北京城市大气甲烷自动连续观测与结果分析

本文提出了自动连续监测北京城市背景下大气温室气体的方法，报道了2000年监测得到的CH4日变化和总的变化趋势，对高密度观测获得的数据分析发现，北京大气CH4的日变化呈现单周期正弦变化。平均浓度极大值1.60μg/L出现在凌晨5：00-6：00，极低值1.40μg/L出现在午后14：00-15：00，其原因很大程度上受制于光化学汇的日变化。通过研究不同季节，不同天气情况下CH4的日变化规律发现，北京显然是CH4的排放源，在强风条件下得到接近华北地区本底值的浓度，日变化季节差异反映了城市背景下大气CH4的浓度主要受到汇的调制和人类活动的影响。同时，虽然北京大气CH4浓度季变化仍呈双峰模态，但冬季峰值明显低于夏季，显示北京大气治理取得成效。人为源强度变小。     

北京城市大气甲烷自动连续观测与结果分析

本文提出了自动连续监测北京城市背景下大气温室气体的方法 ,报道了 2 0 0 0年监测得到的CH4 日变化和总的变化趋势。对高密度观测获得的数据分析发现 ,北京大气CH4 的日变化呈现单周期正弦变化 ,平均浓度极大值 1.60 μg/L出现在凌晨 5 :0 0— 6:0 0 ,极低值 1.40 μg/L出现在午后 14:0 0— 15 :0 0 ,其原因很大程度上受制于光化学汇的日变化。通过研究不同季节、不同天气情况下CH4 的日变化规律发现 ,北京显然是CH4 的排放源 ,在强风条件下得到接近华北地区本底值的浓度。日变化季节差异反映了城市背景下大气CH4 的浓度主要受到汇的调制和人类活动的影响。同时 ,虽然北京大气CH4 浓度季变化仍呈双峰模态 ,但冬季峰值明显低于夏季 ,显示北京大气治理取得成效 ,人为源强度变小     

大气中痕量氯苯气相色谱分析方法的研究

通过对氯苯在ＴｅｎａｘＧＣ上的富集和热解吸收效果的研究，建立了大气中痕量氯苯的分析方法。该方法操作简便，快速，重现性好，当大气采样量为５Ｌ时，最低检出浓度为０．００１ｍｇ／ｍ＾３。方法可用于大气中痕量氯苯的测定。     

食用油烟气中颗粒物分散度及其与油烟浓度关系的分析

在２２０℃情况下对食用豆油、菜油、精炼油三种油品的油烟气中颗粒物粒径及其总颗粒物浓度与油烟气浓度的关系进行了实验研究。结果表明，油烟气中颗粒物以可被吸入呼吸道深部的可吸入尘（ＩＰ）即〈１０μｍ的为主，其含量占总颗粒物浓度的６０．０４％￣８０．００％；同样条件下，三种油品烟雾中总颗粒物浓度无显著差别（Ｐ〉０．０５），而紫外比色法所得油烟气浓度精炼油明显低于其它两种油品（Ｐ〈０．０１）。认为用紫外比色     

天津市秋季臭氧浓度影响因素及相关关系研究

选择天津市秋季典型重污染时期2005年11月2～7日近地面大气O3、NO、NO2、CO、紫外线(UV)强度和温度等观测数据,研究O3浓度的时间变化特征及其与相关前体物、气象条件的相关关系.结果表明,在观测期间O3浓度存在明显的日变化周期,在13:00～14:00时浓度最大,夜间变化平缓;O3浓度与NO、NO2、NOx和CO等前体物呈较好的负相关关系;温度和UV与O3浓度密切相关,昼间O3与UV呈相同变化趋势,相关系数达0.71,O3浓度变化滞后于UV变化,将O3浓度与前1小时的UV对比分析,相关系数提高到0.81.     

北京郊外森林小流域的大气降水的水质及其变化过程

中日合作研究项目：大气沉降物对森林小流域影响的研究,于１９９５年至１９８年期间分别在北京郊外和东京郊外进行,本文是该项目在北京郊外昌平县蟒山国家森林公园开展的有关森林小流域大气降水的水质及其变化过程研究的结果,文中包括大气降水、林内雨、树干流、土壤水和径流水的水质变化及其机制     

重氮化偶合反应测定亚硝酸盐方法的改进

用Ｈ酸代替α－萘胺或盐酸萘乙二胺作为重氮化合物的偶联试剂测定水中亚硝酸盐，亚硝酸盐在０．０２５￣１．０μｇ／ｍＬ范围内与吸光值呈线性关系。方法的精密度ＣＶ％小于５，样品加标回收率范围在９６．５％￣１０５％之间，结果令人满意。     

