浅谈建筑安全的监督和管理

多年来，我国在建筑安全方面作了大量的工作，特别是制定了许多安全技术标准、规范和规程，并建立了安全管理体制，有效的控制和预防了安全事故的发生。然而，在市场经济体制下。随着现代企业制度的建立。企业成为市场经济中的主体，企业为了追求经济效益的最大化，就尽量减少生产成本，减少企业安全生产方面的投入，从而忽视了对员工的安全生产教育，减少了相应的劳动防护设施和劳保用品，不注意改善生产环境，最终导致生产事故频发。从而使我国的安全管理工作水平远远落后于世界发达国家水平。     

谈油田HSE体系管理

近年来，安塞油田不断加大健康安全与环境管理工作力度，规范HSE基层基础工作，加大隐患治理资金的投入，开展安全环保隐患专项整治，强化员工培训，生产秩序和安全生产基础不断改善。虽然几年来恶性事故已经避免，但基层单位一些小事故也还有发生，给员工安全和企业财产、形象造成了一定的影响。     

发展型心理契约视角下情感性组织安全文化对员工安全风险作用机理研究——基于国有煤炭企业的调研数据

为了探索情感性组织安全文化对员工安全风险的作用机理,从发展型心理契约视角出发,设计情感性组织安全文化、发展型心理契约及员工安全风险测度量表,采用结构方程方法分别构建了情感性组织安全文化对员工安全风险直接作用、间接作用和两种作用耦合情形下的作用模型。结果表明:"情感性组织安全文化"对"员工安全风险"有正向影响,"情感性组织安全文化"对"发展型心理契约"有显著正向影响,同时"发展型心理契约"对"员工安全风险"有显著正向影响;在以上直接作用和间接作用耦合情形下,"情感性组织安全文化"对"员工安全风险"不存在直接的正向作用,但"情感性组织安全文化"通过"发展型心理契约"对"员工安全风险"产生正向影响的效果更加显著。研究表明,通过情感性组织安全文化建设降低员工安全风险,融入促进员工发展型心理契约均衡因素,能起到事半功倍的效果。     

建筑企业安全氛围对员工安全行为的影响及实证

员工安全行为是企业安全生产的基础,而良好的安全氛围对实现企业安全生产有积极作用。为进一步探讨建筑企业安全氛围对员工安全行为的影响机理,选取安全氛围中的管理层承诺、工作环境和安全意识3个维度,分析其对员工安全行为的作用路径,并应用结构方程模型进行实证检验。结果表明,工作环境和安全意识对员工安全行为有直接的显著正向影响;而管理层承诺对营造安全氛围起主导作用,并通过工作环境和安全意识作用于员工安全行为。研究表明,建筑企业重点关注管理层承诺有助于营造良好的安全氛围,从而有利于员工安全行为的改善,提升安全生产能力。     

工作压力对制造企业一线员工安全绩效的影响机制

近年来对安全绩效的探索由企业生产环境转向员工内部心理,其中工作压力对安全绩效的影响备受关注,但关于其内在机制的实证研究非常少,为此引入自我损耗和道德推脱为中介变量、自我监控人格为调节变量探索工作压力对员工安全绩效的影响机制.以制造企业从事一线生产管理工作的522名员工作为研究对象,运用SEM方法实证检验了工作压力对员工安全绩效的影响机制及边界条件.结果表明:挑战型工作压力和阻碍型工作压力均对员工安全绩效具有显著的负向影响;自我损耗、道德推脱均在工作压力与员工安全绩效之间起着部分中介的作用;自我损耗效应和道德推脱效应均受到自我监控人格的负向调节作用.企业管理者应该尽可能给员工提供安全管理工作所需的精神和物质层面的资源支持,从而降低自我损耗和道德推脱效应.     

油田作业员工安全心理特征分析

摘 要:油田员工所发生的不安全行为与其不安全心理特征存在着密切的关系.为解决这一问题,对辽河油田兴隆台工程技术处作业员工进行了安全心理测评,对安全心理测试结果及心理访谈记录进行了综合分析.结合安全心理学理论,采用数理统计方法,对油田作业员工易出现隐患和不易出现隐患两个群体在个性、工作满意度、基层队伍气氛和安全意识4个方面进行了群体安全心理特征描述.为及时关注并纠正员工影响安全的不良心理因素,改善油田安全管理工作提出了建议.     

