Alkali resistance promotion of Ce-doped vanadium-titanic-based NH3-SCR catalysts

The effect of K deactivation on V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NOxby NH_3 was studied.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed significantly higher resistance to K deactivation than V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 with K/V = 4(molar ratio) showed 90% NOxconversion at 350°C,whereas in this case V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed no activity.The fresh and K-poisoned V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts were investigated by means of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS),NH_3-temperature progress decomposition(NH_3-TPD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and H2-temperature program reduction(H_2-TPR).The effect of Ce doping on the improving resistance to K of V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 were discussed.     

从含钒废水中回收V_20_5

以石煤或废钒触媒为原料生产V_2O_5时,首先经历氧化焙烧阶段,再进行弱碱介质中浸取.焙烧熟料一般经3次浸出、水洗,然后用水排渣.排渣废水中含V_2O_50.1～0.3kgm~(-3),pH=7.0～8.0.其后经历沉钒阶段,即令溶液中的钒以多钒酸铵或偏钒酸铵的形式沉出.沉钒并进行固液分离后排放的尾水pH=8.0,V_2O_5含量亦达0.1～0.2kgm~(-3).上述二项含钒废水,年产V_2O_5100t的钒厂每天排放量在150m~3以上,全年合计流失V_2O_5约7～8t.使用强碱性季胺型阴离子交换树脂如Amberilite     

低钒和无钒基氧化物类NH_3-SCR催化剂研究进展

NH_3-SCR技术是脱硝领域中应用最多和最为成熟的技术。现已工业化应用的V_2O_5-WO_3(MoO_3)-TiO_2催化剂存在低温活性差、操作温度范围窄,活性组分V_2O_5具有生物毒性等缺陷。因此,开发高效、稳定且无毒的新型无钒基NH_3-SCR催化剂成为脱硝领域的研究热点。以不同活性基的氧化物催化剂为主线,综述了国内外低钒和无钒基氧化物类NH_3-SCR催化剂的研究进展,总结了原料配方和制备工艺对催化剂性能和反应机理的影响,并展望了脱硝领域未来可能的发展方向。     

电解处理含钒、铬废水研究

钒渣提钒废水含钒含铬呈酸性,采用电解法处理可以一步完成六价铬和五价钒的净化脱除反应。铁阳极电化学溶解产生的Fe~(2+)将Cr~(6+)还原成Cr~(3+),VO_2~+与铁、铬的三价氢氧化物吸附共沉,净水先滤除沉渣后经石灰乳化水中和排放。排放水V_2O_5<1mg/L、Cr~(6+)<0.5mg/L、pH为8。电解沉渣中V_2O_5>2%,不外加钠盐,采用常规焙烧-水浸工艺回收V_2O_5,其收益可全部抵消水处理费用。本文介绍电解法实验室试验及扩大试验的结果,并探讨电解讨程钒、铬同时净化脱除原理。     

V2O5/AC在含SO2气氛中对气态Hg0的吸附脱除研究

利用固定床反应器研究了模拟烟气(N_2、SO_2、O_2)气氛下,气态Hg~0在V_2O_5/AC催化剂上的吸附脱除行为.考察了V_2O_5担载量、SO_2浓度和吸附温度等对V_2O_5/AC吸附脱除Hg~0的影响,并对V_2O_5/AC上吸附汞的形态进行了XPS分析表征.研究发现,V_2O_5/AC对Hg~0的吸附能力远大于载体AC.汞的吸附量与V_2O_5/AC中V_2O_5的质量分数有关,随着V_2O_5质量分数从0.5%增加到1.0%,汞的吸附量从75.9 μg·g~(-1)增加到89.6 μg·g~(-1) (无氧) 和115.9 μg·g~(-1)增加到185.5 μg·g~(-1) (有氧),远高于相同吸附条件下的AC上的汞吸附量 (9.6 μg·g~(-1)和23.3 μg·g~(-1)).SO_2对Hg~0的吸附有促进作用,主要是由于SO_2和Hg~0在V_2O_5/AC上发生了化学反应.但是当SO_2体积分数从500×10~(-6)增加到2 000×10~(-6)时,V_2O_5/AC对汞的吸附量只增加了5%.不同温度下的实验结果表明,V_2O_5/AC催化剂在150℃左右的吸附脱除Hg~0的能力最高,汞的吸附量达到98.5 μg·g~(-1) (无氧) 和187.7 μg·g~(-1) (有氧).XPS 分析结果表明,在V_2O_5/AC催化剂表面有HgO和HgSO_4生成,证实了V_2O_5和SO_2的作用.     

