南海某油田CO2回注井防腐选材实验

目的开展腐蚀选材实验,确定经济合理的井下油套管材质。方法分别模拟回注气层(114℃、CO2分压为24.89 MPa、凝析水Cl^–质量浓度为1000 mg/L)、回注水层(117℃、CO2分压为28.39 MPa、凝析水Cl-质量浓度为20000mg/L)工况,利用高温高压釜开展室内模拟腐蚀实验,评价3Cr、13Cr、超级13Cr和22Cr双相不锈钢材质。结果3Cr出现严重的均匀腐蚀及点蚀,最大均匀腐蚀速率出现在回注水层工况,达1.0973 mm/a;最大点蚀速率出现在回注水层工况,达0.4241 mm/a。13Cr均匀腐蚀速率较低,最高腐蚀速率为回注气层工况,达0.0274 mm/a;在回注水层工况条件下,点蚀速率较高,为0.3833 mm/a。S13Cr均匀腐蚀速率较低,回注气层工况腐蚀速率最高,达0.0113 mm/a,无点蚀。22Cr均匀腐蚀速率较低,为0.0011mm/a,无点蚀。整体规律为回注水层条件下的腐蚀速率大于回注气层,主要腐蚀产物为FeCO3,对13Cr以上管材,主要腐蚀形式为点蚀。结论对CO2回注深井,应尽量选取气层回注。在CO2分压为24.89MPa、地层温度为117℃、地层水Cl^–质量浓度为20000mg/L条件下,推荐选用超级13Cr为回注井管材。     

水蒸气电晕放电下的烟气脱硫效果

采用多针-板式电极,在70 m³/h烟气流量范围内,研究了水蒸气浓度、烟气流量、电场强度等因素对不饱和水蒸气正直流电晕放电烟气脱硫率的影响以及水蒸气电晕放电对脉冲放电烟气脱硫率的提高.研究结果表明,实验范围内,按照NH₃∶SO₂摩尔比为2∶1添加NH3的条件下,增加水蒸气流量、增强电场强度、减少烟气流量,烟气脱硫率能提高10%,达到60%左右.同时,水蒸气电晕放电能使脉冲放电的烟气脱硫率提高5%左右,达到90%以上.     

厌氧生物滴滤法脱除冷煤气中硫化氢的研究

水煤气中硫化氢在燃烧时会转变成二氧化硫,对环境产生污染。文章采用厌氧生物滴滤塔法对冷煤气进行脱硫处理。因煤气对氧的严格限制,通过设计生物滴滤塔,经挂膜驯化后在厌氧条件下对浓度在1~5 g/m3左右的硫化氢进行脱除处理,考察滴滤塔运行条件对脱除效果的影响。结果表明,生物挂膜25 d后,生物滴滤塔达到稳定,喷淋液pH值为2.23,ORP值为283 mV,溶解氧为0.4 mg/L,对溶液中硫离子氧化效率达到94%。滴滤塔在液气比0.15,空塔气速0.088 m/s,pH值5.0~7.0,填料高度为82 cm,塔温为25~30℃左右时,达到较优的运行条件,此时该滴滤塔对以CO、CO2、H2和1 940 mg/m3H2S组成的模拟水煤气的脱硫效率达91.2%。     

钙基CO_2吸收剂循环特性影响因素分析

利用小型固定床反应器研究了循环煅烧/碳酸化过程中,煅烧温度、煅烧气氛、碳酸化温度、压力等对钙基CO2吸收剂循环特性的影响,确定了影响钙基CO2吸收剂循环特性的主要因素。结果表明:随循环次数的增加,吸收剂的转化率明显下降,循环10次后,其基本都下降到20%左右;煅烧温度是影响吸收剂循环特性最重要的因素;煅烧气氛中存在CO2对吸收剂活性保持不利;吸收压力和温度也对吸收剂的循环特性有一定影响,较高的吸收压力和吸收温度有利于吸收剂转化。     