“柔化”抵触心理

<正>笔者认为,推行基于员工切身利益的"柔性化"安全管理模式,是消除员工对安全生产工作产生抵触心理的重要途径。图为某企业开展的现场安全教育。(图片由陕西龙门钢铁有限责任公司提供)笔者认为,推行基于员工切身利益的"柔性化"安全管理模式,是消除员工对安全生产工作产生抵触心理的重要途径。首先,企业应全面推进员工参与的安全管理协同合作机制建设。很多时候,安全管理制度的制定及工作内容安排并没考虑到员工的意愿和建议,这种安全管理模式极易使     

易安民声

＂我们真正做到了‘安全是天’,安全员一句‘不安全,不能生产’,总经理直接宣布停止生产,全力配合安全整改。＂——一位易安网友所在的公司对安全工作非常重视,所属各单位的安全投入一律不计入生产成本,并实行安全投入上不封顶制度,只要能达到安全目的,需要多少投多少。＂十一五＂期间,公司累计投入5.1亿用于改善安全生产条件。     

安全信息认知对心理安全感的作用机理研究

为揭示安全信息认知对员工心理安全感的影响，把握信息时代背景下心理安全感的研究趋势。基于安全信息认知的背景与特征，构建心理安全感的安全信息认知流程模型。通过描述安全信息对心理安全感的影响机理，从需要、动机、意识、期望剖析心理安全感的安全信息认知动力，归纳心理安全感的安全信息认知偏好，并从风险管控、安全氛围、安全管理落地、安全防护措施设计、员工安全生产积极性方面论述心理安全感在企业的应用对策。研究表明，员工安全信息认知对其心理安全感具有重要影响，是引起心理安全感波动的关键因素，也为心理安全感在企业的应用提供指导。     

情感安全文化对员工安全绩效的影响路径研究——基于关系型心理契约的中介效应

为探索情感安全文化对员工安全绩效的影响路径,在文献梳理和深度访谈的基础上,分别构建情感安全文化对员工安全绩效直接作用、间接作用和2种作用耦合情形下的结构方程模型。采用多层次抽样调查,对企业安全管理部门和生产一线共517位对象就情感安全文化、关系型心理契约和员工安全绩效进行问卷调查。结果表明:情感安全文化对员工安全绩效存在显著直接正向作用关系;当情感安全文化对员工安全绩效直接作用和通过中介变量(关系型心理契约)的间接作用情形耦合时,情感安全文化通过关系型心理契约对员工安全绩效产生正向影响的效果更为显著;情感文化建设中融入关系型心理契约影响因素可有效提升员工安全绩效。     

通用桥式起重机驾驶员操作可靠度研究

为有效改善桥式起重机驾驶员的操作水平,通过分析和确定这种起重机的工作流程,建立驾驶员基本动作序列。采用第二代人因可靠性分析(HRA)模型,按正常工作状态与紧急工作状态2种情况,对驾驶员操作可靠度进行全面、定量的分析与研究。结果表明,驾驶员操作可靠度定量研究中,重要的是要考虑起重机机型和基本操作动作序列、工作状态、动作时间、人机工效、作业环境等复杂因素。建立驾驶室人机工效定量分析与评价机制,加强驾驶员专业教育培训及考核制度、改善工作环境等技术措施,从根本上提高驾驶员操作可靠度等级,才能符合起重机械安全的发展趋势。     

The association between subcontractor safety management programs and worker perceived safety climate in commercial construction projects

Problem: Safety management programs (SMPs) are designed to mitigate risk of workplace injuries and create a safe working climate. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the relationship between contractors’ SMPs and workers’ perceived safety climate and safety behaviors among small and medium-sized construction subcontractors. Methods: Subcontractor SMP scores on 18 organizational and project-level safety items were coded from subcontractors’ written safety programs and interviews. Workers completed surveys to report perceptions of their contractor’s safety climate and the safety behaviors of coworkers, crews, and themselves. The associations between SMP scores and safety climate and behavior scales were examined using Spearman correlation and hierarchical linear regression models (HLM). Results: Among 78 subcontractors working on large commercial construction projects, we found striking differences in SMP scores between small, medium, and large subcontractors (p < 0.001), related to a number of specific safety management practices. We observed only weak relationships between SMP scales and safety climate scores reported by 746 workers of these subcontractors (β = 0.09, p = 0.04 by HLM). We saw no differences in worker reported safety climate and safety behaviors by contractor size. Discussion: SMP only weakly predicted safety climate scales of subcontractors, yet there were large differences in the quality and content of SMPs by size of employers. Summary: Future work should determine the best way to measure safety performance of construction companies and determine the factors that can lead to improved safety performance of construction firms. Practical applications: Our simple assessment of common elements of safety management programs used document review and interviews with knowledgeable representatives. These methods identified specific safety management practices that differed between large and small employers. In order to improve construction safety, it is important to understand how best to measure safety performance in construction companies to gain knowledge for creating safer work environments.     