浙江省环境中氚放射性水平调查

本文介绍了１９８８～１９９３年浙江省环境中氚放射性水平调查结果，杭州湾和舟山每域水氚浓度分别为２．１Ｂｑ／ｌ和１．８Ｂｑ／ｌ；湖水，河水和塘水氚浓度分别为１．６Ｂｑ／ｌ，１．８Ｂｑ／ｌ和３．０Ｂｑ／ｌ；雨冰和大气凝结水氚浓度分别为２．１Ｂｑ／ｌ和２．２Ｂｑ／ｌ；松针组织自由水氚浓度为２．５Ｂｑ／ｌ。     

用硫铁矿制备铁系净水剂实验研究

提出了用微生物作用于硫铁矿制备铁系净水剂的新方法。ｐＨ＝２．０，硫铁矿的投加量为７．５ｇ／Ｌ，反应温度为３０℃，硫铁矿的细度≤０．０９７ｍｍ，是制备的最佳反应条件。制备的净水剂具有良好的净水效果。原料来源广，成本低，工艺简单，具有很好的开发应用前景。     

硼泥复合混凝剂处理印染废水的研究

采用自制的硼泥复合混凝剂对所选择的若干水溶性染料水样和实际印染废水进行脱色试验，结果表明，混凝效果与染料种类，投药量，ｐＨ值，温度等因素有关，其中投药量范围在０．３￣０．６ｇ／Ｌ，ｐＨ适用范围为４．０￣１１．５，脱色率均可达９２％以上，在处理实际印染废水样时，仅投加０．３ｇ／Ｌ混凝剂时，其ＣＯＤ去除率达６７％以上，脱色率和ＳＳ去除率均达９８％以上，ｐＨ值也处于６￣９范围之内，并且比聚铝的处理效果好     

Influence of air pollution on the incidence of respiratory tract neoplasm

To evaluate the possible influence of air pollutants on the incidence of respiratory tract neoplasm we studied 12 S?o Paulo City districts where air pollution is observed. We collected data on pollutants from 1981-1990 and correlated it with the incidence of larynx and lung neoplasms in 1997. Ozone was the pollutant that best correlated with the incidence of neoplasm. The correlation coefficients were 0.7234 (p=0.277) and 0.9929 (p=0.007) for lung and larynx cancer, respectively. There may be a relationship between air pollution and the incidence of respiratory tract neoplasm. This study, however, does not allow us to conclude that there is a causal relationship.     

Study on the relationship between the incidence of influenza and climate indicators and the prediction of influenza incidence

In recent 2 years, the incidence of influenza showed a slight upward trend in Guangxi; therefore, some joint actions should be done to help preventing and controlling this disease. The factors analysis of affecting influenza and early prediction of influenza incidence may help policy-making so as to take effective measures to prevent and control influenza. In this study, we used the cross correlation function (CCF) to analyze the effect of climate indicators on influenza incidence, ARIMA and ARIMAX (autoregressive integrated moving average model with exogenous input variables) model methods to do predictive analysis of influenza incidence. The results of CCF analysis showed that climate indicators (PM2.5, PM10, SO₂, CO, NO2, O₃, average temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average relative humidity, and sunshine duration) had significant effects on the incidence of influenza. People need to take good precautions in the days of severe air pollution and keep warm in cold weather to prevent influenza. We found that the ARIMAX (1,0,1)(0,0,1)₁₂ with NO₂ model has good predictive performance, which can be used to predict the influenza incidence in Guangxi, and the predicted incidence may be useful in developing early warning systems and providing important evidence for influenza control policy-making and public health intervention.

     

Evaluation of Nationwide Health Costs of Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoking

Total nationwide health costs due to air pollution and cigarette smoking were evaluated by determining the percentages of the total respiratory disease cost for 1970 due to the separate and the synergistic effects of smoking and air pollution. Previous studies known to the authors did not properly account for the well established synergistic effect of smoking and air pollution, and also assumed that the urban factor (ratio of urban incidence to rural incidence) was due primarily or exclusively to air pollution. Recent evidence strongly indicates that air pollution is not the primary cause of the urban factor, although it does make a contribution. Taking a minimum of 10% and a maximum of 50% of the urban factor to be due to air pollution, the total 1970 nationwide health cost due to air pollution was found to be between $62 million and $311 million, and the nationwide health cost due to cigarette smoking was found to be $4.23 billion.     