铜锰基整体式催化剂对烧结烟气CO净化特性

基于改性铜锰氧化物作为CO催化活性组分,分别制备了催化剂原粉、以泡沫金属、堇青石为载体的两种整体式催化剂,在实验室配气条件下对比了3种样品的CO催化效率及稳定性,优选了堇青石整体式催化剂,并在某钢厂实际烧结烟气条件下测试了其在不同催化剂负载量、空速、温度下的CO催化效率、稳定性以及衰减后样品催化特性;最后批量制备了2m³优选整体式催化剂并开展了6000m³/h烧结烟气CO净化中试实验.结果表明,烟气高浓水蒸气显著抑制CO催化反应,经240h催化后T₉₀最大提升38℃;催化剂负载量越高,T₉₀越低,催化效率衰减时间越短,稳定后的效率越高,但随着空速增加,该优势减小;1440h(2个月)中试实验中,进气温度185~195℃下,CO催化效率大于85%(平均90%),出口CO浓度低于1000×10^-6,出口平均烟温达220℃,具有节能减排双重效益.     

An estimate on the rainout of atmospheric CO2

IntroductionCarboncirculatesbetweentheatmosphere ,biosphere ,oceansandthelithosphere(Warneck ,1988) .Thecarbonfluxesbetweenthesereservoirs,suchasburningoffuels ,photosynthesisandrespirationofecosystems,andtheuptakeoftheocean ,havebeenestimatedquantitative…     

石化CO2解析气应用于碳酸钠制造过程燃爆性分析

对炉气、解析气、上段气、碳化塔顶气体和尾气进行了燃爆性分析及测试,测定了上段气、碳化塔顶气和尾气的爆炸极限并采用三元组分图进行分析。结果显示,压缩前的上段气、碳化塔顶气和尾气随氧气含量的升高不可燃,尾气排空不存在燃爆危险。压缩后的上段气组成处于可燃范围之外。针对碳化塔顶气中氧气浓度已经超过限氧浓度值,提出了必须严格控制碳化塔顶气中的可燃气体浓度的建议。     

烟气流量及二氧化碳分压对氨法减排效率的影响

减少二氧化碳的排放,进一步使其资源化,是中国乃至世界能源生产所需要解决的重大问题。氨法吸收燃煤烟气中的二氧化碳是目前国际上的一个重要研究方向,具有良好的应用前景。为考察燃煤烟气流量以及二氧化碳分压对氨法吸收燃煤烟气中二氧化碳效率的影响,文章在实验室模拟烟气采用氨法吸收烟气中CO2,选用R=50%碳化氨水作为CO2吸收剂,选择填料塔做反应器,考察了烟气流量以及CO2分压对CO2脱除率的影响。研究发现,烟气流量越小,塔内气、液反应时间越长,CO2脱除率越高。在不同烟气流量的条件下,吸收液碳化度均超过130%。混合烟气流量为1 L/min,CO2分压为0.046 MPa时,脱除率最高,反应出液碳化度最大,结晶效果最好。     

钙基CO2吸收剂的锆改性研究

实验采用共沉淀法以Ca(Ac)2·H2O作为CaO前驱体,经NH3·H2O沉淀、静置、醇洗、烘干制备锆改性钙基高温二氧化碳吸收剂,并考察锆添加量、反应温度及时间、CO2分压等因素列其吸收性能的影响.经锆改性后,吸收剂中掺杂ZrO2形成了良好的介孔结构,可维持较高的碳酸化转化率,提高吸收剂的循环热稳定性.测试结果表明,当...     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on growth and water usage of tomato seedlings under different ammonium/nitrate ratios

Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration is generally expected to enhance photosynthesis and growth of agricultural C3 vegetable crops, and therefore results in an increase in crop yield. However, little is known about the combined effect of elevated CO2 and N species on plant growth and development. Two growth-chamber experiments were conducted to determine the effects of NH4^＋/NO3^- ratio and elevated CO2 concentration on the physiological development and water use of tomato seedlings. Tomato was grown for 45 d in containers with nutrient solutions varying in NH4^＋/NO3^- ratios and CO2 concentrations in growth chambers. Results showed that plant height, stem thickness, total dry weight, dry weight of the leaves, stems and roots, G value （total plant dry weight/seedling days）, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, leaf-level and whole plant-level water use efficiency and cumulative water consumption of tomato seedlings were increased with increasing proportion of NO3- in nutrient solutions in the elevated CO2 treatment. Plant biomass, plant height, stem thickness and photosynthetic rate were 67%, 22%, 24% and 55% higher at elevated CO2 concentration than at ambient CO2 concentration, depending on the values of NH4^＋/NO3^- ratio. These results indicated that elevating CO2 concentration did not mitigate the adverse effects of 100% NH4^＋-N （in nutrient solution） on the tomato seedlings. At both CO2 levels, NH4^＋/NO3^- ratios of nutrient solutions strongly influenced almost every measure of plant performance, and nitrate-fed plants attained a greater biomass production, as compared to ammonium-fed plants. These phenomena seem to be related to the coordinated regulation of photosynthetic rate and cumulative water consumption of tomato seedlings.     