钨对高钒燃气脱硝催化剂的改性及SCR反应历程研究

针对燃气工况特点,以高钒SCR脱硝催化剂为研究对象,采用共浸渍法添加钨进行改性,考察了V_2O_5-WO_3/Ti O_2催化剂的SCR脱硝活性,表征了WO_3掺杂对V_2O_5氧化还原能力和酸性位的影响,并研究了该类型催化剂的SCR反应历程。结果表明:对于高钒脱硝催化剂,WO_3掺杂可以显著拓宽催化剂在280～440℃内的活性区间,但无法大幅提高催化剂的最高脱硝效率。活性温度区间得以拓宽的主要原因是WO_3掺杂后与V_2O_5发生强相互作用,在TiO_2表面形成V—O—W物种并提高V~(5+)物种比例,从而增加表面Br■nsted酸和Lewis酸位。在SCR脱硝反应中,催化剂表面酸性位对NH_3的吸附和活化是反应决速步骤,其后与气相NO反应,由气相中O_2补缺催化剂活化NH_3过程中消耗的晶格氧或—OH氧。     

Effect of barium sulfate modification on the SO2 tolerance of V2O5 /TiO2 catalyst for NH3-SCR reaction

Sulfur poisoning of V_2O_5/BaSO_4–TiO_2(VBT),V_2O_5/WO_3–TiO_2(VWT) and V_2O_5/BaSO_4–WO_3–TiO_2(VBWT) catalysts was performed in wet air at 350℃ for 3 hr,and activities for the selective catalytic reduction of NO_x with NH_3 were evaluated for 200–500℃.The VBT catalyst showed higher NO_x conversions after sulfur poisoning than the other two catalysts.The introduction of barium sulfate contributed to strong acid sites for the as-received catalyst,and eliminated the redox cycle of active vanadium oxide to some extent,which resulted in a certain loss of activity.Readily decomposable sulfate species formed on VBT-S instead of inactive sulfates on VWT-S.These decomposable sulfates increased the number of strong acid sites significantly.Some sulfate species escaped during catalyst preparation and barium sulfate was reproduced during sulfur poisoning,which protects vanadia from sulfur oxide attachment to a great extent.Consequently,the VBT catalyst exhibited the best resistance to sulfur poisoning.     

V_2O_5污泥陶粒催化生物滴滤塔处理甲苯研究

以市政污泥为原料,采用混合法制备V_2O_5污泥陶粒;采用V_2O_5污泥陶粒生物滴滤塔处理甲苯有机废气,甲苯去除效率可达88.3%,去除能力可达876.0 g/(m~3·h)。在同等条件下,V_2O_5污泥陶粒-生物滴滤塔比V_2O_5污泥陶粒湿式催化去除效率高出35%~62%,比气相催化去除效率高出50%~67%。V_2O_5污泥陶粒催化生物滴滤塔可明显提高对甲苯的去除能力,同时能保持较高的去除效率。     

VxMn(4 − x)Mo3Ce3/Ti catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3

A series of vanadium based catalysts(VxMn(4-x)Mo3Ce3/Ti) with different vanadium(x wt.%) and manganese((4-x) wt.%) contents have been prepared by the wet impregnation method and investigated for selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NO_x by NH_3 in the presence of 8 vol.% H_2O and 500 ppm V SO_2.The physicochemical characteristics of the catalysts were thoroughly characterized.The SCR of NO_x by NH_3(NH_3-SCR) activity, especially the low-temperature activity, significantly increased with increasing V_2O_5 content in the catalyst until the V_2O_5 content reached 1.5 wt.%, which corresponds well with the redox properties of the catalyst.All of the metal oxides were well dispersed and strongly interacted with each other on the catalyst surface.V mainly exists in the V~(5+)state in the catalysts.The strong synergistic effect between the vanadium and cerium species led to formation of more Ce~(3+)species, and that between the vanadium and manganese species contributed to formation of more manganese species with low valences.All of the catalysts exhibited strong acidity, while the redox properties determined the NH_3-SCR activity, especially the low-temperature activity.H_2O and SO_2 had severe inhibiting effects on the activity of V1.5Mn2.5Mo3Ce3/Ti.However, good H_2O and SO_2 resistance and high NO_x conversion by V1.5Mn2.5Mo3Ce3/Ti could be achieved in the presence of SO_2 and almost no decline was observed in a long-term test at 275℃ for 168 hr in the presence of SO_2 and H_2O, which can be attributed to the sulfate species formed on the catalyst surface.     