Lung cancer mortality and exposure to atmospheric aerosol particles in Guangzhou,China

In recent years, China and other emerging countries have been experiencing severe air pollution problems with high concentrations of atmospheric aerosol particles. Satellite measurements indicate that the aerosol loading of the atmosphere in highly populated regions of China is about 10 times higher than, for example, in Europe and in the Eastern United States. The exposure to extremely high aerosol concentrations might lead to important human health effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases as well as lung cancers. Here, we analyze 52-year historical surface measurements of haze data in the Chinese city of Guangzhou, and show that the dramatic increase in the occurrence of air pollution events between 1954 and 2006 has been followed by a large enhancement in the incidence of lung cancer.     

Estimation of economic costs of particulate air pollution from road transport in China

Valuation of health effects of air pollution is becoming a critical component of the performance of cost–benefit analysis of pollution control measures, which provides a basis for setting priorities for action. Beijing has focused on control of transport emission as vehicular emissions have recently become an important source of air pollution, particularly during Olympic games and Post-games. In this paper, we conducted an estimation of health effects and economic cost caused by road transport-related air pollution using an integrated assessment approach which utilizes air quality model, engineering, epidemiology, and economics. The results show that the total economic cost of health impacts due to air pollution contributed from transport in Beijing during 2004–2008 was 272, 297, 310, 323, 298 million US$ (mean value), respectively. The economic costs of road transport accounted for 0.52, 0.57, 0.60, 0.62, and 0.58% of annual Beijing GDP from 2004 to 2008. Average cost per vehicle and per ton of PM₁₀ emission from road transport can also be estimated as 106 US $/number and 3584 US $ t^?1, respectively. These findings illustrate that the impact of road transport contributed particulate air pollution on human health could be substantial in Beijing, whether in physical and economic terms. Therefore, some control measures to reduce transport emissions could lead to considerable economic benefit.     

Analysis of policy options for promotion of clean and energy efficient technologies in the transport sector in Beijing

As a extra-large city in China, Beijing faces a serious problem with air pollution. In 1998, a package of air pollution control measures was announced by local government. However in order to reach environment target, further policy options have to be explored. Based on previous studies on technology choices for urban transport in Beijing, this paper presents a policy assessment to examine these options. A methodology framework using criteria for policy evaluation was used in the assessment. Here diesel-car, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) vehicle and Mass Railway based Transport (MRT) were selected, and barriers to their diffusion were identified. For each barrier, a group of policy options to remove the barrier was evaluated by five criteria. A ranking of these policy options is given in this paper.     

Association between air quality and quality of life

Air quality—or its converse, air pollution—is a significant risk factor for human health. Recent studies have reported association between air pollution and human health. There are numerous diseases that may be caused by air pollution such as respiratory infection, lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. In this study, the relationship between air quality and quality of life was examined by using canonical correlation analysis. Data of this study was collected from 27 countries. WHO statistics were used as the main source of quality of life data set (Y variables set). European Environment Agency statistics and (for outdoor air-PM10) WHO statistics were used as the main source of air quality data set (X variables set). It is found that there are significant positive correlation between air quality and quality of life.     

Evaluating the air quality impacts of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games: On-road emission factors and black carbon profiles

The aggressive traffic interventions and emission control measures implemented to improve air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games created a valuable case study to evaluate the effectiveness of these measures on mitigating air pollution and protecting public health. In this paper, we report the results from our field campaign in summer 2008 on the on-road emission factors of carbon monoxide, black carbon (BC) and ultrafine particles (UFP) as well as the ambient BC concentrations. The fleet average emission factors for light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGV) showed considerable reduction in the Olympic year (2008) compared to the pre-Olympic year (2007). Our measurement of Black Carbon (BC), a primary pollutant, at different elevations at the ambient site suggests consistent decrease in BC concentrations as the height increased near the ground level, which indicates that the nearby ground level sources, probably dominated by traffic, contributed to a large portion of BC concentrations in the lower atmospheric layer in Beijing during summertime. These observations indicate that people living in near ground levels experience higher exposures than those living in higher floors in Beijing. The BC diurnal patterns on days when traffic control were in place during the Olympic Games were compared to those on non-traffic-control days in both 2007 and in 2008. These patterns strongly suggest that diesel trucks are a major source of summertime BC in Beijing. The median BC concentration on Olympic days was 3.7 μg m⁻³, which was dramatically lower than the value on non-traffic-control days, indicating the effectiveness of traffic control regulations in BC reduction in Beijing.     