中空纤维膜接触器分离烟气中CO2

在中空纤维膜接触器试验台上利用模拟烟气进行CO2的分离试验,采用MDEA与MEA和MDEA与氨基酸盐2种混合吸收液,考察吸收液种类、浓度、CO2负荷和烟气CO2含量对脱除效率和传质速率的影响.结果表明,在MDEA水溶液中加入MEA或氨基酸盐作为添加剂,大大提高了脱除效率,改善了传质速率,相对于单一的MDEA吸收液,混合吸收液的脱除效率平均提高了200%,传质速率提高了238%,其中以MEA作为添加剂的混合吸收液的传质速率在2种混合吸收液中最好,传质速率最高可以达到1.7 mol·m-2·h-1.     

3Cr管材在含氧气驱生产井中腐蚀行为与防护研究

目的针对注含氧气体开发井筒管材腐蚀问题,系统性开展生产井动态腐蚀实验研究,明确注含氧气体开发井筒全寿命周期管材腐蚀速率的大小,为全寿命周期防腐材质选择及防腐措施提供数据支撑和参考。方法采用模拟渤海某油田生产井井口(27℃、2.0 MPa)、井中(98℃、13 MPa)、井底(135℃、18 MPa)工况,进行不同含氧量条件下的动态腐蚀实验,O2含量占总气体的3%(摩尔分数),采用模拟油田伴生气组分(CO2含量占伴生气组分的4.13%、总气体组分的4.01%),实验周期为14d,实验材质3Cr管材,对照组采用13Cr材质,仅在井底工况进行试验分析。结果由于生产井中O2(3%)和CO2(4.01%)共存,O2对CO2腐蚀起到显著催化作用,同时地层水电导率远高于注入井中的去离子水,因而随含氧量的升高,管材腐蚀速率急剧升高。3Cr和13Cr材质的腐蚀速率均远高于极严重腐蚀等级,单独使用材质防腐不适用于目标油田生产井工况。结论针对氧气、二氧化碳协同腐蚀的工况特征,应采用3Cr材质加咪唑啉类缓蚀剂进行防腐,同时加强氧气浓度检测,或者考虑采用ISO 15156-3推荐的双相不锈钢22Cr、超级双相不锈钢25Cr或28Cr。     

CO2 sequestration utilizing basic-oxygen furnace slag: Controlling factors, reaction mechanisms and V–Cr concerns

Basic-oxygen furnace slag(BOF-slag) contains 35%CaO,a potential component for CO_2sequestration.In this study,slag-water-CO_2 reaction experiments were conducted with the longest reaction duration extending to 96 hr under high CO_2 pressures of 100-300 kg/cm2 to optimize BOF-slag carbonation conditions,to address carbonation mechanisms,and to evaluate the extents of V and Cr release from slag carbonation.The slag carbonation degree generally reached the maximum values after 24 hr slag-water-CO_2 reaction and was controlled by slag particle size and reaction temperature.The maximum carbonation degree of 71%was produced from the experiment using fine slag of0.5 mm under 100℃and a CO_2 pressure of 250 kg/cm~2 with a water/slag ratio of 5.Vanadium release from the slag to water was significantly enhanced(generally 2 orders) by slag carbonation.In contrast,slag carbonation did not promote chromium release until the reaction duration exceeded 24 hr.However,the water chromium content was generally at least an order lower than the vanadium concentration,which decreased when the reaction duration exceeded 24 hr.Therefore,long reaction durations of 48-96 hr are proposed to reduce environmental impacts while keeping high carbonation degrees.Mineral textures and water compositions indicated that Mg-wustite,in addition to CaO-containing minerals,can also be carbonated.Consequently,the conventional expression that only considered carbonation of the CaO-containing minerals undervalued the CO_2 sequestration capability of the BOF-slag by~20%.Therefore,the BOF-slag is a better CO_2 storage medium than that previously recognized.     

