗粒物分粒径有效密度及影响因素

为探究深圳市大气颗粒物分粒径有效密度变化特征及其影响因素,本文将离心颗粒物质量分析仪(CPMA)与差分电迁移粒径分析仪(DMA)联用,通过粒径筛分测定了2020年9月~2021年2月粒径范围为50~500nm的深圳市大气颗粒物分粒径有效密度.结果表明:深圳市大气颗粒物的中值有效密度范围在1.29~1.53g/cm³,颗粒物有效密度均随颗粒物粒径增加而增大,秋季有效密度略低于冬季.清洁时期,有效密度较低且观察到双峰分布,低密度颗粒物中值有效密度在0.70~0.80g/cm³范围内,表明存在新鲜排放的黑碳颗粒物,高密度颗粒物中值有效密度在1.3~1.5g/cm³范围内,介于二次无机颗粒物和有机物的材料密度之间,推测为二者混合状态.污染时期,不同粒径有效密度值增加且呈现单峰分布,表明颗粒物呈现内混态.在新粒子生成事件中,气态硝酸凝结可能是大气颗粒物后续粒径增长和有效密度增加的主要原因.     

环境医学

入I乙,络U‘OJJ不同粒径颗粒物中多环芳烃含量与致突变性关系的研究/杨文敏…(山西医学院)jj环境与健康杂志/本刊编辑部(天津)一1994,11(1)厂10~13环情R一36 用五段分级采样器采集太原市三个功能分区空气中颗粒物,用高效液相色谱测定不同粒径颗粒物_L五种PAH的含量,用SCE试验观察不同粒径颗粒物致突变性,结果表明,三个采样点大气颗粒物五种PAH(1了、花、苯并(a)蕙、苯井(a)花、潇)浓度均很高,工业区明显高于住宅区及郊区(P<住01),BaP含量分别超标巧8、62、52倍,60%一70%PAH富集在粒径<2#m颗粒上。颗粒物粒径愈小、致突变性愈强。P…     

济南市冬季大气颗粒物粒径谱分布特征

2015年2月,采用扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪(SMPS)和空气动力学粒径谱仪(APS)对济南市冬季大气中粒径为14. 6 nm～10μm的颗粒物粒径谱的分布进行连续监测和分析研究。结果表明:济南市冬季大气颗粒物数浓度较高,平均为47472个/cm~3。各模态对颗粒物数浓度、表面积浓度和体积浓度的贡献表明,济南市冬季大气颗粒物偏细,积聚模态粒子是可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))的主要组成部分。数浓度谱日变化特征表明,济南市冬季大气颗粒物污染主要受道路交通源排放和新粒子生成转化的影响。春节期间,烟花爆竹的燃放会导致大气颗粒物数浓度和质量浓度明显升高,烟花爆竹燃放对颗粒物数浓度的影响主要由爱根核模态和积聚模态共同作用形成。     

不同交通状况下道路边大气颗粒物数浓度粒径分布特征

研究了不同交通状况下北京交通环境大气颗粒物数浓度的污染特征.应用扫描电迁移率颗粒粒径谱仪(SMPS)测定了2009年8月常规交通状况和2008年8月奥运交通状况下北四环道路边大气颗粒物的数浓度,分析了数浓度的粒径分布特征及其逐时变化规律,目的为辨析交通流改变对交通环境中颗粒物数浓度的影响.常规交通状况下道路边超细颗粒物(10～100nm)和10～478 nm颗粒物总粒数浓度分别为(1.15±0.49)×104个.cm-3、(1.61±0.57)×104个.cm-3,奥运交通状况下分别下降到(0.55±0.14)×104个.cm-3、(1.21±0.24)×104个.cm-3,不同粒径段中超细颗粒物数浓度降幅最高,为52.2%.常规交通状况下道路边大气中颗粒物粒数浓度呈双峰分布,峰值粒径依次为22.5 nm和113.0 nm.奥运期间由于机动车单双号限行和黄标车禁行等措施的实施,22.5 nm处颗粒物数浓度峰值消失.粒径分布逐时变化显示,常规交通状况下00:00～04:00柴油车流量高峰、11:00～13:00高温强光照和17:00～20:00交通晚高峰这3个时段内超细颗粒物数浓度较高;而奥运期间受到交通流量下降、平均车速提高等因素影响,道路边颗粒物数浓度粒径分布逐时变化趋于平缓.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.