一次光化学污染过程中O3和NOx的垂直梯度观测研究

为了研究2008年北京奥运会前期污染物浓度变化特征,对北京气象塔3层高度上的大气污染物（NO2和O3）进行加强观测,分析其变化特征。观测结果表明,由于北京奥运会前期采取了严格的空气质量控制措施,NO2浓度相对车辆限行前下降了45.3%,且随着高度递增逐渐降低;O3浓度最大值和日均值有所降低,其最大值出现时间较10年前提前了12 h,且有4 h左右处于相对平稳状态。O3浓度峰值主要是受NO2的控制,O3浓度峰值出现时间提前反映出北京大气氧化效率不断提高。对于观测期间出现光化学污染事件,利用同期气象资料和大气污染监测数据分析,发现造成这次大气污染的主要原因是气象因子：地面多处于弱高压场控制中,大气层结稳定,风力较弱（小于2 m/s）,并伴随着连续高温、强辐射和低湿。     

Toxicological Appraisal of Lead in Relation to the Tolerable Concentration in the Ambient Air

The issue to be considered is that of the significance of lead in the air, but not that alone, since lead in the food and beverages consumed by people generally must also be taken into account. The magnitude of one of these sources must, of necessity, be adjusted to that of the other.

After a consideration of certain general toxicological principles such as the limitations of the term “cumulative poison,” as applied to lead in the ambient atmosphere, the role of physiology is emphasized as the decisive element in the issue. Reliance must be based on the capacity of the human organism to deal effectively with lead absorbed at a low rate, by eliminating it from the body at an equivalent rate, thus promoting a steady state. Criteria for the ideal determination of the tolerable concentration of lead in the ambient air, are stated in physiological terms as follows: The tolerable concentration of the (inorganic) compounds of lead, singly or collectively, in the air breathed by human beings of all ages, sexes, and physical and functional types, can be defined ideally, as that resulting in a rate of absorption of lead into their bodies, which when augmented by that derived from all sources in the common environment other than air, can be eliminated regularly from the body, without permitting a significant degree of progressive accumulation therein, and without inducing or contributing to disease or to the impairment of any essential function of the human organism.

A summary of available evidence begins by stating the facts as to the intake and output of lead by various groups of persons in the general population. It proceeds to the results of detailed balance experiments on human subjects under controlled conditions, which indicate that there is indeed an approximate equilibrium between the intake of lead and the output of lead over prolonged periods of time, during which the absorption of lead is limited strictly to that which derives from the food and beverages and from the ambient air.

On this background, a review, of the principal contributions to the literature, mainly that of the decade just ending, with respect to the behavior of lead and its inorganic compounds, examined such matters as: (1) The body burden of lead in the general population of the United States. The conclusion is reached that the information obtained thus far by the analysis of the tissues of deceased persons is insufficient to prove the case for or against the accumulation of lead in the body with age. It appears that the balance experiments have yielded more reliable information thus far. (2) The disposition of airborne lead compounds in the human respiratory tract. Quantitative evidence concerning the fate of airborne particulate compounds of lead in the human respiratory tract is limited, largely, to measurements of the retention of the particles in the respiratory tract. Recent experiments have extended this information to apply to the manner of the distribution of the particles within the various parts of the respiratory tract, as determined by their size and the respiratory rate. It is not possible, on present information, to visualize the extent of the clearance of lead from the respiratory tract, and until the mechanisms involved in such clearance have been appraised under a variety of conditions, one cannot measure the absorption of lead from the ambient air in the respiratory tract. An experimental basis for bridging this gap in our knowledge has been advanced.

(3) Chemical evidence which is indicative of approaching or impending danger from the absorption of lead compounds. The value of determinations of lead in the blood and of coproporphyrin III and of delta-aminolevulinic acid in the urine, in relation to the absorption of lead under a variety of conditions of exposure to lead has been explored on the basis of the experience and the experimental work of many investigators. The conclusions arrived at may be summarized as follows: The difference between the current levels of the concentration of lead in the blood of persons in the general “normal” population, and of those which are found in individuals and groups of persons who are subjected to potentially dangerous exposure to and absorption of lead, is ample for the purposes of differentiation. The hematological responses to lead absorption by individuals and groups, including the more subtle chemical disturbances in the metabolism of hemoglobin, do not put in their appearance when the rate of absorption remains within the limits encountered in the so-called “normal” population. (4) Unusual susceptibility to the absorption of lead at low rates. It has been suggested that there are certain sensitive groups in the general population, especially young children, pregnant women, and persons with impaired renal function, who may be at considerable disadvantage. It seems unlikely that the history of lead poisoning and its sequelae, which tend to justify a degree of concern for the safety of these, and perhaps for other special groups in the general population, applies to the absorption of lead at the present common environmental level.