基于GIS的太湖水质及营养状态分区评价研究

本文以国家环保部太湖流域环境监测网中心站1994-2000年的水质监测的监测数据为基础,运用地理信息系统(GIs)分别对太湖进行了单因素水质评价分区和多因素富营养化综合评价与分区,结果显示太湖水质基本在Ⅳ类以上,污染较严重,太湖已全面进入富营养化状态,重富营养化区位于太湖北部,面积为5.9%,主要分布在五里湖、梅梁湾,竺山湖;中度富营养化区在西部岸边带和中北部岸边带地区,面积为33.2%;轻度富营养化区从太湖湖心向东到东太湖,面积最大,占6 O.9%.整体上呈现自北而南、自西向东从重度富营养程度向轻度富营养程度扩散的趋势.研究结果为太湖综合治理提供了理论依据,并确定太湖的重点治理湖区应是太湖北部的五里湖、梅梁湾、竺山湖和贡湖湾的西北部,同时太湖富营养化治理应注重控源和生态修复相结合.     

太湖沉积物中微生物和磷化氢的时空分布及关系

对2004年春、夏、秋、冬季太湖表层沉积物中微生物群落进行了调查.结果表明,好氧细菌夏季生长较好;放线菌春、秋季生长较好;有机磷细菌夏季分布数最大;无机磷细菌各季节间差异不显著(P>0.05);厌氧细菌春、夏季节分布要略高于秋、冬季节.在空间分布上,好氧细菌在鼋头渚分布最多,贡湖最少;厌氧细菌与好氧细菌分布规律类似;放线菌则与此相反;有机磷细菌为小丁湾>梅园>贡湖>东太湖>鼋头渚;无机磷细菌为东太湖>梅园>鼋头渚>小丁湾,贡湖.磷化氢(PH3)在太湖表层沉积物中含量在(1.71±0.74)～(176.47±0.98)ng/kg之间,最大值出现在冬季东太湖点,最小值出现在春季贡湖点.PH3与微生物的相关性分析表明,PH3与无机磷细菌显著正相关,与厌氧细菌的相关程度次之,与有机磷细菌则无明显的相关性.     

太湖蓝藻水华灾害风险分区评估方法研究

通过对太湖蓝藻水华灾害风险分析,构建太湖蓝藻水华风险评估指标体系,结合风险评估概念,建立太湖蓝藻水华灾害风险评估方法.在此基础上,以2008年为基准年,结合太湖9个分区,评估各湖区蓝藻水华灾害危险性、易损性、脆弱性和综合风险.结果表明,综合风险最大的区域集中在太湖的北部,尤其作为水源地的贡湖风险最大,为重度风险;竺山湖、梅梁湾和西部沿岸由于其危险性较大,而总体风险较大,为中度风险;其他湖区风险较小,胥湖、南部沿岸和大太湖为轻度风险;太湖的东南部湖区箭湖东茭咀和东太湖由于水体富营养化程度较低,植物覆盖率较高,蓝藻水华发生危险性较小,综合风险指数较小,为轻微风险.     

结合卫星遥感技术的太湖蓝藻水华形成风场特征

为进一步了解太湖蓝藻水华形成和分布与近地面风场的关系,利用太湖湖面及周边地区2003~2013年气象与卫星观测数据分析、并应用WRF3.5.1数值模型模拟,发现太湖蓝藻水华主要出现在卫星观测时刻前6h平均风速为0.5~3.4 m/s的区间,占比达94.7%;蓝藻水华面积总体上随风速增大而减小,大范围蓝藻水华主要出现在前6h平均风速≤2 m/s的情形下,占比达89%;风向则主要影响蓝藻水华在太湖的空间分布格局.结果表明局地风场对于太湖蓝藻水华的形成、输移和分布具有重要作用.     

太湖不同湖区轮虫群落结构季节变化的比较研究

2006年7月～2007年6月对太湖不同湖区(河口区、梅梁湾、太湖湖心区和贡湖湾)轮虫的季节变化进行了比较研究.整个研究期间,河口区、梅梁湾、太湖湖心区和贡湖湾轮虫种类数分别为23、15、14和21;河口区轮虫的年平均密度最高,为475个·L-1,梅梁湾最低,为164个·L-1,太湖湖心区为189个·L1-,贡湖湾为338个·L-1.4个湖区优势种不同,河口区轮虫优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫(B.cdyciflorus),梅梁湾为角突臂尾轮虫(B.angularis),太湖湖心区和贡湖湾优势种都是针簇多肢轮虫(P.trigla).食物的不同以及大型浮游甲壳动物的抑制作用,可能是太湖4个湖区轮虫群落结构不同的重要原因.相关分析表明,轮虫数量与枝角类数量、枝角类生物量和桡足类生物量极显著负相关;轮虫数量与透明度显著正相关.结果表明,太湖4个不同湖区轮虫群落结构不同.     

夏季太湖浊度分布特征及其在水－沉积物界面识别中的应用

基于2014年8月对太湖61个采样点的浊度和各物理化学指标的测定,分析夏季太湖浊度空间、垂直分布特征及其影响因素,利用实测的湖泊底层浊度垂直分层对水－沉积物界面进行定量识别.结果表明,夏季太湖浊度表、中、底层浊度平均值分别为(28.3±21.4), (23.0±13.3), (31.7±15.0) NTU,总体分布趋势为太湖北部贡湖湾、梅梁湾最大,其次为西部及湖心区,较低值出现在胥口湾及东太湖;线性回归分析表明,表、中、底层浊度分别与叶绿素a、无机悬浮物、总悬浮物浓度的拟合关系最好;基于浊度垂直分层定量识别的太湖水－沉积物界面厚度均值为(156.4±53.5) mm,其中贡湖湾及太湖西部厚度最大,其次为湖心区及梅梁湾,东太湖、胥口湾、竺山湾界面厚度最小,界面厚度与中层浊度存在显著的正相关(R2=0.552),风浪引起的频繁的沉积物再悬浮将增加水－沉积物界面厚度.太湖浊度的垂直分层可用于水－沉积物界面的定量识别,为水－沉积物界面营养盐交换和物质循环研究提供科学依据.     