凹凸棒石(PG)负载V2O5催化剂脱除气态Hg0的研究

利用凹凸棒石(PG)负载V_2O_5制得V_2O_5/PG催化剂并将其用于脱除烟气中的Hg~0.在固定床反应器上研究了V_2O_5/PG催化剂脱除Hg~0的性能,考察了反应温度、汞浓度、空速、烟气成分等对V_2O_5/PG脱除Hg~0的影响,并利用傅里叶红外光谱、逐级化学提取和程序升温脱附实验分析了V_2O_5/PG上吸附Hg的形态.实验结果表明,V_2O_5/PG催化剂在120～210℃范围内、电厂烟气净化空速和所含汞浓度条件下具有良好的脱除Hg~0的能力.烟气成分对V_2O_5/PG脱除Hg~0的影响不同,O_2具有显著的促进作用,而SO_2和H_2O具有一定的抑制作用,NO和CO_2的作用不明显.O_2、SO_2和H_2O共同存在时,促进了Hg~0的脱除.傅里叶红外光谱、逐级化学提取和程序升温脱附实验的结果证实,V_2O_5/PG上吸附的汞存在不同形态,主要是Hg~(2+)的化合物,表明Hg~0在V_2O_5/PG上的脱除是吸附和催化氧化的共同作用,V_2O_5在V_2O_5/PG脱除Hg~0的过程中起到了关键作用.     

水热超声合成铈掺钒钨钛低温脱硝性能研究

文章采用水热法成功合成钛基钒系催化剂(V_4W_5Ti),通过超声浸渍合成铈掺杂钛基钒系催化剂(Ce_(10)V_4W_5Ti),用稀硫酸进行预处理合成Ce_(10)V_4W_5Ti-pre-H_2SO_4,对其脱硝能力及抗水抗硫性能进行探究。考查了不同催化剂在200℃下的脱硝性能;水分、SO_2及氨氮比对脱销效率的影响。XRD结果证明水热法合成后的催化剂的主要晶型为锐钛矿。脱硝及抗水抗硫实验结果表明:Ce_(10)V_4W_5Ti-pre-H_2SO_4的NOx转化效率最高,200℃反应温度下可达85.7%;Ce_(10)V_4W_5Ti抗水抗硫性能最佳,同时加入10%H_2O和1 000×10-6SO_2后,NOx转化效率下降9.8%;当氨氮比1时,氨氮比越高,NO_x转化效率越高。该研究利用水热法和超声辅助负载相结合,进一步增强了催化剂在低温下脱销及抗水抗硫性能,可为其在环境污染控制领域的优化应用提供思路及参考。     

成都市PM2.5中无机组分与硝酸盐氮氧同位素变化特征

2013年1月12日～2013年1月23日和2014年8月10日～2014年8月21日在成都市城东成都理工大学校园内按昼夜采集PM_(2.5)样品,分析了PM_(2.5)样品的质量浓度、9种水溶性无机离子含量和硝酸盐的δ~(15)N和δ~(18)O。结果表明,采样期间成都市PM_(2.5)冬、夏季的质量浓度分别为161～677μg/m~3(360±118μg/m~3)和87～137μg/m~3(92±18μg/m~3),冬季超标2～9倍,属于重度污染,夏季超标1～2倍,属于轻度污染; SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+(SNA)的质量浓度占总水溶性无机离子和PM_(2.5)质量浓度的比值冬夏季分别为72%±14. 3%和65%±9. 2%,21. 1%±2. 5%和30. 3%±6. 9%,是主要的无机离子组分。结合离子相关性分析,SNA的存在形式在白天以(NH_4)_2SO_4或NH_4HSO_4为主,部分以NH_4NO_3的形式存在,而在夜间则以NH_4NO_3为主,部分以(NH_4)_2SO_4或NH_4HSO_4形式存在。成都市PM_(2.5)中硝酸盐的δ~(15)N和δ~(18)O呈冬季高、夏季低的特征。冬季,硝酸盐来源于燃煤和机动车尾气;夏季,硝酸盐来源于机动车尾气、燃煤和农业土壤释放,根据其[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]值说明成都市冬夏季均以固定污染源(燃煤)为主,移动污染源(机动车尾气)为辅。成都市冬季大气颗粒物中硝酸盐主要由NO_x经O_3氧化形成,夏季主要经·OH氧化形成硝酸盐或N_2O_5水解生成硝酸盐。     