Impact of individual resilience and safety climate on safety performance and psychological stress of construction workers: A case study of the Ontario construction industry

IntroductionThe construction industry has hit a plateau in terms of safety performance. Safety climate is regarded as a leading indicator of safety performance; however, relatively little safety climate research has been done in the Canadian construction industry. Safety climate may be geographically sensitive, thus it is necessary to examine how the construct of safety climate is defined and used to improve safety performance in different regions. On the other hand, more and more attention has been paid to job related stress in the construction industry. Previous research proposed that individual resilience may be associated with a better safety performance and may help employees manage stress. Unfortunately, few empirical research studies have examined this hypothesis. This paper aims to examine the role of safety climate and individual resilience in safety performance and job stress in the Canadian construction industry.MethodThe research was based on 837 surveys collected in Ontario between June 2015 and June 2016. Structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques were used to explore the impact of individual resilience and safety climate on physical safety outcomes and on psychological stress among construction workers.ResultsThe results show that safety climate not only affected construction workers' safety performance but also indirectly affected their psychological stress. In addition, it was found that individual resilience had a direct negative impact on psychological stress but had no impact on physical safety outcomes.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the roles of both organizational and individual factors in individual safety performance and in psychological well-being.Practical applicationsConstruction organizations need to not only monitor employees' safety performance, but also to assess their employees' psychological well-being. Promoting a positive safety climate together with developing training programs focusing on improving employees' psychological health — especially post-trauma psychological health — can improve the safety performance of an organization.     

建筑企业安全文化对安全绩效影响的实证研究

基于安全文化在建筑业安全管理中的重要性越来越突出,因此安全文化对于提高安全绩效,减少建筑业事故发生率的作用日益得到重视。文中进行实证研究,探讨建筑企业安全文化对安全绩效的影响。安全文化的维度为安全制度文化、安全物质文化和安全观念文化,研究结果表明,安全制度文化、安全物质文化和安全观念文化均有助于安全绩效提高,研究结果可在一定程度上促使建筑企业重视并自觉改善安全文化,有助于减少建筑业安全事故发生率,提升安全绩效。     

运输航空飞行安全绩效模糊动态评估模型*

为完善民航安全绩效体系建设，提高企业风险防范能力，促进其健康发展，参考“空客飞行品质监控项目”和企业QAR监控项目，结合指标重要性分析和一线人员、专家的有关建议，构建飞行安全绩效评估指标体系。基于混合型中心点三角白化权函数和TAN模型设计运输航空飞行安全绩效模糊动态评估模型。研究结果表明:该模型具有良好的实用性和可操作性，能够满足航空公司对安全绩效评估的需求。     

OSH star enterprise pilot scheme——a partnership approach to improve the safety performance of construction industry in Hong Kong SAR

Background: The Occupational Safety and Health Council(OSHC) is committed to improve the safety performance of the high risk construction industry.In the past three years,about 40% of the fatal accidents in the construction industry were related to Renovation,Maintenance,Alteration and Addition(RMAA).Due to the poor safety record,some of the RMAA contractors have difficulty in obtaining the Employees’ Compensation Insurance(ECI) cover in the market,or if they could obtain the ECI,the premium rate would be exceedingly high.In view of this,the OSHC,the Labour Department jointly launched"OSH Star Enterprise-Pilot Scheme on Safety Accreditation for the RMAA Industry",which prompts the industry to take practicable safety measures to improve the safety of working environment and reduce occupational injuries.The program also helps the stakeholders and insurers to identify safety-conscious contractors and thereby provide them with a favourable premium rate under the Employees’ Compensation Insurance Residual Scheme(ECIRS).Objectives: The OSHC launches the Pilot Scheme to improve the safety performance of the RMAA industry through providing safety training,subsidizing enterprise to purchase safety equipment and providing safety audit.We also use financial incentive to encourage RMAA enterprises to join the Pilot Scheme-for those who are accredited as "OSH Star Enterprise"could receive a premium discount from the ERIRS when obtaining the ECI.The scheme also differentiates those safety-conscious and law-abiding enterprises from the poor performers,which helps the industry and public identifying the RMAA contractors who pay attention to work safety.Methods: The Pilot Scheme targets RMAA enterprises that employ less than 50 employees in Hong Kong.A three-pronged approach is used to improve the safety performance of the RMAA industry: the Pilot Scheme provides(1) financial support for the RMAA contractors to buy a transportable temporary anchor device and full body safety harness and its anchor system;(2) safety training     