S13Cr在超高温超临界CO2环境下的腐蚀行为及产物膜特征

目的明确超级13Cr在超高温超临界CO2环境下的适用性、耐蚀性及腐蚀产物膜特征。方法采用高温高压反应釜模拟气井井底超高温超临界CO2腐蚀工况,采用腐蚀失重法获取腐蚀速率,结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)及X射线衍射仪(XRD)对腐蚀产物特性进行分析研究。结果在215℃、31.2 MPa CO2分压、7.24 kPa H2S分压下,超级13Cr在含饱和水的超临界相中及含饱和CO2的模拟凝析水相中均呈现均匀腐蚀特征,腐蚀速率分别为0.009 mm/a及0.126 mm/a。腐蚀受CO2-H2S共同控制。腐蚀产物呈双层结构,内层腐蚀产物以碳酸亚铁为主,外层以磁黄铁矿为主,且内外两层腐蚀产物膜结合较弱,易剥离。超临界相中,内外层腐蚀产物膜均较为稀疏,水相区内外层腐蚀产物膜更为致密,但外层腐蚀产物膜容易发生破裂剥落。结论以0.125 mm/a作为油套管选材标准,对于仅含凝析水、无积水问题的气井,可选用超级13Cr作为油套管材质(温度≤215℃,CO2分压≤31.2 MPa,H2S分压≤7.24 kPa,Cl^–质量浓度≤4646 mg/L),但对于井底有比较严重积水问题的气井,或者含水率较高的油井,超级13Cr并不适合。     

滑动弧放电等离子体裂解正己烷实验研究

考察了一种新型低温等离子体发生方式滑动弧放电对正己烷的裂解效果,检测了主要裂解产物,并分析了供给电压、正己烷初始浓度、电极材料和反应器结构对裂解率的影响.结果表明,该法可以有效处理正己烷,最高裂解率达96%.在空气中的主要裂解产物为CO2、CO、NO2和H2O.增大供给电压可以提高正己烷裂解率;初始浓度增大后裂解率下降,但绝对处理量增大;相同能耗情况下,采用铁电极时能量利用率最低,正己烷裂解率低于铝电极和铜电极;电极最小间距和喷嘴直径之间的比例关系影响裂解效果,优化两者的匹配关系可以提高裂解率.     

Supercritical gasification for the treatment of o-cresol wastewater

The supercritical water gasification of phenolic wastewater without oxidant was performed to degrade pollutants and produce hydrogen-enriched gases. The simulated o-cresol wastewater was gasified at 440-650℃ and 27.6 MPa in a continuous Inconel 625 reactor with the residence time of 0.42-1.25 min. The influence of the reaction temperature, residence time, pressure, catalyst, oxidant and the pollutant concentration on the gasification efficiency was investigated. Higher temperature and longer residence time enhanced the o-cresol gasification. The TOC removal rate and hydrogen gasification rate were 90.6% and 194.6%, respectively, at the temperature of 650℃ and the residence time of 0.83 min. The product gas was mainly composed of H2, CO2, CFL and CO, among which the total molar percentage of H2 and CFL was higher than 50%. The gasification efficiency decreased with the pollutant concentration increasing. Both the catalyst and oxidant could accelerate the hydrocarbon gasification at a lower reaction temperature, in which the catalyst promoted H2 production and the oxidant enhanced CO2 generation. The intermediates of liquid effluents were analyzed and phenol was found to be the main composition. The results indicate that the supercritical gasification is a promising way for the treatment of hazardous organic wastewater.     