纳米铁锰氧化物对钒的吸附特性研究

为寻求处理土壤和地下水钒污染的吸附剂,采用模拟实验,开展了纳米铁锰氧化物(MnFe_2O_4)对五价钒(V~(5+))的吸附特征研究,分析了纳米铁锰氧化物浓度、pH值、时间、温度和初始钒浓度等因素对MnFe_2O_4吸附V~(5+)的影响,以揭示纳米铁锰氧化物的吸附动力学及热力学等特征,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)和红外光谱(IR)等表征方法分析了纳米铁锰氧化物吸附V~(5+)的机理.结果表明,在初始钒溶液为100 mg·L~(-1),MnFe_2O_4加入量为0.1 g,pH=4,温度为25℃的条件下,吸附过程在24 h达到平衡,且此条件下有最大吸附值和吸附率,分别为15.14 mg·g~(-1)和60.54%.纳米铁锰氧化物吸附钒的动力学过程符合伪二级动力学模型,等温吸附线符合Langmuir模型.热力学研究表明,升高温度有利于吸附,吸附过程为吸热过程.由扫描电镜结果可知,纳米铁锰氧化物有较大的比表面积,可提供较多的活性位点.因此,纳米铁锰氧化物可作为一种吸附材料用于钒污染废水处理.     

WO_3对V_2O_5/TiO_2-ZrO_2催化剂NH_3-SCR脱硝的影响

采用共沉淀法制备TiO_2-ZrO_2固溶体浸渍法负载WO_3和V_2O_5得到一系列V_2O_5-(x%)WO_3/TiO_2-ZrO_2催化剂。利用比表面积测定(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(In situ DRIFTS)、程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)、高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)等表征技术,结合脱硝性能测试,研究催化剂的表面特性、微观结构及脱硝活性;同时针对优选出的脱硝性能较好的催化剂,研究SO_2和H_2O对其活性的影响。结果表明:WO_3的负载增强了催化剂孔隙结构的稳定性和Lewis酸的强度。当WO_3含量为9%时,催化剂的孔隙结构最稳定,表面-NH_2活性物种最多,NH_3的吸附量最大脱硝活性最高,在300~400℃的温度窗口平均保持在92%以上。而当烟气中同时含有SO_2和H_2O时,催化剂活性会显著下降,且中毒不可逆。     

One-step synthesis of N-doped metal/biochar composite using NH3-ambiance pyrolysis for efficient degradation and mineralization of Methylene Blue

A series of new biochar-supported composite based on the combination of biochar and metallic nanoparticles(NPs)were produced through single-step pyrolysis of FeCl_3–Ti(OBu)_4 laden agar biomass under NH_3 environment.The physiochemical properties of composites were characterized thoroughly.It has found that heating temperature and N-doping through NH_3-ambiance pyrolysis significantly influence the visible-light sensitivity and bandgap energy of composites.The catalytic activities of composites were measured by degradation of Methylene Blue(MB)in the presence or absence of H_2O_2 and visible-light irradiation.Our best catalyst(N–TiO_2–Fe_3O_4-biochar)exhibits rapid and high MB removal competency(99.99%)via synergism of adsorption,photodegradation,and Fenton-like reaction.Continuous production of O_2U~-and UOH radicles performs MB degradation and mineralization,confirmed by scavenging experiments and degradation product analysis.The local trap state Ti~(3+),Fe_3O_4,and N-carbon of the catalyst acted as active sites.It has suggested that the Ti~(3+)and N-doped dense carbon layer improve charge separation and shuttle that prolonged photo-Fenton like reaction.Moreover,the catalyst is highly stable,collectible,and recyclable up to 5 cycles with high MB degradation efficiency.This work provides a new insight into the synthesis of highly visible-light sensitized biocharsupported photocatalyst through NH_3-ambiance pyrolysis of NPs-laden biomass.     