铝和锆改性沸石对太湖底泥-水系统中溶解性磷酸盐的固定作用

通过试验方法考察了2种不同底泥改良剂(铝和锆改性沸石)对太湖底泥-水系统中SRP(可溶解性磷酸盐)的固定作用. 改性沸石改良前后太湖底泥对水中较高浓度磷的吸附平衡数据可用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程进行描述,吸附动力学过程可用准二级动力学模型进行描述. 太湖底泥、铝和锆改性沸石改良太湖底泥的最大磷吸附量分别为395、613和1 009 mg/kg. 被改良太湖底泥中,铝改性沸石所吸附的磷主要以NaOH-rP(NaOH提取态磷)形态存在,锆改性沸石所吸附的磷主要以NaOH-rP和Res-P(残渣态磷)形态存在. 当水中初始ρ(SRP)很低时,太湖底泥和改性沸石改良太湖底泥均释放出磷,其中后者的释磷量较低. 改性沸石改良太湖底泥中的w(BAP)(BAP为生物有效磷)低于太湖底泥,w(liable-P)(liable-P为弱吸附态磷)也明显偏低. 铝改性沸石改良太湖底泥中的w(BD-P)(BD-P为氧化还原敏感态磷)与太湖底泥相比差异不显著,而锆改性沸石改良太湖底泥中的w(BD-P)明显低于太湖底泥. 可见,铝和锆改性沸石均可用于控制太湖底泥磷的释放,其中锆改性沸石的控制效果更好.      

太湖沉积物中多溴联苯醚和类二噁英多氯联苯的水平垂直分布

分析了太湖竺山湾、梅梁湾、南太湖的3个柱状沉积物样品中8种溴代阻燃剂(PBDEs)和12种类二英多氯联苯(DL-PCBs).结果表明太湖PBDEs污染水平为竺山湾最高,其余依次为梅梁湾、南太湖;DL-PCB污染水平梅梁湾最高,其次则为竺山湾、南太湖.沉积物中PBDEs的水平垂直分布显示:近年来在太湖PBDEs污染呈现指数式增长趋势,BDE-209为最主要的PBDEs同族体;沉积物中DL-PCBs的水平垂直分布显示:DL-PCBs污染近年仍有增加,说明在太湖地区存在PCBs的释放源.太湖梅梁湾不同深度的沉积物中PBDEs同族体组成差异明显,具体原因需要进一步研究证实.PCBs在垂直分布模式显示:在0～15 cm的上层沉积物中PCB-77、-118、-105水平随深度增加而明显降低,下层则无明显变化.     

太湖化学耗氧量和生化需氧量的时空分布特征

基于2009年2月(冬季)、5月(春季)、8月(夏季)、11月(秋季)全太湖32个站点的化学耗氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD)、溶解性总氮(DTN)、溶解性总磷(DTP)、浮游植物色素数据,分析了太湖COD、BOD的时空分布特征,并探讨了影响COD、BOD时空分布的因素.结果表明,2009年太湖COD值为3.40～6.16mg·L-1,平均值为(4.38±0.72)mg·L-1;BOD为0.64～5.93mg·L-1,平均值为(1.91±1.63)mg·L-1.COD值在秋冬季节较高,其值显著大于春夏季(p0.001);而BOD值冬季较高,其它季节都较低.COD与BOD的空间分布格局相似,呈现出自竺山湾、太湖西北沿岸区向梅梁湾区、湖心区、东南湖湾区依次递减的趋势.分类统计结果显示,河口沿岸区COD、BOD值显著高于开敞水域区(p0.001).相关性分析结果表明,COD、BOD与DTN、DTP、浮游植物色素的相关性存在季节性差异.夏季浮游植物色素浓度与COD、BOD相关系数最高,说明夏季浮游植物降解对水体内COD和BOD的贡献要高于其它季节.COD与BOD的时空分布特征主要受降雨量、河流输入、"引江济太"及太湖浮游植物活动等的影响.     

太湖生物区系研究及与北美五大湖的比较

研究太湖水生生物区系特征,分析各类生物区系的变化及其原因,并与北美五大湖相应的水生生物区系进行了比较. 结果表明:太湖共有水生生物146科442种,其中鱼类25科107种,占24.2%; 底栖动物21科66种,占14.9%; 浮游动物37科103种,占23.3%; 浮游植物29科81种,占18.3%; 水生植物34科85种,占19.2%. 总体上太湖各类水生生物的种数和科数差别都不大,鱼类和浮游动物稍多. 北美五大湖各类水生生物的种数分别为鱼类134种、底栖动物165种、浮游动物132种以及浮游植物1 456种,除浮游植物种类较多外,其他3类水生生物的种数与太湖大致相当. 五大湖鱼类以鲑科和鲤科鱼类为主体,分别占鱼类总数的18.7%和20.1%,其中除伊利湖外其他4个湖都是鲑科占优势; 太湖鱼类以鲤科为主体,占鱼类总数的56.1%,这是太湖鱼类区系的主要特征,也是我国淡水鱼类的主要特征,所以鲤科是我国水质基准推导的优先选择物种. 太湖和五大湖中鱼类、底栖动物和浮游动物3类生物所占比例差别不大.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.