Toluene removal characteristics by a superimposed wire-plate dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor

A superimposed wire-plate dielectric barrier discharge reactor was used to remove toluene in this study. The effects of oxygen content, gas flow rate, gas initial concentration and with/without catalyst on toluene decomposition were investigated. It was found that an optimal toluene removal was achieved when the oxygen content was about 5%. Under this condition, the highest toluene removal efficiency of 80.8% was achieved when the gas concentration was 80 mg/m^3. The toluene removal efficiency decreased with the increase of the gas flow rate and the initial concentration of toluene. In addition, the ozone concentration decreased with the increase of the initial concentration of toluene. It suggested that combining DBD （dielectric barrier discharge） with Co3O4/Al2O3/foam nickel catalyst in-situ could improve the toluene removal efficiency and suppress ozone formation. Products analysis showed that the main products were CO and CO2 when oxygen was more than 5%.     

碳酸化对不同碱度飞灰中重金属的长期影响

通过对不同地区生活垃圾焚烧飞灰进行碳酸化处理,采用XRF,SEM以及XRD分析飞灰理化特性,通过pH值测定、重金属浸出实验以及重金属形态分析探究CO₂对不同焚烧飞灰中超标重金属Zn、Pb、Cd的长期影响研究.结果表明,由于焚烧过程中烟气排放限值降低需喷入大量氢氧化钙等脱酸剂,导致焚烧飞灰呈现不同碱度特性.根据醋酸缓冲溶液法浸出实验后的飞灰浸出液pH值,将飞灰分为“酸灰”与“碱灰”,并对两类飞灰进行长期碳酸化实验.对比碳酸化前后飞灰中重金属的浸出毒性,“酸灰”中重金属浸出毒性远大于“碱灰”,但是碳酸化处置后“酸灰”中重金属Zn、Cd的浸出浓度分别降低10%~18%和9%~30%;“碱灰”中重金属Zn和Cd的浸出浓度显著增大,且浸出浓度最大超过《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》的1.46与63.2倍;碳酸化对“酸灰”与“碱灰”中的两性重金属Pb的浸出不具有规律性,但总体而言,碳酸化对“碱灰”中重金属Pb的影响更大.最后通过BCR连续分级提取法分析碳酸化前后飞灰中重金属形态的变化规律,碳酸化后,“酸灰”中重金属Zn、Cd的浸出浓度受到T4赋存占比增加的影响呈下降趋势,但部分样品中T1赋存占比有增加现象,说明此类重金属仍存在浸出风险,而“碱灰”碳酸化后重金属Zn、Cd的浸出浓度受到T1赋存占比增加的影响呈增加趋势.因此在填埋处置前应重点关注不同碱度飞灰中的重金属浸出特性,为飞灰长期稳定填埋提供保障.     

制氨厂尾气中CO的变压吸附提纯

制氨厂尾气含有大量CO,若采用有效的分离、纯化工艺,可获得碳一化工(C1)所需的高纯度CO.本文研究了用PU1型吸附剂变压吸附提纯制氨厂尾气,同时比较了PU1型吸附剂和ZMS-5A型沸石的性能.试验采用一段法变压吸附工艺研究了不同操作条件下CO的纯化和回收,气体流速为0.2～0.8 m³/h,并对工艺条件进行了优化.结果表明PU1吸附性能较好,在吸附压力0.3 MPa、原料气CO浓度30%时,CO回收率为75%,CO产品气的纯度可大于98%.     

CO2 reaction with Ca(OH)2 during SO2 removal with convective pass sorbent injection and high temperature filtration

The Kyoto Protocol calls for greenhouse gas emission reductions which could affect the use of coal for producing electricity. Carbon credits are being explored as a method for countries to meet their reduction commitments. Carbon dioxide removal in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems should be considered if and when the concept of carbon credits are implemented. This paper addresses the factors affecting sulfur dioxide removal, including the reaction of carbon dioxide, occurring during convective pass sorbent injection with high temperature filtration for a typical coal-fired power plant. Significant carbonation is found to occur, and the levels are found to depend on injection/filtration temperatures and the residence time on the filter. Ca/S stoichiometry during sorbent injection is found to affect not only the sorbent conversions in the convective pass sorbent injection stage but also the final sorbent conversions in the filtration stage. Even though high sorbent carbonation hinders the sorbent utilization for SO₂ removal, slight alterations in CO₂ concentration are found to have no significant effects on the SO₂ removal of the process.