Working Conditions in Small Private Enterprises in Poland

The study deals with working conditions in small private enterprises in Poland. Data come from 50 small enterprises from the Warsaw area. Information about the evaluation of working conditions and the existence of programmes for their improvement was gathered with the help of questionnaires addressed to employees and employers. The results constitute a ‘photograph’ of the Polish reality at the beginning of its transition from planned to market economy. The study revealed a lack of programmes for the improvement of working conditions in a significant number of the enterprises studied as well as little interest in occupational safety on the part of employers (owners).

The study also revealed that all decisions—including those about the improvement of working conditions—were made by employers. Hence, the need for the widest possible dissemination of knowledge on occupational safety and the protection of human in the working environment with particular stress put on employers. Employers who are knowledgeable in this field and who are aware of its importance can significantly influence the improvement of working conditions in small enterprises.     

企业班组安全生产管理新模式研究

为提高企业班组安全管理效率和水平,本文在对电力、矿山、化工、钢铁冶炼等行业企业的班组安全管理现状进行调研的基础上,提出我国代表性班组安全管理模型存在的问题;基于实践和研究,从核心思想、工作理念、工作原则、安全生产目标指标与责任制系统建设、基础保障5大方面阐释班组安全管理新模式,并应用于实践。研究表明:班组安全生产管理的新模式可以全方位、全层次有效提升班组安全管理的水平,更具有系统性和有效性。     

Linking emotional intelligence to safety performance: The roles of situational awareness and safety training

Introduction: Safety outcomes in the workplace require individual employees to perform (behave) safely in everyday duties. While the literature suggests that emotional management capabilities or traits can be positively related to individual performance in certain conditions, it is not clear how they can influence safety-related performance in high-risk work contexts. Drawing upon trait activation theory, this paper aims to examine when emotional intelligence (EI) benefits employees’ safety performance. We propose that when employees receive inadequate safety training, EI is more likely to trigger their situational awareness and consequently promote their safety performance. Method: We collected time-lagged data from 133 full-time airplane pilots working in commercial aviation industry. Hierarchical moderated regression analysis was conducted to test the moderating effect of safety training inadequacy on the EI–situational awareness relationship. The moderated mediation model, which involves conditional indirect effects of EI on safety performance via situational awareness across different levels of safety training inadequacy, was tested using the PROCESS-based bootstrap confidence interval. Results: Safety training inadequacy negatively moderated the relationship between EI and situational awareness, such that EI was significantly related to situational awareness only when safety training inadequacy was more salient. The more inadequate safety training was, the greater the indirect effect of EI on safety performance via situational awareness was. Conclusions: Inadequate safety training, as a negative situational cue, can activate individuals’ EI to drive their safety-related cognitions (e.g., situational awareness) and behaviors. Effective safety training may be able to complement employees’ low EI in shaping their situational awareness and safety behaviors. Practical Applications: Aviation managers should monitor the adequacy and effectiveness of safety training; this could make pilots’ situational awareness and safety performance depend less on personal attributes (e.g., EI), which organizations are less able to control. When training capacity is temporarily limited, priority might be given to those with low EI.     

A survey-based system for safety measurement and improvement

PROBLEM:A task force sought to develop a method for safety measurement that is reliable and valid and provides a framework for improvement efforts. METHOD: Over a 10-year period, through working in a chemical company with about 6,000 employees and over 50 plants, the authors researched the use of employee surveys to measure safety and as a diagnostic tool for improvement efforts. RESULTS: The statistical studies indicate that this survey, which evolved from the Minnesota Safety Perception Survey, is both reliable and valid as a measurement tool. The survey measures important components of the management system including (a) management's demonstration of commitment to safety, (b) education and knowledge of the workforce, (c) effectiveness of the supervisory process, and (d) employee involvement and commitment. This study also describes anecdotal evidence that the diagnostic element of the survey enables the development of effective action plans to improve safety performance. This evidence includes ratings of the process by plant managers who have used it. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The survey and related methods have helped to improve safety performance in several companies.