南京城市大气氨-铵的高频演化及其气粒转化机制

本研究于2018年秋季利用在线气体和气溶胶组分监测仪以高时间分辨率连续测定南京市大气中的气体(主要是NH_3)与二次无机气溶胶(主要是NH_4~+、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-))浓度,借此研究污染和非污染期城市大气NH_3和NH_4~+的演化规律,进而探讨NH_3-NH_4~+气粒转化过程中的化学机制.结果表明,观测期间NH_3和NH_4~+浓度的平均值(±1σ)分别为(15. 3±6. 7)μg·m-3和(11. 3±7. 8)μg·m-3,且日变化在污染和非污染事件中呈现出显著的差异.综合在线观测的NH_3和NH_4~+浓度数据,通过计算潜在源贡献因子,分析了NH_3和NH_4~+的潜在贡献源区在重污染过程受长距离污染传输影响较小,证明城市也是NH_3排放的重要热点地区.进一步分析发现,NH_3-NH_4~+的气粒转化是影响NH_3和NH_4~+日变化的主要驱动因子.具体体现在:低温、高湿(温度在7. 5～12. 5℃,湿度在50%～90%)时,NH_3和NH_4~+的气固转化速度较快,NH_3与酸性物质反应生成更多的NH_4~+,使得(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3的形成从而导致污染事件的加剧.研究结果有助于厘清城市大气NH_3的来源和转化机制及其对颗粒物的潜在贡献.     

Kinetics of selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH_3 on Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst

The catalyst of Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 has been found to be more active than Fe-ZSM-5 and Mo/ZSM-5 separately for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) with NH_3.The kinetics of the SCR reaction in the presence of O_2 was studied in this work.The results showed that the observed reaction orders were 0.74-0.99,0.01-0.13,and 0 for NO,O_2 and NH_3 at 350-450℃,respectively. And the apparent activation energy of the SCR was 65 kJ/mol on the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst.The SCR mechanism was also deduced. Adsorbed NO species can react directly with adsorbed ammonia species on the active sites to form N_2 and H_2O.Gaseous O_2 might serve as a reoxidizing agent for the active sites that have undergone reduction in the SCR process.It is also important to note that a certain amount of NO was decomposed directly over the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst in the absence of NH_3.     

钢渣的处理与利用

一、概论钢渣产自炼钢过程,其主要成份有:CaO、SiO_2、Al_2O_3、FeO、Fe_2O_3、MgO、MnO、P_2O_5、f-CaO等,根据矿石成份,有时还可能有V_2O_5、TiO_2等.在表1中列入我国某些钢厂钢渣的化学成份.钢渣的产率根据金属炉料、炼钢辅料、冶炼设备、炉衬情况的不同而有所差别.由于我国炼钢原料中生铁所占的比例较大,故产渣率也较高.我国每炼     

咪唑醋酸盐脱除模型油中苯并噻吩的研究

以酸性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸盐([C_4mim]Ac)为萃取剂,质量分数30%的H2O2溶液为氧化剂,初始硫质量分数为200μg/g的正庚烷溶液作为模型油,考察其萃取氧化脱硫性能。结果表明在[C_4mim]Ac-H_2O_2体系里,当反应温度为328 K,反应时间为60 min,剂油体积比(V_(IL)∶V_(MO))为1∶40,VIL为0.5 m L,V(H_2O_2)为0.5 m L时,模型油脱硫率可达75.6%,循环再生的[C_4mim]Ac依然具有较好的脱硫能力。     

大气中的硝酸及其相关因素

采集了173个大气样品,测定其HNO_3含量,同时测定了O_3、NO_2、NH_3、t、RH,并对数据进行了多元逐步回归处理。结果表明,O_3与HNO_3相关最好。与HNO_3呈正相关的是O_3、NO_2、t;呈负相关的是NH_3、RH。通过HNO_3、NH_3的浓度,计算了平衡常数,证明在低湿度下大气中存在固态NH_4NO_3与气态HNO_3、NH3的平衡。